Abscisic acid and ethylene content in Gerbera jamesonii plants submitted to drought and rewatering

Gerbera jamesonii plants were subjected to a drying and rewatering for 10 d under greenhouse conditions. Transpiration rate and leaf water potential decreased with the application of stress and recovered to a level similar to that observed in the control plants. Leaf abscisic acid concentration increased while ethylene production decreased under stress. After rewatering, each of the parameters recovered, to similar levels, as in the control. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

春小麦对骤旱的响应特征及其阈值分析

与缓慢发展的干旱过程不同,骤旱具有发生速度快,短期内可致害的特点。目前,关于作物骤旱致害的临界阈值及其调控机制尚不清楚。以春小麦为供试作物,通过桶栽试验,模拟研究骤旱过程中小麦受旱致害的过程特征及其控制因素。结果发现,发生骤旱时土壤含水量下降呈先快后慢的变化趋势,叶片水分和叶水势则呈先慢后快的指数变化趋势。叶片光合生理指标对土壤水分的下降存在明显的阈值响应,且不同生理指标的阈值并不完全相同,其中净光合速率与表征叶片光合能力的指标（最大羧化速率）对土壤有效含水量的响应阈值为0.4,气孔导度和蒸腾速率对土壤有效含水量的响应阈值分别为0.5和0.4。而小麦光合生理指标对叶片水分和叶水势的阈值响应并不明显。同时依据各生理指标相关和通径分析结果得出,骤旱发生时引起小麦叶片净光合速率快速降低的主导因子为非气孔因素,而并不是以往作物受旱研究中的气孔因素。本研究结果有望丰富干旱影响认知,并可为科学应对干旱提供依据。     

Leaf hydraulics and drought stress: response, recovery and survivorship in four woody temperate plant species

Efficient conduction of water inside leaves is essential for leaf function, yet the hydraulic-mediated impact of drought on gas exchange remains poorly understood. Here we examine the decline and subsequent recovery of leaf water potential ( Ψ _leaf), leaf hydraulic conductance ( K _leaf), and midday transpiration ( E ) in four temperate woody species exposed to controlled drought conditions ranging from mild to lethal. During drought the vulnerability of K _leaf to declining Ψ _leaf varied greatly among the species sampled. Following drought, plants were rewatered and the rate of E and K _leaf recovery was found to be strongly dependent on the severity of the drought imposed. Gas exchange recovery was strongly correlated with the relatively slow recovery of K _leaf for three of the four species, indicating conformity to a hydraulic-stomatal limitation model of plant recovery. However, there was also a shift in the sensitivity of stomata to Ψ _leaf suggesting that the plant hormone abscisic acid may be involved in limiting the rate of stomatal reopening. The level of drought tolerance varied among the four species and was correlated with leaf hydraulic vulnerability. These results suggest that species-specific variation in hydraulic properties plays a fundamental role in steering the dynamic response of plants during recovery.     

干旱胁迫条件下6种喀斯特主要造林树种苗木叶片水势及吸水潜能变化

水势是反映植物水分亏缺或水分状况的一个直接指标,可用来确定植物受干旱胁迫的程度和抗旱能力高低。本文研究了6种喀斯特造林树种苗木在干旱胁迫条件下叶片水势及其吸水潜能的变化。结果表明：（1）随着胁迫强度的增加,6种树种不同生长时期,其叶片水势均表现出下降趋势,且不同干旱胁迫强度之间差异显著（p<0.002）。在干旱胁迫下,所有树种叶片水势均以生长旺期的下降幅度最大,生长末期次之,生长初期最小。在生长旺期,6个树种叶片水势最低值分别比对照下降了2.21 Mpa、2.14 Mpa、3.57 Mpa、2.89Mpa、4.02Mpa和3.07Mpa。（2）侧柏苗木在生长初期轻度干旱条件下,其叶片水势胁迫指数只有0.150;在中度干旱胁迫条件下,其胁迫指数增加到0.559;在重度干旱胁迫条件下,达0.716,叶片水势下降超过70%。香樟苗木在生长初期轻度干旱胁迫条件下,其叶片水势胁迫指数就已达0.603,叶片水势下降超过了60%;在中度和重度干旱胁迫条件下,其水势胁迫指数相差不大。其它树种苗木的胁迫指数亦有与侧柏或香樟相似的变化趋势。（3）6个树种苗木在干旱胁迫条件下平均叶片水势与土壤水势差值大小排序为,生长初期：刺槐（1.261Mpa）>香樟（0.850 Mpa）>滇柏（0.846 Mpa）>侧柏（0.568 Mpa）>构树（0.524 Mpa）>杜英（0.219 Mpa）;生长旺期：香樟（2.994 Mpa）>刺槐（2.68 Mpa）>侧柏（2.028 Mpa）>滇柏（2.008 Mpa）>杜英（1.824 Mpa）>构树（1.543 Mpa）;生长末期：刺槐（0.692 Mpa）>构树（0.687 Mpa）>滇柏（0.653 Mpa）>侧柏（0.354 Mpa）>香樟（0.338 Mpa）>杜英（0.262 Mpa）。（4）干旱胁迫复水24h后,不同生长阶段苗木叶片水势恢复指数随干旱胁迫强度的增加而逐渐减小。叶片水势恢复度按生长时期排序为：生长末期>生长旺期>生长初期。（5）利用隶属函数累加法将6个树种苗木的吸水潜能大小可排序为：侧柏>滇柏>刺槐>香樟>构树>杜英。     

干旱,半干旱地区作物育种的困惑与出路

粮食问题主要取决于一年生谷类作物产量。作物产量低而不稳的原因主要是病虫害及各种胁迫生境,其中干旱缺水为最大的产量限制因素,提高作物生产力的途径有二：其一是改善作物的生长环境,其二是通过育种手段选育在各肿胁迫环境中具有优良表现的基因型（品种）。矮秆化育种手段使水肥充裕区小麦产量有显著的提高,是通过提高收获指数获得的。干旱、半干旱地区育种却未能获得显著效果,要提高干旱、半干旱地区小麦育种的成效,对干旱     

Effects of Russian wheat aphid infestation on barley plant response to drought stress

The influence of Russian wheat aphid ( Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) infestation on the response of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ev Hazen) plants to drought stress was investigated. Fourteen-day-old plants were infested with eight apterous adult aphids, which were removed 7 days later with systemic insecticide. Leaves previously infested with aphids had lower relative water content, reduced stomatal conductance, more negative water potential, lower levels of chlorophyll and higher levels of amino-N, proline and glycinebetaine than corresponding leaves from uninfested plants. When water was withheld for a period of 7 days after aphids were removed, the relative water content of previously infested plants dropped steadily from 0.89 to 0.60, while the relative water content of uninfested plants remained at about 0.94 for the first 4 days of the drought stress period followed by a steady drop to about 0.77 by the end of the drought stress period. Leaf water potentials dropped steadily during the drought stress period in both previously infested (-1.14 to -1.91 MPa) and unin-fested (-0.54 to -1.52 MPa) plants. Analysis of glycinebetaine and proline levels at the end of the drought stress period indicated that leaves of previously infested plants accumulated lower levels of these solutes than leaves from uninfested plants. Upon alleviation of drought stress, plants previously infested with aphids showed little increase in dry weight while younger leaves and tillers from uninfested plants showed large increases. It is concluded that Russian wheat aphids cause drought-stress symptoms in leaves of infested plants even in the presence of ample root moisture. The observations of low levels of glycinebetaine and proline present in leaves after water was withheld from roots and lack of leaf growth upon alleviation of drought stress in previously-infested plants, suggest that aphid infestation limits the capacity of barley plants to adjust successfully to drought stress.     

Influence of water stress on leaf photosynthetic characteristics in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to drought

A gradual reduction in leaf water potential (Ψ_leaf), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate was observed in two drought tolerant (C 306 and K 8027) and two susceptible (RW 893 and 899) genotypes subjected to water stress. The extent of reduction was lower in K 8027 and C 306 and higher in RW 893 and RW 899. Rewatering the plants after 5 d of stress restored P _N and other gas exchange traits in all four cultivars. Water stress had no significant effect on variable to maximum fluorescence ratio (F_v/F_m) indicating that water stress had no effect on primary photochemistry of photosystem 2 (PS2). However, water stress reduced the efficiency of excitation energy transfer (F′_v/F′_m) and the quantum yield of electron transport (Φ_PS2). The reduction was more pronounced in susceptible cultivars. Water stress had no significant effect on photochemical quenching, however, the non-photochemical quenching increased by water stress.     

基于优选遥感干旱指数的华北平原干旱时空变化特征分析

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)产品和气象资料,对比分析了作物缺水指数(CWSI)、干旱严重度指数(DSI)、归一化植被供水指数(NVSWI)和温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)表征华北平原干旱状况的适用性,并基于优选后的指数研究了2000—2018年干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1)CWSI在反映干旱的效果上明显优于另外三种干旱指数。(2)时间上,2000—2018年春季干旱最严重,其次是秋季和冬季,夏季干旱最轻,但春季干旱强度有所下降,速率为-0.03/10a,而其他三季均呈增加趋势,速率为(0.01—0.08)/10a。(3)空间上,华北平原东部和东南部发生轻旱频率高,西部和北部中旱及以上干旱频率较高。山东省西北部及河南省东部、安徽省北部等地春旱呈显著减弱趋势(P<0.05);夏季华北平原东南部干旱增加趋势显著(P<0.05),而北部减弱趋势显著(P<0.05);秋季华北平原西南一带干旱上升趋势较大;冬季西部、中部及南部干旱增加趋势显著(P<0.05)。     

Long term water stress inactivates Rubisco in subterranean clover

In long-term field experiments, during consecutive years, microswards of subterranean clover were irrigated to minimise water deficits or subjected to progressively increasing drought over 30 days. Both leaf water potential and relative water content steadily decreased during the experiments. Plants affected by drought grew more slowly and photosynthesis was decreased. Photosynthetic rate (A) and Rubisco were analysed in relation to midday water potentials and relative water contents. The difference in A between draughted and irrigated plants increased progressively, in part as a result of decreased stomatal conductance and CO₂ concentration within leaf (Ci). However, A-Ci curves suggest that the photosynthetic capacity in plants experiencing long-term stress was reduced by 50% when compared with irrigated plants. Drought decreased both the initial and the total Rubisco activity per unit area in a similar way but did not reduce the amount of Rubisco protein per unit leaf area. Thus, the specific activity of Rubisco, rather than its activation state, decreased suggesting that under water stress the active sites were blocked by inhibitors.     

Root aquaporins contribute to whole plant water fluxes under drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Aquaporin activity and root anatomy may affect root hydraulic properties under drought stress. To better understand the function of aquaporins in rice root water fluxes under drought, we studied the root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) and root sap exudation rate (Sr) in the presence or absence of an aquaporin inhibitor (azide) under well‐watered conditions and following drought stress in six diverse rice varieties. Varieties varied in Lpr and Sr under both conditions. The contribution of aquaporins to Lpr was generally high (up to 79% under well‐watered conditions and 85% under drought stress) and differentially regulated under drought. Aquaporin contribution to Sr increased in most varieties after drought, suggesting a crucial role for aquaporins in osmotic water fluxes during drought and recovery. Furthermore, root plasma membrane aquaporin (PIP) expression and root anatomical properties were correlated with hydraulic traits. Three chromosome regions highly correlated with hydraulic traits of the OryzaSNP panel were identified, but did not co‐locate with known aquaporins. These results therefore highlight the importance of aquaporins in the rice root radial water pathway, but emphasize the complex range of additional mechanisms related to root water fluxes and drought response.