一种自动控制的温度刺激装置

本文介绍了一种应用于行为实验的温度刺激装置。此装置通过一个直径为1cm、厚约1.2cm 的铜质小盒与皮肤接触。在接触面上装有电热线和热敏电阻。小盒通过塑料管、水泵与恒温水浴槽相通,通过反馈电路对电热线、水泵和恒温水浴槽的控制,使得受刺激部位的皮肤温度在刺激间歇期保持在事先设置的基础水平,在刺激期则迅速上升到预定的数值以产生热刺激和痛刺激。其温度变化可以自动记录。本装置可应用于人体和动物的痛觉和温度觉的实验研究。     

超滤装置在生物制品中的应用

本文论述了生物大分子活性物质对超滤装置的基本要求。介绍了我国生物工程一些领域使用超滤技术的概况,阐述了ＨＦＳ系列超滤装置的设计功能及该系列装置在我国应用情况。     

一种新型训练蜜蜂装置的初步探索

根据巴甫洛夫条件反射原理,设计制作了一种新型训练蜜蜂的自动装置。该装置利用气压系统传输条件刺激、液压系统传输非条件刺激、步进电机驱动受训蜜蜂,自动红外检测伸吻并记录,并通过计算机控制条件刺激和非条件刺激的强度,以及刺激时间,实现对训练蜜蜂过程的精确控制。该蜜蜂训练装置一轮可训练10头蜜蜂,实现了训练过程的自动化。经过试验测试,该训练装置控制准确,稳定可靠,操作方便。结合装置配套的训练模式,训练成功率可达58%。     

超滤装置在生物制品中的应用

本文论述了生物大分子活性物质对超滤装置的基本要求。介绍我国生物工程一些领域使用超滤技术的概况,阐述了ＨＦＳ系列超滤装置的设计功能及该系列装置在我国应用情况。     

鸽子慢性电刺激用电极转接装置及其固定方法

慢性电极植入以及无线刺激技术被广泛应用于动物自由活动状态下的脑区功能研究。实现刺激器与脑内植入电极过渡连接的转接装置需固定在颅骨之上。鸟类特殊的骨质构造不利于转接装置的长期固定。以鸽子(Columba livia)为例设计制作了一种用于慢性运动诱导实验的9通道电极转接装置,长12.8 mm、宽9.5 mm、高5.5 mm,重0.42 g;根据鸽子颅骨特点在固定过程中对颅骨表面进行粗糙化处理增加固定时与牙科水泥的接触面积,并选取特定位点拧入螺钉进行固定,有效延长了转接装置的固定时间。经实验验证能够在鸽子头部稳定固定6个月以上,满足鸽子长期运动诱导研究的需求,未对动物正常活动产生影响。该装置及其固定方法亦可为其他小型动物的脑区功能研究提供借鉴。     

猫中脑加压及“怒叫”反應的劣性抑制

自在肌肉神经装置上揭示了劣性抑制现象后,生理学者们在许多其他地方也找到此种现象,如Typ在刺激扩血管神经时,在刺激心脏迷走神经时,及在刺激减压神经时,Wyss在刺激猴迷走神经向中端时,和Delgado及Livingston在刺激狗前sylvius回时,都曾看到这种现象。     

Ghrelin、GHRP-6以及胃动素对大鼠胃肠运动影响研究

目的:探究ghrelin、GHRP-6以及胃动素对大鼠胃肠运动的影响。方法:在体实验观察ghrelin、GHRP-6及胃动素对大鼠胃排空及小肠推进的影响,离体实验观察ghrelin、GHRP-6及胃动素对大鼠电场刺激引起胃窦胃底平滑肌舒缩反应的影响,RT-PCR观察ghrelin mRNA在胃的表达。结果:在体研究发现ghrelin及GHRP-6能够促进胃排空及小肠推进,胃动素对胃排空及小肠推进无影响。离体研究发现,ghrelin 1μM能够抑制胃底平滑肌4-8Hz开电刺激下的舒张反应,并增强胃底平滑肌1-8Hz及胃窦平滑肌4-16Hz断电刺激下的收缩反应;GHRP-6 1μM能够抑制胃底平滑肌4-8Hz开电刺激下的舒张反应,并增强胃底平滑肌1-2Hz、8-16Hz及胃窦平滑肌4-8Hz断电刺激下的收缩反应;L-NAME增强ghrelin、GHRP-6诱导的胃底和胃窦平滑肌条舒缩作用。大鼠胃窦及胃底分布有ghrelin受体mRNA。结论:ghrelin和GHRP-6能够加快胃排空促进小肠推进,该效应可能是通过迷走神经通路及胆碱能兴奋产生的。     

"新异刺激"模型和P300

事件相关电位中的P30 0成分反映了大脑的基本认知功能 ,并且在科学研究和临床中得到了广泛应用。P30 0成分通常由“新异刺激 (oddball)”模型引出。本文主要介绍了新异刺激模型 ,以及该模型在视觉、听觉和痛觉刺激模式中的应用     

提高患者安全的有效策略

介绍了一个能够有效提高患者安全文化和患者安全的模型---基于单元的综合安全项目及该模型的设计理念、具体实施方法以及目前的应用情况，希望能对我国的患者安全工作起到一定的借鉴作用。     

高级视皮层可塑性:物体和面孔知觉学习综述

复杂刺激的知觉学习是指由训练或经验引起的对物体或者面孔等复杂视觉刺激在知觉上长期稳定的改变,一般认为这反映了大脑高级视皮层的可塑性.对简单刺激知觉学习特性的研究已经揭示了低级视皮层的部分可塑性,但是复杂刺激知觉学习的神经机制目前仍存在争议.本文介绍了知觉学习的理论模型和实验证据,并重点探讨了复杂刺激如物体和面孔知觉学习的特性、神经机制及研究方法.该领域未来需要在复杂刺激知觉学习的持久性、面孔不同属性知觉学习的机制,以及复杂刺激知觉学习的理论模型方面做进一步研究.     

Development of a tactile stimulator with simultaneous visual and auditory stimulation using E-Prime software

In this study, a tactile stimulator was developed, which can stimulate visual and auditory senses simultaneously by using the E-Prime software. This study tried to compensate for systematic stimulation control and other problems that occurred with previously developed tactile stimulators. The newly developed system consists of three units: a control unit, a drive unit and a vibrator. Since the developed system is a small, lightweight, simple structure with low electrical consumption, a maximum of 35 stimulation channels and various visual and auditory stimulation combinations without delay time, the previous systematic problem is corrected in this study. The system was designed to stimulate any part of the body including the fingers. Since the developed tactile stimulator used E-Prime software, which is widely used in the study of visual and auditory senses, the stimulator is expected to be highly practical due to a diverse combination of stimuli, such as tactile–visual, tactile–auditory, visual–auditory and tactile–visual–auditory stimulation.     

Response of thoracic interneurons to tactile stimulation in the cockroach,Periplaneta americana

Receåfindings indicate that cockroaches escape in response to tactile stimulation as well as they do in response to the classic wind puff stimulus. The thoracic interneurons that receive inputs from ventral giant interneurons also respond to tactile stimulation and therefore, represent a potential site of convergence between wind and tactile stimulation as well as other sensory modalities. In this article, we characterize the tactile response of these interneurons, which are referred to as type-A thoracic interneurons (TI_As). In response to tactile stimulation of the body cuticle, TI_As typically respond with a short latency biphasic depolarization which often passes threshold for action potentials. The biphasic response is not typical of responses to wind stimulation nor of tactile stimulation of the antennae. It is also not seen in tactile responses of thoracic interneurons that are not part of the TI_A group. The responses of individual TI_As to stimulation of various body locations were mapped. The left-right directional properties of TI_As are consistent with their responses to wind puffs from various different directions. Cells that respond equally well to wind from the left and right side also respond equally well to tactile stimuli on the left and right side of the animal's body. In contrast, cells that are biased to wind on one side are also biased to tactile stimulation on the same side. In general, tactile responses directed at body cuticle are phasic rather than tonic, occurring both when the tactile stimulator is depressed and released. The response reflects stimulus strength and follows repeated stimulation quite well. However, the first phase of the biphasic response is more robust during high-frequency stimulation than the second phase. TI_As also respond to antennal stimulation. However, here the response characteristics are complicated by the fact that movement of either antenna evokes descending activity in both left and right thoracic connectives. The data suggest that the TI_As make up a multimodal site of sensory convergence that is capable of generating an oriental escape turn in response to any one of several sensory cues. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children''s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.     

Temperature and the Two-Point Threshold

Studies dating back to 1834 have shown that the temperature of objects contacting the skin can substantially intensify their apparent pressure on the skin. Later research demonstrated qualitatively that object temperature can also sharpen the spatial acuity of the skin as revealed by gap perception (two-point and two-edge thresholds). Pressure intensification and sharpening probably relate intimately. The present experiments sought to provide several more accurate and parametric extensions of thermal sharpening: (1) sharpening can improve tactile spatial acuity by as much as 60%, but the degree of sharpening is graded as a function of deviation of stimulator temperature from normal (neutral) skin temperature; (2) thermal sharpening seems to characterize the body surface since it takes place freely in forearm, forehead, and palm; local differences do, however, become apparent; (3) large thermal sharpening can even occur when one tip of the stimulator is warm, the other cold; and (4) thermal sharpening is easily captured by experiment and is basically the same in magnitude whether assessed by modern forced-choice procedure (controlled criterion) or by the more traditional procedures (uncontrolled criterion) used for more than a century before the advent of signal detection theory. Various arguments are put forth here and elsewhere to suggest that both thermal intensification of pressure sensation and thermal sharpening of gap perception result from direct thermal stimulation of mechanoreceptors and/or polymodal nociceptor networks; neither phenomenon yields readily to a “cognitive” interpretation.     

Temperature and the two-point threshold

Studies dating back to 1834 have shown that the temperature of objects contacting the skin can substantially intensify their apparent pressure on the skin. Later research demonstrated qualitatively that object temperature can also sharpen the spatial acuity of the skin as revealed by gap perception (two-point and two-edge thresholds). Pressure intensification and sharpening probably relate intimately. The present experiments sought to provide several more accurate and parametric extensions of thermal sharpening: (1) sharpening can improve tactile spatial acuity by as much as 60%, but the degree of sharpening is graded as a function of deviation of stimulator temperature from normal (neutral) skin temperature; (2) thermal sharpening seems to characterize the body surface since it takes place freely in forearm, forehead, and palm; local differences do, however, become apparent; (3) large thermal sharpening can even occur when one tip of the stimulator is warm, the other cold; and (4) thermal sharpening is easily captured by experiment and is basically the same in magnitude whether assessed by modern forced-choice procedure (controlled criterion) or by the more traditional procedures (uncontrolled criterion) used for more than a century before the advent of signal detection theory. Various arguments are put forth here and elsewhere to suggest that both thermal intensification of pressure sensation and thermal sharpening of gap perception result from direct thermal stimulation of mechanoreceptors and/or polymodal nociceptor networks; neither phenomenon yeilds readily to a "cognitive" interpretation.     

The tactile perception of stimulus orientation

Studies of the visual system suggest that, at an early stage of form processing, a stimulus is represented as a set of contours and that a critical feature of these local contours is their orientation. Here, we characterize the ability of human observers to identify or discriminate the orientation of bars and edges presented to the distal fingerpad. The experiments were performed using a 400-probe stimulator that allowed us to flexibly deliver stimuli across a wide range of conditions. Orientation thresholds, approximately 20 degrees on average, varied only slightly across modes of stimulus presentation (scanned or indented), stimulus amplitudes, scanning speeds, and different stimulus types (bars or edges). The tactile orientation acuity was found to be poorer than its visual counterpart for stimuli of similar aspect ratio, contrast, and size. This result stands in contrast to the equivalent spatial acuity of the two systems (at the limit set by peripheral innervation density) and to the results of studies of tactile and visual letter recognition, which show that the two modalities yield comparable performance when stimuli are scaled appropriately.     

Presentation of Various Tactile Sensations Using Micro-Needle Electrotactile Display

Tactile displays provoke tactile sensations by artificially stimulating tactile receptors. While many types of tactile displays have been developed, electrotactile displays that exploit electric stimulation can be designed to be thin, light, flexible and thus, wearable. However, the high voltages required to stimulate tactile receptors and limited varieties of possible sensations pose problems. In our previous work, we developed an electrotactile display using a micro-needle electrode array that can drastically reduce the required voltage by penetrating through the high-impedance stratum corneum painlessly, but displaying various tactile sensations was still a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate presentation of tactile sensation of different roughness to the subjects, which is enabled by the arrangement of the electrodes; the needle electrodes are on the fingertip and the ground electrode is on the fingernail. With this arrangement, the display can stimulate the tactile receptors that are located not only in the shallow regions of the finger but also those in the deep regions. It was experimentally revealed that the required voltage was further reduced compared to previous devices and that the roughness presented by the display was controlled by the pulse frequency and the switching time, or the stimulation flow rate. The proposed electrotactile display is readily applicable as a new wearable haptic device for advanced information communication technology.     

Cross-modal interactions between olfaction and touch

We report two experiments designed to investigate the nature of any cross-modal interactions between olfactory and tactile information processing. In Experiment 1, we assessed the influence of olfactory cues on the tactile perception of fabric softness using computer-controlled stimulus presentation. The results showed that participants rated fabric swatches as feeling significantly softer when presented with a lemon odor than when presented with an animal-like odor, demonstrating that olfactory cues can modulate tactile perception. In Experiment 2, we assessed whether this modulatory effect varied as a function of the particular odors being used and/or of the spatial coincidence between the olfactory and tactile stimuli. The results replicated those reported in Experiment 1 thus further supporting the claim that people's rating of tactile stimuli can be modulated by the presence of an odor. Taken together, the results of the two experiments reported here support the existence of a cross-modal interaction between olfaction and touch.     

Tactile neural mechanisms in monotremes

Monotremes, perhaps more than any other order of mammals, display an enormous behavioural reliance upon the tactile senses. In the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, this is manifest most strikingly in the special importance of the bill as a peripheral sensory organ, an importance confirmed by electrophysiological mapping that reveals a vast area of the cerebral cortex allocated to the processing of tactile inputs from the bill. Although behavioural evidence in the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, suggests a similar prominence for tactile inputs from the snout, there is also a great reliance upon the distal limbs for digging and burrowing activity, pointing to the importance of tactile information from these regions for the echidna. In recent studies, we have investigated the peripheral tactile neural mechanisms in the forepaw of the echidna to establish the extent of correspondence or divergence that has emerged over the widely different evolutionary paths taken by monotreme and placental mammals. Electrophysiological recordings were made from single tactile sensory nerve fibres isolated in fine strands of the median or ulnar nerves of the forearm. Controlled tactile stimuli applied to the forepaw glabrous skin permitted an initial classification of tactile sensory fibres into two broad divisions, according to their responses to static skin displacement. One displayed slowly adapting (SA) response properties, while the other showed a selective sensitivity to the dynamic components of the skin displacement. These purely dynamically-sensitive tactile fibres could be subdivided according to vibrotactile sensitivity and receptive field characteristics into a rapidly adapting (RA) class, sensitive to low frequency (相似文献   

A new mechanical stimulator for cultured bone cells using piezoelectric actuator

In this study, a new mechanical stimulator using the piezoelectric actuator was developed to give cultured bone cells mechanical strains with more physiologic magnitude, frequency components, and waveform. This stimulator provides bone cells in a three-dimensional collagen gel block culture mechanical strains with magnitude of 200-40,000 microstrain and frequency of DC-100 Hz, which sufficiently covers physiological strains on bone. Furthermore, the stimulator can generate not only common strain waveforms like sine and rectangular waves, but also arbitrary strain waveforms synthesized on a personal computer. In particular, the controllability of strain frequency and waveform is an advance over that of previous stimulators. Thus, this device can facilitate new findings regarding bone cell responses to mechanical stimuli.