Crossability analysis in subgenus Tulipa of the genus Tulipa L.

A range of almost 1400 cross combinations has been carried out between 31 species of Tulipa subgenus Tulipa. Most of the sections are well separated reproductively from each other. The designated species aggregates in section Clusianae appeared to be intersterile. Also in section Kolpakowskianae the species, as far as used, cannot be combined. Some crosses between species of section Tulipanum succeeded. The species of sections Eichleres and Tulipa (including the cultivated tulip T gesneriana ) could be combined in various ways, although the highest level of seed set was achieved within either section. The crossability data support the current taxonomic division. The level of reproductive isolation between sympatric species is discussed, and the importance of crossability studies for plant breeding in Tulipa pointed out briefly.     

Tulipa kolbintsevii Zonn., a new species from Eastern Kazakhstan

The white-flowered Tulipa kolbintsevii (Liliaceae), section Biflores, occurs in SE Kazakhstan, Dzjungarian Ala-Tau, Taskora valley. So far only T. aff. altaica and T. brachystemon (sect. Kolpakowskianae) both with yellow flowers, flushed greenish–violet or red on the outside, were known to be present there. It differs in that it is not only the easternmost species of the section Biflores, and has different placement of hairs on the tepals, but also has the lowest genome size of the species in this section with 2C?=?48?pg. The other 14 species have 51.5–59.4?pg. Flow cytometry supported morphological differences. This method is useful for identification of dormant bulbs or sterile plants and is therefore important for monitoring of the trade in bulbous species.     

Tulipa intermedia sp. nov. (Liliaceae) from the Ferghana Depression,Uzbekistan

A new species, Tulipa intermedia, collected in the Ferghana Depression is described. The new species belongs to section T. sect. Kolpakowskianae Raamsd. ex Zonn. & Veldkamp. It is similar to T. scharipovii Tojibaev and T. talassica Lazkov but is distinguished by morphological characters of bulbs and flowers and by its ecology, growing only in Artemisia steppe on plains and in low foothills with gravelly slopes. From T. scharipovii, the new species differs by non‐coriaceous and strongly prolongated bulb tunics, pubescence of tunics, shorter stem, shape of outer petals and filaments, and by its pale yellow (not green) bottle‐shaped ovary. Two varieties of T. intermedia differing in the colour of tepals and filaments were observed growing together and are formally described.     

老鸦瓣属(百合科)的恢复: 以形态性状的分支分析为依据

老鸦瓣群(Amana群)是百合科中的一个东亚特有类群,仅分布在中国中东部、日本和朝鲜半岛。该类群在形态上与广义郁金香属Tulipa L.相似,但也具有与子房近等长的花柱以及2-3(-4)个苞片等与郁金香属不同的形态特征。有关该类群是否应置于郁金香属中或是否应独立为属的问题长期以来存在争议。为了澄清该问题,我们对产于中国的Amana群进行了广泛的标本室和野外形态观察,并采用分支系统学方法,对该类群3个种以及郁金香属的其他15种植物(包括土耳其的3个种)的28个形态性状数据进行了分支分析。结果表明广义郁金香属并非是一个单系类群。Amana群与广义郁金香属的其他4个组sect. Orithyia、sect. Eriostemones、sect. Leiostemones、sect. Tulipanum以及Lloydia属的两个种共同构成一个大支的3个分支。我们对广义郁金香属5个组共19种植物的ITS以及trnL-F分子序列综合分析的结果也表明：sect. Tulipanum、sect. Leiostemones、sect. Eriostemones和sect. Orithyia构成一大支,Amana群和猪牙花属的Erythronium sibiricum构成另一大支。因此,我们认为Amana群应从广义郁金香属中独立出来,恢复其老鸦瓣属Amana Honda作为属的分类地位。     

The infrageneric nomenclature of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tulipa</Emphasis> (Liliaceae)

Zonneveld (Pl Syst Evol 281:217–245, 2009) proposed an infrageneric classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae) based on the nuclear content determined by flow cytometry and available morphological data. The nomenclatural consequences of this are discussed here, involving the typification of generic and infrageneric names. Additional notes on some species are given. Four subgenera are distinguished, of which two are new; ten sections are proposed, four new; three new combinations are made, and seven lectotypes are designated. Tulipa praecox Ten. is a later homonym of T. praecox Cav. (Descripcíon de las plantas. 2: 448, 625, 1803); its correct name is Tulipa agenensis DC. Tulipa lemmersii Zonn., A. Peterse, J. de Groot is validated here by giving the type citation.     

新疆野生郁金香与栽培品种的杂交性状

为研制具有自主知识产权的郁金香（Tulipa gesneriana）新种质,本实验选择6种栽培郁金香品种为母本,5种野生郁金香为父本进行杂交试验。结果显示,平均受精率为（84．8±3．5）％,母本受精率最高的是克斯奈丽斯,平均为（94．0±2．3）％,受精率最低的是蒙特卡罗,平均为（71．0±3．8）％。果实发育1个月最高坐果率为100．0％,平均为（75．2±4．1）％,2个月最高坐果率为（90．0±3．6）％,平均为（47．0±3．4）％;杂交种子平均结实率为24．3％。研究结果表明,母本与杂交组合对受精率、坐果率和结实率有显著影响,父本则没有显著影响：杂交组合小黑人×伊犁郁金香、小黑人×柔毛郁金香及小黑人X天山郁金香亲合性较好,其杂交种子结实率分别为78．2％、68．4％和57．5％。     

Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae)

In populations of four species of tulips (Tulipa biebersteiniana, T. patens, T. scytica and T. riparia) from the Volgograd, Kurgansk, Orenburg, and Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan, genetic diversity was studied by means of morphological and AFLP analysis. A morphological analysis of seven quantitative and two qualitative criteria was carried out. Three selective EcoRI/MseI primer pairs allowed one to genotype 81 individuals from 13 tulip populations with 87 loci. The low level of variability by AFLP loci were revealed in all species, including T. biebersteiniana (P = 20.41%, UH _e = 0.075), T. patens (26.97%, 0.082), T. scytica (27.53%, 0.086), and T. riparia (27.72%, 0.096). According to the AMOVA results, the variability proportion that characterizes the differences between the four Tulip species was lower (F _CT = 0.235) than between populations within species (F _ST = 0.439). Tulipa patens is well differentiated by means of Nei’s distances, coordination, and analysis in the STRUCTURE program. An analysis in the STRUCTURE revealed four genetic groups of tulips that are not completely in accordance with the analyzed species. This acknowledges the presence of complicated genetic process in the tulip population.     

新疆野生种与栽培种郁金香的杂交种子无菌萌发和鳞茎形成

新疆野生种与栽培种郁金香的杂交F1种子于4℃低温下培养36-67d后萌发,随后于15℃下培养3-5个月形成鳞茎。‘小黑人’×柔毛郁金香、‘小黑人’×天山郁金香和‘小黑人’×伊犁郁金香F1种子的萌发率差异显著,分别为60．37％-63．89％、80．28％-81．25％和3．75％-4．45％。‘小黑人’×柔毛郁金香和‘小黑人’×天山郁金香F1的鳞茎分别在添加6-BA2．0mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋KT1．0＋TDZ0．1和6-BA5．0＋KT0．4的1／2MS培养基中增殖。‘小黑人’×天山郁金香F1种子萌发后有41．67％呈畸形,畸形的萌芽在添加6-BA2．0＋KT0．4的1／2MS培养基中可诱导出鳞茎并增殖。     

新疆野生郁金香与栽培品种的杂交性状

为研制具有自主知识产权的郁金香(Tulipa gesneriana)新种质, 本实验选择6种栽培郁金香品种为母本, 5种野生郁金香为父本进行杂交试验。结果显示, 平均受精率为(84.8±3.5)%, 母本受精率最高的是克斯奈丽斯, 平均为(94.0±2.3)%, 受精率最低的是蒙特卡罗, 平均为(71.0±3.8)%。果实发育1个月最高坐果率为100.0%, 平均为(75.2±4.1)%, 2个月最高坐果率为(90.0±3.6)%, 平均为(47.0±3.4)%; 杂交种子平均结实率为24.3%。研究结果表明, 母本与杂交组合对受精率、坐果率和结实率有显著影响, 父本则没有显著影响; 杂交组合小黑人×伊犁郁金香、小黑人×柔毛郁金香及小黑人×天山郁金香亲合性较 好, 其杂交种子结实率分别为78.2%、68.4%和57.5%。     

Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases detected in situ in growing and differentiating cells of root cortex.

Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases were studied by autoradiographic methods in growing and differentiating root cortex cells of Zea mays - a species in which endomitosis occurs - and Tulipa kaufmanniana - in which this process does not occur. In Tulipa kaufmanniana, the highest activity of DNA polymerase appears in the nuclei of meristematic zone during the S phase of the cell cycle. In Zea mays, endomitotic replication of DNA occurs in all growth and differentiation zones and the activity of DNA polymerase in the nuclei is similar to that in the meristematic zone. In both species, nuclear RNA synthesis, measured with 3H uridine incorporation, is highest in the meristematic zone and declines steadily with development. Activity of nuclear RNA polymerase is present in all developmental zones in both species and is similar to that in the meristematic zone. 3H uridine incorporation into nucleoli decreases markedly in both species, whereas the activity of nucleolar RNA polymerase remains at a high level in all root segments in Zea mays and decreases slightly in Tulipa kaufmanniana. It is argued that the differences between the incorporation of 3H uridine and that or 3H UMP may be caused by a reduction of the pool of endogenous ribonucleoside triphosphates. Marked activities of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in cytoplasm are possibly related to the growth and division of plastids and mitochondria.     

Interspecific crosses between Tulipa gesneriana cultivars and wild Tulipa species: a survey

Summary Interspecific crosses were made between 76 Tulipa gesneriana cultivars and 28 botanical Tulipa species. Tulipa gesneriana proved fully congruent (all cross-combinations giving hybrid progeny) with members of the subsection Gesnerianae, was moderately affiliated (50% of all cross-combinations giving hybrid progeny) with representatives of the subsection Eichleres, and was found to be incongruent with most other Tulipa species (except T. stapfii of the subsection Oculussolis).Relationships between T. gesneriana and some representatives of the subsection Eichleres were addressed in more detail. Seeds were harvested in all cross-combinations, but the number of seeds depended on the T. gesneriana cultivar used as the female partner. Apparently, the maternal genotype did affect pre- or post-fertilization processes. T. gesneriana was not crossable with T. kaufmanniana of the subsection Spiranthera. In this specific case, however, a bridge cross was used to overcome incongruity. For this, T. kaufmanniana was first combined with T. greigii, and the hybrid was subsequently crossed with T. gesneriana.These results demonstrate possibilities for interspecific cross-combinations in tulips and have offered opportunities for the introduction of desired new traits in the cultivated tulip.     

638. TULIPA LEHMANNIANA

An Iranian form of Tulipa lehmanniana Mercklin is described and illustrated. The history, classification, natural range and cultivation of this species are discussed and detailed observations on its occurrence and habitat in Iran are provided.     

Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases detected in situ in growing and differentiating cells of root cortex

Summary Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases were studied by autoradiographic methods in growing and differentiating root cortex cells ofZea mays — a species in which endomitosis occurs — andTulipa kaufmanniana — in which this process does not occur. InTulipa kaufmanniana, the highest activity of DNA polymerase appears in the nuclei of meristematic zone during the S phase of the cell cycle. InZea mays, endomitotic replication of DNA occurs in all growth and differentiation zones and the activity of DNA polymerase in the nuclei is similar to that in the meristematic zone. In both species, nuclear RNA synthesis, measured with³H uridine incorporation, is highest in the meristematic zone and declines steadily with development. Activity of nuclear RNA polymerase is present in all developmental zones in both species and is similar to that in the meristematic zone.³H uridine incorporation into nucleoli decreases markedly in both species, whereas the activity of nucleolar RNA polymerase remains at a high level in all root segments inZea mays and decreases slightly inTulipa kaufmanniana.It is argued that the differences between the incorporation of³H uridine and that or³H UMP may be caused by a reduction of the pool of endogenous ribonucleoside triphosphates. Marked activities of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in cytoplasm are possibly related to the growth and division of plastids and mitochondria.     

Some Features of the Environmental Strategy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tulipa gesneriana</Emphasis> L. (Liliaceae,Liliopsida)

The vitality of 31 natural populations of Tulipa gesneriana is based on our field surveys that were conducted in several parts of European Russia from 2013 to 2015. The basic factors that affect the vitality of the T. gesneriana population were revealed according to the results of the analysis of 14 morphological parameters of T. gesneriana. Cattle grazing was the most essential factor. The effect of other negative factors is much lower. On the whole, the mixed stress-tolerant and ruderal ecological cenotic strategy is characteristic of the species. For instance, an increase in the stress level leads to a decrease in the size of all aboveground organs, which is accompanied by considerable variations in the height and diameter of plants. However, most of the parameters, on the contrary, have a weak reduction in their variability under stress. All these features indicate a comparatively narrow ecological amplitude of the species investigated.     

Crossability analysis in subgenus Tulipa of the genus Tulipa L.

A range of almost 1400 cross combinations has been carried out between 31 species of Tulipa subgenus Tulipa. Most of the sections are well separated reproductively from each other. The designated species aggregates in section Clusianae appeared to be intersterile. Also in section Kolpakowskianae the species, as far as used, cannot be combined. Some crosses between species of section Tulipanum succeeded. The species of sections Eichleres and Tulipa (including the cultivated tulip T gesneriana) could be combined in various ways, although the highest level of seed set was achieved within either section. The crossability data support the current taxonomic division. The level of reproductive isolation between sympatric species is discussed, and the importance of crossability studies for plant breeding in Tulipa pointed out briefly.     

Phylogenetic placement and anatomical characterisation of two new West African Tomentella (Basidiomycota, Fungi) species

Tomentella amyloapiculata and T. agbassaensis are described as new species within the genus Tomentella based on materials we collected in the West African, northern Guinean seasonal forests. We used a combination of anatomical characters, sequence analyses and phylogenetic inference of 71 ITS rDNA sequences to characterise the two new species. Anatomically, T. amyloapiculata is characterised by simple septate brown to dark brown, thick-walled subicular and subhymenial hyphae and triangular to slightly lobed brown basidiospores (in frontal view), with isolate aculei of 1–2 μm. Phylogenetically, T. amyloapiculata forms a sister species of T. fuscocinerea with a moderate bootstrap support of 70%. T. amyloapiculata deviates from T. fuscocinerea by 10.07–11.73% in their sequence similarities. As far as T. agbassaensis is concerned, it clusters phylogenetically together with T. bryophila with a strong bootstrap support of 99%. The species is characterised by slightly differentiated rhizomorphs with yellowish hyphae, clamped, thick-walled and yellow to dark yellow subicular hyphae and pale yellow, small basidiospores of 6–8(8.5) μm with aculei of up to 0.5 μm. Both new species deviated from each other by 11.0–11.60% with regard to the ITS rDNA nucleotides.     

光慈姑叶片光合速率日变化规律的研究

以野生和栽培光慈姑植株为材料,研究了光慈姑叶片光合速率日变化规律和环境因子对其的影响,比较了不同生育期光合速率的大小。结果表明:3月份结果的光慈姑叶片净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线,4月结果的光慈姑叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,光合“午睡”现象明显;开花期与结果期的净光合速率日变化差异显著,开花期的净光合速率大于结果期的净光合速率。栽培条件下,叶片净光合速率大于野生状态下的光合速率。     

Expression of the GUS-gene in the monocot tulip after introduction by particle bombardment and Agrobacterium

Gene transfer to the monocotyledon tulip (Tulipa sp. L.) was obtained both by particle bombardment and Agrobacterium transformation. Using a Particle Delivery System, transient expression of the reporter gene for ßglucuronidase was demonstrated. It was shown that the CAMV 35S as well as the TR2' promoter were active in flower stem expiants. Various wildtype and disarmed Agrobacterium strains, harbouring the 35S GUSintron gene on a binary plasmid, were used for infection of flower stem expiants of 7 cultivars and 7 botanical Tulipa species. In nine genotypes the GUSintron gene was expressed, despite the fact that tulip tissue did not produce detectable amounts of virulence-inducing substances. Agrobacterium rhizogenes appeared to be most effective in gene transfer to tulip tissue.