固定化生长酵母连续生产酒精的研究中间试验报告

造粒器与柱式生物反应器成—封闭系统,采用正交试验确定的最适固定化条件,以海藻酸钙凝胶法进行细胞固定化,连续造粒,在反应器中完成固定化。固定化酵母在反应器中通气培养20小时左右,凝胶球细胞数达2×10~9/me,其增长速度比传统工艺自然细胞快10倍。固定化生长细胞用于生物反应器连续发酵甜菜糖蜜酒精,酒精生产能力为22.1—23.67g/L凝胶球/小时,为传统工艺酒精生产能力的10倍。停留时间为3小时。反应器系统由两个0.7KL柱式反应器和1个0.8KL成熟醪接收器组成。发酵周期由传统工艺的20小时左右,缩短为4小时,酒精含量为8.5—9.0％(V/V),对1.2号反应器的动态变化及其在发酵中的作用进行了系统研究,糖蜜中可发酵糖75％的转化是在1号反应器中完成的。     

膜片状填料固定化酵母薯干酒精发酵生物反应器的研究

针对以薯干为原料固定化酵母带渣酒精发酵的特点,研制了一种新型的容积为1m~3的膜片状填充床生物反应器,并历时半年多考察了该反应器的操作稳定性,得出较佳的发酵周期和醪液循环量等.实验结果表明:膜片状填充床固定化酵母生物反应器的酒精发酵速率远大于传统式发酵罐;其淀粉利用率可达91～92%,乙醇生产能力可达9.5kg EtOH/m~3·h.     

固定化生长酵母连续生产酒精的研究

采用固定化生长细胞方法,以柱式生物反应器连续发酵甜菜糖蜜酒精。酒精能力为39.45g/L凝胶/h,停留时间1.8小时。生物反应器具有良好的稳定性,连续工作50天,发酵醪酒精含量在8.5％(v/v)以上。系统研究了最适固定化条件,用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验确定了最佳发酵条件。     

海藻酸铝固定化酵母生产高浓度酒精的研究

以海藻酸铝凝胶代替海藻酸钙,可使固定化酵母使用寿命显著延长,其海藻酸铝凝胶耐磷酸盐能力比海藻酸钙凝胶提高六倍以上。用海藻酸铝固定化增殖酵母进行分批发酵酒精,成熟醪中酒精含量由３．５％－９．０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）提高到１１．０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）左右。在１．１Ｌ的两个多层生物反应器中,装入海藻酸铝固定化增殖酵母,采用逐步提高糖浓度方法,进行连续发酵,成熟醪接收器中酒精浓度平均为１０．３％（Ｖ／Ｖ）,总糖利用率为９２．４％。     

固定化酵母发酵糖化醪生产酒精及其动力学研究

以糖化醪为底物,对其增殖固定化酵母和固定化连续酒精发酵的特征进行了研究。根据实验数据,通过拟合,得出了在此条件下较佳的发酵动力学模型及其动力学参数。     

固定化酵母细胞工业性生产糖蜜酒精的研究

使用一种耐腐蚀的蓬松型化纤质新型载体,结合低浓度海藻酸钙凝胶的包埋作用,进行酵母活细胞的联合固定化。建立起6.5m~3×4规模的发酵系统,载体的投入量为8％(V/V),并使之均匀地相对固定于发酵罐内。流加单浓度稀糖蜜,在工业生产环境下连续运作生产酒精,其中,发酵产酒99天,正常条件下的发酵周期为12h,单位发酵体积的乙醇生产能力平均为6.21g/L·h。成熟醪液乙醇含量平均为9.44％(V/V),转化率为93.7％。     

温度对超高浓度酒精生料发酵体系的影响

通过对超高底物浓度生料发酵中温度的影响研究发现,采用温度梯度的方法可大幅提高酵母的生产效率。以高粱为例,采用35%绝对干物浓度,在新型生料水解酶的配合下,通过合适的逐级降温培养方式,使用普通酒精干酵母,在90h内发酵醪液酒精浓度可达20%(V/V)以上。     

固定化酵母细胞发酵酒精过程中杂菌污染防治的研究进展

近二十年以来,有关固定化细胞的制备方法、载体的选择、反应器类型等方面的研究,国内外学者报导的较多,但在发酵过程中如何防治杂菌污染却报导甚少。使用固定化细胞发酵技术更具有抵御杂菌污染的能力,但因固定化载体反复使用的寿命长,杂菌污染仍不可避免。一旦染菌,酵母活性降低、醪液生酸、酒分下降,影响生产率。因此防治杂菌污染是确保固定化细胞长期、稳定、连续化发酵酒精的关键性问题,亟待深入研究解决,以利于酒精的工业化生产。互杂菌的污染来源、污染途径及判断方法】．1杂富的污染来源固定化细胞生产酒精过程从固定化细胞…     

纤维凝胶固定化增殖酵母连续生产酒精的研究

本文比较了纤维胶固定增殖酵母与海藻酸钙凝胶球、纤维海藻酸铝凝胶与纤维海藻酸钙凝胶、以及不同厚度的纤维凝胶固定化增殖酵母的发酵结果。重点进行了纤维凝胶固定化增殖酵母连续生产酒精试验。采用１．１Ｌ柱式生物反应器,ＣＯ２排出通畅,停留时间为４小时,成熟醪中酒精含量为１０．１－１１．０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）,平均为１０．５５％,酒精生产能力为９．４ｇ／Ｌ．ｈ,总糖利用率为９４．５％。     

共固定化作用——用于发酵工艺学上的新的生物催化剂

共固定化作用(co—immobilizates)就是将完整的活的或死的微生物细胞一起与外加酶加以固定,制得固定化少酶或多酶生物催化剂(immobilized oligo-or multienzyme biocatalysts)。作为共固定化作用的一个例子是:用于酒精发酵的酒精酵母,即酿酒醇母(Saccharomyces cereevisiae)具有很高的发酵率,但不具有乳糖酶(β-半乳糖苷酶)活性。因此,不能利用乳糖作为基质,若将从其它微生物,如米曲霉(Asp. oryzae)来源的乳糖酶与酵母一起加以固定,便能用于发酵乳糖。可将此种生物催化剂装成床式反应器,用于酒精连     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.