粒毛盘菌属及其相关属的分子系统学研究

晶杯菌科的分类目前主要基于子囊盘外囊盘被表面毛状物的形态学特征,在系统演化关系上十分不清楚。本研究利用18S rRNA基因核苷酸序列分析方法探讨该科粒毛盘菌属及其相关属间的系统发育关系。以Saccjarp,uces cerevosoae为外群的严格合意树和最简约树表明,粒毛盘菌属与其相关的属形成三个分支。Lachnum hyalopus,L.nudipes和L.virgineum代表一个分支。L.brasiliense.L.sclerotii.Lsingerianum,Albotricha guangxiensis,Calycellina populina.,Cistella grevillei,Hyaloscypha aureliella,Lachnellula calyciformis,Parachnopeziza guangxiensis和Trichopeziza sulphurea聚在一起(支持率为57％),为另一个分支。上述两个姊妹分支的支持强度为76％。与Lachnum在形态上有些相似的Cistella和Lachnum聚在一起的支持强度为51％。传统上纳入Arachnopezizoideae的Parachnopeziza与该亚科的模式属Arachnopeziza的关系较远。Arachnopeziza aurata是供试的14个种中距离最远的一个,位于系统发育树的最外侧,与上述两个分支的亲缘关系较远,这对Arachnopezizoideae在晶杯菌科中的地位提出了质疑。     

粒毛盘菌属种间关系的分子系统学初探

粒毛盘菌属包括晶杯菌科中子囊盘表面具有毛状物,毛状物全表面具有颗粒状纹饰以及外囊盘被结构为矩胞组织的部分种类,种间形态解剖结构多样,研究采用ITS1-5.8s rDNA-ITS2序列分析的方法探讨该属种间的系统发育关系。在供试的粒毛盘菌15个分类单元中,14个以89%的支持强度值相聚在一起,其中Lachnum clandestinum与L.fuscescens关系最近,其支持强度值为100%;其次为L.controversum与L.spartinae,其支持强度值为97%;而秭妹群L.euterpes,L.pteridophyllum,L.singerianum和L.lushanense彼此关系较远,其支持强度值均小于50%;L.sclerotii位于系统发育树的最外侧,为供试15个分类单元中距离最远的一个,结果表明粒毛盘菌属可能是多起源的。     

粒毛盘菌属种间关系的分子系统学初探*

粒毛盘菌属包括晶杯菌科中子囊盘表面具有毛状物,毛状物全表面具有颗粒状纹饰以及外囊盘被结构为矩胞组织的部分种类,种间形态解剖结构多样,研究采用ITS15.8S rDNAITS2序列分析的方法探讨该属种间的系统发育关系。在供试的粒毛盘菌15个分类单元中,14个以89%的支持强度值相聚在一起,其中Lachnum clandestinum与 L. fuscescens关系最近,其支持强度值为100%;其次为L. controversum 与L. spartinae,其支持强度值为97%;而姊妹群L. euterpes,L. pteridophyllum,L. singerianum和L. lushanense彼此关系较远,其支持强度值均小于50%;L. sclerotii位于系统发育树的最外侧,为供试15个分类单元中距离最远的一个,结果表明粒毛盘菌属可能是多起源的。     

黄山粒毛盘菌初探

黄山地处亚热带季风气候区内,植被丰富多样,为粒毛盘菌等腐生真菌生长提供了适宜的生境,对该地区粒毛盘菌等相关类群资源进行了研究,报道了粒毛盘菌属6个分类单元,包括Lachnum brevipilosum,Lachnum carfteolu,Lachnum controversum,Lachnum nudipes,Lachnum pseudocorreae和Lachnum virgineum,利用物种描述式表明了种的主要特征,并对其中部分种进行了讨论。     

从18S rDNA序列初探散胞盘菌亚科属间亲缘关系

散胞盘菌亚科Encoelioideae建于1932年,为盘菌纲Discomycetes锤舌菌目Leotiales锤舌菌科（广义）Leotiaceae的成员,它包括腐生、植物寄生、真菌上生的盘状子囊菌,现含18属,其中若干为单种属。传统分类从形态学角度将外囊盘表层细胞松散结合或者表面覆盖短的菌丝延伸物视为此亚科的主要特征,宏观上,其成员的共性表现为外囊盘被表面糠皮状、鳞屑状或霜状。迄今,学者们从未对散孢盘菌亚科这一性状是否反映属间亲缘关系进行过任何探讨,国际基因库中亦无此亚科的可利用序列。为了探明此性状在系统演化过程中的作用以及散胞盘菌亚科的属间亲缘关系,我们对此亚科中绿散胞盘菌Chlorencoelia、复柄盘菌属Cordierites、散胞盘菌属Encoelia、霍氏盘菌属Holwaya、拟爪毛盘菌属 Unguiculariopsis、以及丝绒盘菌属Velutarina代表种的18SrDNA片段进行了序列测定,受实验材料所限,每属只获得了一个种的18SrDNA序列。为了分析和比较,还对同一科内锤舌菌亚科Leotioideae中绿杯菌属Chlorociboria一个种的相关序列进行了测定。在构建系统树的过程中,核盘菌科的核盘菌Sclerotiniasclerotiorum被选为外群;从基因库中调入属于同一个目的地舌菌科和锤舌菌亚科几个属的代表即胶鼓菌属Bulgaria、锤舌菌属Leotia、小舌菌属Microglossum、新胶鼓菌属Neobulgaria和地勺菌属Spathularia的序列;利用ClustalW和TreeView软件,构建出Neighbour-joining系统进化树。初步的研究结果表明,散孢盘菌亚科不是单源的,该亚科的成员与其他亚科或者其他科的物种一起形成四个系统演化分支。散胞盘菌亚科的Holwaya与另一亚科的Bulgaria（Leotiaceae,Leotioideae）聚在一起,具有95%的序列相似性和97.4%支持率（bootstrapvalue）;此二属与Leotia（Leotiaceae,Leotioideae）和Microglossum（Geoglossaceae）组成姐妹群。散胞盘菌亚科Cordierites和Encoelia接近,支持率为93.6%;它们是Leotioideae中Chlorociboria和Neobulgaria两属的姐妹群。散胞盘菌亚科的Unguiculariopsis与Velutarina在一起,独立成为一个分支,支持率高达99.3%。Chlorencoelia与本研究所涉及的散胞盘菌亚科其他成员的关系都比较远。以上研究结果表明,散胞盘菌亚科很可能是多源的;但是,由于该亚科大多数属缺乏分子生物学证据,本研究结果只能作为推断。     

安徽大别山粒毛盘菌初探

大别山区森林植物极其丰富多样,区内气候温暖湿润,为粒毛盘菌等腐生真菌生长提供了丰富的基物和适宜的气候条件.对该地区粒毛盘菌等相关类群资源进行了研究,报道了粒毛盘菌属7个分类单元,包括Lachnum ciliare,L. nudipes,L.pudibundum,L.ptgmnaeum,L.subpygmaeum,L.sichuanense和L.virgineum,利用物种描述式表明了种的主要特征,并对其中部分种进行了形态学方面的讨论.     

柔膜菌目一个新种和三个中国新记录种（英文）

报道了柔膜菌目1个新种——镰孢状胶被盘菌Crocicreas fusarioides和3个中国新记录种——迪氏膜盘菌Hymenoscyphus dearnessii、韩国膜盘菌H.koreanus和叶轴生粒毛盘菌Lachnum rachidicola。提供了各个种的特征描述和图示,以及韩国膜盘菌和叶轴生粒毛盘菌的DNA序列数据。     

从18SrDNA序列初探散胞盘菌亚科属间亲缘关系

散胞盘菌亚科Encoelioideae建于1932年,为盘菌纲Discomycetes锤舌菌目Leotiales锤舌菌科（广义）Leotiaceae的成员,它包括腐生、植物寄生、真菌上生的盘状子囊菌,现含18属,其中若干为单种属。传统分类从形态学角度将外囊盘表层细胞松散结合或者表面覆盖短的菌丝延伸物视为此亚科的主要特征,宏观上,其成员的共性表现为外囊盘被表面糠皮状、鳞屑状或霜状。迄今,学者们从未对散孢盘菌亚科这一性状是否反映属间亲缘关系进行过任何探讨,国际基因库中亦无此亚科的可利用序列。为了探明此性状在系统演化过程中的作用以及散胞盘菌亚科的属间亲缘关系,我们对此亚科中绿散胞盘菌Chlorencoelia、复柄盘菌属Cordierites、散胞盘菌属Encoelia、霍氏盘菌属Holwaya、拟爪毛盘菌属Unguiculariopsis、 以及丝绒盘菌属Velutarina代表种的18S rDNA片段进行了序列测定,受实验材料所限,每属只获得了一个种的18S rDNA序列。为了分析和比较,还对同一科内锤舌菌亚科Leotioideae中绿杯菌属Chlorociboria一个种的相关序列进行了测定。在构建系统树的过程中,核盘菌科的核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum被选为外群;从基因库中调入属于同一个目的地舌菌科和锤舌菌亚科几个属的代表即胶鼓菌属Bulgaria、锤舌菌属Leotia、?     

中国盘菌新种和新记录之十

以我国已故著名菌物学家邓叔群先生的名字命名的粒毛盘菌属和兰伯特盘菌属新种各一个,即邓氏粒毛盘菌Lachnum tengii和邓氏兰伯特盘菌Lambertella tengii被描述;我国新记录种两个,即长孢白毛盘菌Albotricha longispora和米氏布博维盘菌Boubovia micholsonii被报道;同时对我国历史上记载为Lachnellula fuckelii的真菌的分类地位进行了讨论和订正。     

基于rDNAITS序列分析Alternaria与相似属的关系及A.leucanthemi的分类地位

对Alternaria,Stemphylium,Ulocladium,Nimbya,Embellisia等五个形态相似属的代表性种进行了5.8S/ITS区段序列测定,连同从GenBank下载的相关有性型Pleospora,Lewia的同项资料,由Neighbor-joining方法构建系统发育树。序列对比结果显示,所有参试的菌株/种的5.8SrDNA序列保守程度较高,ITS序列变化较大,ITS1比ITS2变化更大。由5.8S/ITS构建的系统发育树可以足够将供试菌区分到属;系统发育树显示Alternaria,Ulocladium,Nimbya和Embellisia系统学关系较近,又存在一定的分化;Stemphylium聚在相对较远的分支上,与上述四属关系较远,相对独立进化;有性型的Pleospora与无性型的Stemphylium被聚到一个分支,这种不同阶段菌株在遗传基础上的一致,充分证明所用方法及所选测序的rDNA区段对本类群真菌的分类很有价值。Alternarialeucanthemi位于系统发育树的外侧,较为独立进化,与Alternaria的其它种亲缘关系较远,却与Stemphyliumspp.和Bipolarisspp.关系较近,对其目前的分类地位提出质疑。     

雪雀属系统发育关系的研究（雀形目：文鸟科)

雷雀属Montifringilla7种36个形态特征作为分类单元,进行支序分析。以麻雀属Passer、石雀属Petronia部分种类作为比较外群,讨论雪雀属的分类地位及其与近缘属麻雀属、石雀属系统发育关系;分析了雪雀属内种间的系统发育。支序分析的结果表明雪雀属为单系群,建议将雪雀属划分成两个亚属,讨论了雪雀属种类在进货上的位置,在3个近缘属的系统发育关系中,麻雀属类群较原始,雪雀属类群较进化,石雀属在进货中介于二之间。     

Phylogenetics of Lophodermium from pine

Lophodermium comprises ascomycetous fungi that are both needle-cast pathogens and asymptomatic endophytes on a diversity of plant hosts. It is distinguished from other genera in the family Rhytismataceae by its filiform ascospores and ascocarps that open by a longitudinal slit. Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within Lophodermium. Twenty-nine sequences from approximately 11 species of Lophodermium were analyzed together with eight sequences from isolates thought to represent six other genera of Rhytismataceae: Elytroderma, Lirula, Meloderma, Terriera, Tryblidiopsis and Colpoma. Two putative Meloderma desmazieresii isolates occurred within the Lophodermium clade but separate from one another, one grouped with L. indianum and the other with L. nitens. An isolate of Elytroderma deformans also occurred within the Lophodermium clade but on a solitary branch. The occurrence of these genera within the Lophodermium clade might be due to problems in generic concepts in Rhytismataceae, such as emphasis on spore morphology to delimit genera, to difficulty of isolating Rhytismataceae needle pathogens from material that also is colonized by Lophodermium or to a combination of both factors. We also evaluated the congruence of host distribution and several morphological characters on the ITS phylogeny. Lophodermium species from pine hosts formed a monophyletic sister group to Lophodermium species from more distant hosts from the southern hemisphere, but not to L. piceae from Picea. The ITS topology indicated that Lophodermium does not show strict cospeciation with pines at deeper branches, although several closely related isolates have closely related hosts. Pathogenic species occupy derived positions in the pine clade, suggesting that pathogenicity has evolved from endophytism. A new combination is proposed, Terriera minor (Tehon) P.R. Johnst.     

Molecular systematics of Helicoma, Helicomyces and Helicosporium and their teleomorphs inferred from rDNA sequences

Three genera of asexual, helical-spored fungi, Helicoma, Helicomyces and Helicosporium traditionally have been differentiated by the morphology of their conidia and conidiophores. In this paper we assessed their phylogenetic relationships from ribosomal sequences from ITS, 5.8S and partial LSU regions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Forty-five isolates from the three genera were closely related and were within the teleomorphic genus Tubeufia sensu Barr (Tubeufiaceae, Ascomycota). Most of the species could be placed in one of the seven clades that each received 78% or greater bootstrap support. However none of the anamorphic genera were monophyletic and all but one of the clades contained species from more than one genus. The 15 isolates of Helicoma were scattered through the phylogeny and appeared in five of the clades. None of the four sections within the genus were monophyletic, although species from Helicoma sect. helicoma were concentrated in Clade A. The Helicosporium species also appeared in five clades. The four Helicomyces species were distributed among three clades. Most of the clades supported by sequence data lacked unifying morphological characters. Traditional characters such as the thickness of the conidial filament and whether conidiophores were conspicuous or reduced proved to be poor predictors of phylogenetic relationships. However some combinations of characters including conidium colour and the presence of lateral, tooth-like conidiogenous cells did appear to be predictive of genetic relationships.     

中国温带粒毛盘菌属新记录种

Lachnum is a large genus in the Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae. In the past decades, a large number of Lachnum species were reported from diverse regions of the world (Dennis, 1949; Haines & Dumont, 1984; Haines, 1992; Korf & Zhuang, 1985; Sharma, 1986; Spooner, 1987; Galn & Raitviir, 1994; Hawksworth et al., 1995). In China, the earliest records of Lachnum dated back to 1934 when two species were reported by Teng (1934), i.e. L. virgineum (Batsch : Fr.) P. Karst. from Zhejiang and Erine…     

REEXAMINATION OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE COLONIAL VOLVOCALES (CHLOROPHYTA): AN ANALYSIS OF atpB AND rbcL GENE SEQUENCES

The chloroplast-encoded atp B gene was sequenced from 33 strains representing 28 species of the colonial Volvocales (the Volvocaceae and its relatives) to reexamine phylogenetic relationships as previously deduced by morphological data and rbc L gene sequence data.1128 base pairs in the coding regions of the atp B gene were analyzed by MP, NJ, and ML analyses. Although supported with relatively low bootstrap values (75% and 65% in the NJ and ML analyses, respectively), three anisogamous/oogamous volvocacean genera— Eudorina, Pleodorina, and Volvox, excluding the section Volvox (= Euvolvox, illegitimate name), constituted a large monophyletic group (Eudorina group). Outside the Eudorina group, a robust lineage composed of three species of Volvox sect. Volvox was resolved as in the rbc L gene trees, rejecting the hypothesis of the previous cladistic analysis based on morphological data that the genus Volvox is monophyletic. In addition, the NJ and ML trees suggested that Eudorina is a nonmonophyletic genus as inferred from the morphological data and rbc L gene sequences. Although phylogenetic status of the genus Gonium is ambiguous in the rbc L gene trees and the paraphyly of this genus is resolved in the cladistic analysis based on morphological data, the atp B gene sequence data suggest monophyly of Gonium with relatively low bootstrap values (56–61%) in the NJ and ML trees. On the basis of the combined sequence data (2256 base pairs) from atp B and rbc L genes, Gonium was resolved as a robust monophyletic genus in the NJ and ML trees (with 68–86% bootstrap values), and Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg represented a paraphyletic species positioned most basally within the Eudorina group. However, phylogenetic status and relationships of the families of the colonial Volvocales were still almost ambiguous even in the combined analysis.     

Phylogeny of the Nymphaeaceae inferred from

The Nymphaeaceae are one of the most important taxa for understanding the origin and evolution of primitive angiosperms due to its basal position in the cladograms of the angiosperms recently given based both on several gene sequences and on morphological characters, but phylogenetic relationships within the family have not as yet been resolved. The sequences of nrDNA ITS region of 11 species representing seven genera of the Nymphaeaceae and one outgroup, Ceratophyllum demersum, were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the family using PAUP4.0b4A. Three most parsimonious trees (Length=1125, CI=0.7618 and RI=0.7214) were obtained. In the consensus tree: (1) Nelumbo was basal to the other genera with a bootstrap value of 100% and occupied an isolated position, so it could be separated from the Nymphaeaceae and placed in its own family, Nelumbonaceae, and its own order, Nelumbonales; (2) Nuphar was monophyletic, nested in the basal position of clade II and was strongly supported to be the sister group of the other genera (excluding Nelumbo) of the Nymphaeaceae, suggesting that its traditional inclusion in the Nymphaeaceae should be maintained; (3) Cabomba and Brasenia were sister group and formed a subclade with a bootstrap value of 99%, indicating their close affinity; (4) Nymphaea was strongly supported to be the sister group of a subclade comprising Euryale and Victoria with a bootstrap value of 94%, indicating that they should be placed in the Nymphaeaceae.     

睡莲科的系统发育:核糖体DNA ITS区序列证据

以金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum为外类群,使用PAUP4.0b4A软件对睡莲科Nymphaeaceae植物7属11个代表种的ITS区序列进行了系统发育分析。采用最大简约法分析获得了3个最简约树,步长为1125,一致性指数(CI)和维持性指数(RI)值分别为0.7618和0.7214。利用3个最简约树获取严格一致树。结果表明:(1)莲属Nelumbo位于系统树的基部,自展支持率为100%,可从睡莲科中独立出来成立莲科Nelumbonaceae和莲目Nelumbonales;(2)萍蓬草属Nuphar是一单系类群,位于分支Ⅱ的基部,并和睡莲科其他属(不包括莲属)植物聚在一起构成姐妹群,故萍蓬草属仍应置于睡莲科中;(3)水盾草属Cabomba和莼菜属Brasenia聚成一小支并构成姐妹群,自展支持率为99%,说明这两属之间亲缘关系较近;(4)睡莲属和芡实属Euryale、王莲属Victoria聚成一小支并构成姐妹群,自展支持率为94%,说明三者亲缘关系较近,仍应置于睡莲科中。     

基于叶绿体TrnL- F序列和联合数据分析木通科的分子系统发育(英文)

基于叶绿体trnL_F序列单独分析以及trnL_F和rbcL序列联合分析重建了木通科的分子系统发育。本研究的系统发育拓扑结构与覃海宁和塔赫他间的族划分系统非常一致。猫儿屎族和串果藤族在系统发育树上位于本科的基部。由分布于南美的勃奎拉藤属和拉氏藤属组成的拉氏藤族得到了trnL_F序列分析 (10 0 % )和联合序列分析 (99% )的很好支持。木通族在两个分析里都得到了 10 0 %的靴带支持率。新建立的长萼木通属在trnL_F树上嵌套在木通属内 ;然而 ,在联合分析的树上 ,它与木通属形成姐妹群并得到很高的支持率。在系统发育上关系密切的 3个属 :牛藤果属、八月瓜属和野木瓜属之间的关系仍未解决。牛藤果与八月瓜在两个分析里都形成姐妹群 ,但支持率低。小花鹰爪枫嵌套在野木瓜属内 ,并与西南野木瓜形成姐妹群。木通族内这 3个属可能都不是单系 ,它们的属间界限和属的界定需要更多的分子和形态数据的进一步研究。     

用RAPD技术对特化等级裂腹鱼类亲缘关系的探讨

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