北美鹅掌楸原生质体的分离与培养

以鹅掌楸属植物北美鹅掌楸的悬浮细胞和组培苗叶片为材料,对北美鹅掌楸原生质体分离、纯化与培养条件进行研究.结果表明:叶片和悬浮细胞用含有0.1％2-吗啉乙磺酸(MES)和0.6 mol/L甘露醇的Cell ProtoplastWash(60M-CPW)溶液25℃预处理lh效果最好;悬浮细胞最佳酶解液为60M-CPW+ 1％纤维素酶+1％半纤维素酶+0.2％果胶酶Y-23+0.1％ MES,每克材料25℃酶解6h有效原生质体产量可以达到3×106个;叶片最佳酶解液为60M-CPW+2％纤维素酶+1％半纤维素酶+0.2％果胶酶Y-23+0.1％ MES,每克材料25℃酶解10 h有效原生质体产量可以达到11×106个;悬浮细胞原生质体易于培养,在KM8p+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L 6-BA培养基中培养25 d可形成肉眼可见的愈伤组织.     

黄芪原生质体分离技术

以黄芪叶片和愈伤组织为材料,对黄芪原生质体的制备分离技术进行了研究。结果表明:采用黄芪叶片制备原生质体远远优于黄芪愈伤组织,能够获得大量高活力的原生质体;采用2%纤维素酶+0.5%半纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶的混合酶水解12h就能达到较好的分离效果,获得高质量的黄芪原生质体,然后进行原生质体的培养。     

分离植物原生质体的纤维素酶的制备及性质

EA_3-867纤维素酶是由绿色木霉变异株EA_3-867,用稻草粉发酵提取,经过饱和硫酸铵沉淀,分子筛脱盐,冰冻干燥制成的。酶制剂在水中溶解度高,酶活力较稳定,它含有纤维素酶(C_1,C_x)、果胶酶、半纤维素酶等组分,是一种比较理想的分离植物原生质体的复合酶。我们用EA_3-867酶制剂已从20多种植物材料中分离出大量完整的原生质体,并把烟草的叶肉组织或愈伤组织的原生质体培养分化成植株。EA_3-867纤维素酶制剂的成功制备为我国进一步开展植物原生质体和体细胞杂交等研究提供了有利条件。     

蜗牛酶对原生质体游离的影响

用10科11种双子叶植物的营养器官,在含1mg/L 2,4—D的MS固体培养基上诱导形成愈伤组织。取其生长旺盛的区域进行原生质体游离,并采用未经处理的相应植物的新鲜叶或茎作对照。研究结果表明,蜗牛酶对愈伤组织的原生质体游离具有明显的促进作用,而对照却无此效应。还研究了两种植物愈伤组织的继代天数和不同的酶组合对原生质体游离的影响。     

去壁酶与酶解方式对曲霉原生质体释放的影响

研究了纤维素酶、蜗牛酶、溶菌酶以及菌丝体培养方式和酶解方式对黑曲霉和米曲霉菌丝释放原生质体的效应。发现黑曲霉菌丝原生质体制备最佳条件为固体透析培养菌丝体,2%纤维素酶,在平皿中,28℃和80r/min条件下酶解3h;米曲霉原生质体制备最佳条件为2%纤维素酶+1%蜗牛酶+5mmol/L二硫苏糖醇,酶解时间6h,其它条件与黑曲霉的相同。     

南蛇藤原生质体培养及植株再生

以4℃低温暗处理24 h的南蛇藤胚性愈伤组织为分离原生质体的原材料,用MS培养基进行液体浅层静置、固液双层以及琼脂糖包埋培养原生质体,获得再生愈伤组织并分化成苗,建立了原生质体培养体系。结果表明,低温暗处理利于高产率高质量原生质体的获得;0.5%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+5 mmol.L-1MES为酶的最佳配方;12 h为最佳酶解时间;13%为甘露醇最佳浓度;静置12 h+振荡0.5 h为最佳酶解方式;液体浅层静置培养取得了较好的原生质体培养效果;MS+6-BA2.0 mg.L-1+IBA 0.1 mg.L-1为愈伤组织最佳分化培养基;1/2MS+NAA0.1 mg.L-1为最佳生根培养基。     

葡萄原生质体分离及瞬时转化体系的建立

为了建立葡萄原生质体进行遗传转化的技术,该研究以葡萄品种‘黑香蕉’的叶片和愈伤组织为材料,分析纤维素酶和离析酶的浓度与配比、渗透压和酶解时间等主要因素对葡萄原生质体分离的影响,探讨建立稳定、高效的葡萄原生质体分离与瞬时转化体系,为鉴定目标基因的功能奠定基础。结果表明:(1)葡萄叶片原生质体的分离以3.0%纤维素酶和0.75%离析酶的酶组合,在0.6mol/L甘露醇溶液中,酶解14h为宜,每克游离产量为4.09×106个原生质体,活力为83.12%。(2)葡萄愈伤组织原生质体的分离以2.0%纤维素酶和0.5%离析酶的酶组合,在0.5mol/L甘露醇溶液中,酶解14h为宜,每克游离产量为6.05×106个原生质体,活力为84.13%。(3)利用该方法得到的葡萄原生质体为受体,采用40%PEG-4000介导转化质粒载体pEZS-NL,目标基因瞬时表达产物检测表明,GFP蛋白表达稳定、清晰。该研究建立的葡萄原生质体制备和转化体系,可以用较少量的质粒DNA获得外源基因在原生质体内的表达,为葡萄功能基因的研究提供技术支持。     

影响决明无菌苗子叶原生质体分离和培养因素的研究

以决明(Cassia obtusi folia)无菌苗子叶为材料,对酶组合、无菌苗日龄,植物激素组合和培养方法对其原生质体的分离和培养的影响进行了研究。结果表明:用3％的纤维素酶和0.2％Pectinase Y-23的酶组合处理决明无菌苗子叶块8小时可以高效分离出有活力的原生质体;约14日龄的决明无菌苗子叶比较适合于原生质体的分离;适当浓度的2,4-D 有利于原生质体的分离。促进原生质体分裂的理想的植物激素组合为0.4 mg/L 2,4-D,1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L KT;漂浮培养法最有利于原生质体的分裂和发育。找出了适合于决明无菌苗子叶原生质体的分离和培养的酶组合、植物激索组合、有效培养方法和决明无菌苗子叶日龄。这为有效地从决明无菌苗子叶原生质体再生植株奠定了基础。     

关于皮状丝孢酵母（Trichosporon cutaneum）ST851破壁条件的研究

用脱壁酶（纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和蜗牛酶）作用于皮状丝孢酵母ＳＴ８５１制备原生质体。本文就酶的种类、酶液浓度、酶作用时间与温度、酶混合时间、混酶作用效果、酵母细胞的不同生长期诸因素对ＳＴ８５１原生质体形成的影响,进行了较为详尽的探讨。结果表明采用混酶作用（即先用纤维素酶和半纤维素酶预处理后再用蜗牛酶作用）是较理想的破壁条件,在ｐＨ５．８、３７℃条件下作用３．５－４ｈｒ,破壁率最高可达９５－９８％。     

不同pH值对樱草原生质体分离的影响

用国产纤维素酶分离四季樱草叶肉细胞原生质体,分别在八种pH值(5.2,5.4,5.6,5.8,6.0,6.2,6.4和6.6)下进行酶处理试验,得出5.6是最佳pH值的结果。     

几种植物原生质体的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明,分离自马铃薯、萱草。甘蔗、木薯和落花生等不同植物和组织的原生质体表面呈现不同程度的凹凸不平。马铃薯叶肉原生质体表面较粗糙,其余四种植物叶肉、幼茎或子叶原生质体稍光滑。有的原生质体显现不同程度的凹陷现象。有的原生质体表面尚残留有未完全水解的胞壁碎片。在木薯幼茎原生质体制备物中见有呈“裂片”状的球形结构。原生质体表面扫描图象的差异似与不同种植物有关,与组织源不同更有密切关系。 原生质体镀膜前,涂布于已镀膜的盖玻片支持物上的原生质体很少或无凹陷现象,涂布于已镀膜的双面胶支持物上的原生质体凹陷严重。     

Observations on the time course of wall development at the surface of isolated protoplasts

The formation of cell wall fibres at the surface of isolated leaf protoplasts has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Fibres are not formed on incubated protoplasts until a lag period has elapsed. This period is about 8 h for leaf protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum and about 45 h for leaf protoplasts of Antirrhinum majus. In the case of Antirrhinum protoplasts the length of the lag period is dependent on the concentration of osmoticum present during the incubation period. If regenerating protoplasts are briefly treated with dilute cellulase, the newly formed wall is completely digested. Such protoplasts are capable of producing new fibres at the surface within minutes of their return to a nutrient medium. These results are discussed in terms of the likely source of the lag period and its significance in wall regeneration studies.Abbreviations MS culture medium used at full strength - 0.1 MS culture medium used at one tenth full strength     

Culture of Cotyledon and Hypocotyl Protoplasts from True Potato Seedlings in Solanum tuberosum L.

Culture of protoplast using cotyledon and hypocotyl as the donor tissue from true potato seedlings (TPSs) of 3 breeding lines (DTO-33, ND 860-2 and BN 9815-3) of Solanum tuberosum L. was studied. The cotyledons and hypocotyls of TPSs just extended were excised and digested in an enzyme solution containing 1 % cellulase and 0. 5 % macerozyme for 17—20 h after vacuum infiltration of the tissue in the solution. The protoplasts were cultured in an improved liquid medium and transferred onto solid media for callus culture and shoot regeneration. Some factors affecting the efficiency of cotyledon and hypocotyl protoplast culture were studied. The results showed that using the cotyledons and hypocotyls as donor tissues for protoplast isolation and culture in potato, the division frequency of protoplast derived cells was significantly higher than that using the leaves and shoot-tips of the test-tube plantlets: the yield and quality of the protoplast from TPSs cultured under continuous high light intensity (3000 Ix) were much higher than the TPSs cultured under low light intensity (1000 Ix), and no intact protoplast was ever obtained from the TPSs cultured in continuous dark condition. Vacuum infiltration of the cotyledon and hypocotyl segments in enzyme solution before digestion increased protoplast yield. The yield of protoplasts from hypocotyl tissue was significantly higher than from the cotyledon, but there was no significant difference in quality between the protoplast derived from the two tissues. The significance, advantages and shortcomings of using the cotyledons and hypocotyls as the donor tissues for isolation and culture of potato protoplasts are dicussed.     

一种快速高效的水稻原生质体制备和转化方法的建立

在模式植物拟南芥中,原生质体瞬时表达技术已被广泛地应用到功能基因组学的研究中,但水稻原生质体因其制备过程相对繁琐,转化效率偏低,尚未在基因功能研究中获得广泛应用。本研究在拟南芥原生质体制备和转化的基础之上,对水稻原生质体的制备和转化方法进行改良优化。以水稻幼茎为起始材料,采用纤维素酶R-10和果胶酶R-10,对水稻组织进行消化并利用蔗糖密度梯度自沉降的方法分离原生质体,获得了高纯度的原生质体。对质粒转化原生质体时的转化方法、转化时间及质粒浓度进行探索,在缩短原生质体分离时间的同时,大大提高了转化效率。用较少量的质粒DNA即可获得外源基因在原生质体内高效的表达,且转化效率可达70％。我们建立的这种快速有效的水稻原生质体制备和转化方法,可为水稻功能基因组学研究提供技术支持。     

Ribosomal RNA metabolism in cucumber leaf mesophyll protoplasts.

Aspects of the metabolism of RNA have been studied in enzymatically isolated protoplasts from cotyledon and first leaf mesophyll tissue of two cultivars of cucumber. The first leaf mesophyll protoplasts incorporated (3H)-uridine into ribosomal RNA at a constant rate for up to 25 hr in a simple salts medium and for up to 45 hr in a growth medium. Pulse-chase labelling experiments on such preparations showed a rapid dilution of the intracellular (3H)-uridine pool(s) and a high metabolic rate in the cells in one cultivar but not in another. Gel electrophoretic analysis of the RNA from both cotyledon and first leaf protoplasts showed that both protoplast types incorporated either (14C)- or (3H)-uridine into ribosomal RNA species. Incorporation of (3H)-uridine into chloroplasts RNA was minimal in cotyledon protoplasts, but significant in leaf protoplasts. Greater incorporation into the chloroplast RNA species could be achieved by longer pulses. Synthesis of all of the ribosomal RNA species was sensitive to actinomycin D at 10 and 25 mug/ml concentrations in all protoplasts tested.     

Polyamine oxidase in oat leaves: a cell wall-localized enzyme

The localization and activity of polyamine oxidase (PAO; EC 1.5.3.3), was investigated in leaves and protoplasts of oat seedlings. Activity of the enzyme is highest with spermine as substrate; spermidine is also oxidized, but putrescine and cadaverine are unaffected by the enzyme. Protoplasts isolated following digestion of leaves with cellulase in hypertonic osmoticum showed no PAO activity, and about 80% of the total leaf PAO activity could be accounted for in the cell wall debris. Histochemical localization experiments showed intense PAO activity in guard cells and in vascular elements whose walls are not digested by cellulase. When protoplasts were cultured in a medium suitable for regeneration of cell wall, PAO activity could be detected as the cellulose wall developed. Thus, PAO appears to be localized in cell walls.     

植物单盐毒害和离子拮抗机理研究Ⅰ.单盐和混合盐对植物原生质体膜某些特性、超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

单盐(KCl, CaCl_2或MgCl_2)和混合盐(KC_1+CaCl_2或KCl+MgCl_2)对植物原生质体完整率、存活率和膜透性等均有明显影响。K~+、Ca~(2+)或Mg~(2+)等单种阳离子明显降低原生质体膜完整率和存活率而增加其物质渗漏量,其中以单价阳离子K~+的影响为甚。上述单种阳离子还明显降低小麦幼叶超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶活性。只有由单价和二价阳离子组成的平衡混合盐才能使原生质体维持较高的完整率、存活率和较正常的膜透性.并能使细胞维持较高的SOD和过氧化氢酶活性。 认为单盐毒害机理可能是首先引起细胞膜发生不正常的膜相变或细胞累积较多的有害氧自由基,引起膜脂发生过氧化或脱酯化而破坏膜结构。在离子平衡混合盐作用下,膜系才能维持正常液晶相,具有较高活性的SOD和过氧化氢酶等生物保护性酶系是离子拮抗作用之原因。     

Chloroplast number in guard cells as ploidy indicator of in vitro-grown androgenic pepper plantlets

Protoplasts were isolated from field and in vitro-grown leaves, cotyledons and cell suspension cultures (of ovule callus origin) of the scion apple cultivars Starkrimson, Rainier, Qiujin and Liaofu. Fast-growing calluses were obtained from leaf, cotyledon and cell suspension derived protoplasts of the four genotypes. The best proliferation responses were obtained from cell suspension protoplasts. For all genotypes tested, nodular calluses were obtained from protoplasts that had originally been cultured on K8P medium, but only those of cultivar Starkrimson underwent organogenesis. In this cultivar shoot buds were produced on callus derived from both cotyledon and cell suspension protoplasts and complete plants. This is the first example of whole plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from an undifferentiated tissue in apple.Abbreviations BA 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA 3-indole acetic acid - IBA 3-indole butyric acid - LH lactalbumin hydrolysate - MS Murashige & Skoog (1962) - NAA 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron - VC L(+) ascorbic acid     

Increased totipotency of protoplasts from Brassica oleracea plants previously regenerated in tissue culture

Factors affecting the division of cells derived from leaf and cotyledon protoplasts from Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Green Comet hybrid broccoli) were examined to optimize conditions for plant regeneration and to determine whether there was a genetic basis for improved regeneration from protoplasts derived from plants previously regenerated from tissue cultures [15]. When leaf protoplasts from different plants grown from hybrid seed were isolated and cultured simultaneously, division efficiencies of 1–95% were obtained. Cells from some plants showed high division efficiencies in consecutive experiments while cells from other plants had consistently low division rates. More plants from hybrid seed gave high division efficiencies when cotyledon protoplasts were used. However, cotyledon or leaf protoplasts from selfed progeny of regenerated plants produced more vigorous calli and more shoots than protoplasts from hybrid seed. These results suggest that there may be a genetic component to the increased totipotency of Brassica oleracea protoplasts.     

Seawater-resistant, non-spherical protoplasts from seagrass leaves

Two distinct types occurred among enzymatically isolated protoplasts from leaves of eelgrasses ( Zostera marina L., Z. japonica Ascherson and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino). Spherical protoplasts with a smooth cell membrane were obtained only from young leaf tissues at the basal portions of blades protected from seawater by tightly enclosing sheaths. Non-spherical protoplasts had a highly invaginated cell membrane and were obtained from mature leaf blades, where the cells also in situ have this type of membrane. The protoplasts from mature leaves were rather rigid in shape and resistant to wide ranges of osmotic potential and salinity without change in their non-spherical shape, while the spherical protoplasts were rapidly destroyed in seawater. Detergents lysed the spherical protoplasts but not the non-spherical ones, suggesting that the highly invaginated enclosing structures of the non-spherical protoplasts contained detergent-resistant materials. Thus, the seagrass leaf cells develop seawater resistance, and this change alters the nature of the enclosing structures during the growth of the leaf blades. The non-membranous enclosing structures and their characteristic materials in the mature leaf cells remain to be defined.