粗山羊草种质遗传多样性及群体结构的ISSR分析

粗山羊草分布范围广,遗传变异丰富,被认为是改良普通小麦的重要基因源。为深入了解不同来源粗山羊草种质的遗传多样性和群体结构,该研究利用ISSR分子标记对56份粗山羊草种质进行了遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明:(1)16个ISSR引物共检测170条多态性位点,每个ISSR引物多态性位点为3～18条,平均为10.63条; 多态性信息(PIC)变异范围为0.17～0.85,平均为0.67。(2)粗山羊草4个群体的遗传多样性比较显示,中亚粗山羊草的群体遗传多样性水平最高(H_e=0.225 4,I=0.355 7),群体间的基因流较低(N_m=1.638 6)。(3)聚类结果在遗传相似系数约0.67处,来源于塔吉克斯坦6份和土库曼斯坦2份粗山羊草种质材料聚成一类(Group 2); 其他48份种质材料形成一大类(Group 1),其中Group 1可进一步分成3个Sub亚类,呈现出来源相同的粗山羊草种质材料倾向聚在一起。(4)群体结构分析将56份粗山羊草种质分为5个群体,其中,来源于西亚伊朗V群体种质材料遗传背景比较一致,混杂程度相对较低; 进一步分析各群体Q值,发现IV群体种质材料亲缘关系的来源相对复杂,遗传多样最为丰富。该研究结果可为粗山羊草种质亲缘关系解析、种质多样性保护提供重要参考依据,为其科学利用以及进化研究奠定基础。     

A comparison of genetic variation among wild and cultivated Morus Species (Moraceae: Morus) as revealed by ISSR and SSR markers

In this study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) ans simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to investigate genetic diversity of 27 mulberry accessions including 19 cultivated accessions (six M. multicaulis, three M. alba, two M. atropurpurea, two M. bombycis, one M. australis, two M. rotundiloba, one M. alba var. pendula, one M. alba var. macrophylla, and one M. alba var. venose) and 8 wild accessions (two M. cathayana, two M. laevigata, two M. wittiorum, one M. nigra and one M. mongolica). ISSRs and SSRs were compared in terms of their informativeness and efficiency in a study of genetic diversity and relationships among 27 mulberry genotypes. SSRs presented a higher level of polymorphism and greater information content. All index values of genetic diversity both markers analyzed using Popgene 32 software indicated that within wild species had higher genetic diversity than within cultivated species. Cultivation may caused the lose of genetic diversity of mulberry compared with wild species revealed by ISSR and SSR markers. The mean genetic similarity coefficients among all mulberry genotypes ascribed by ISSR and SSR matrices were 0.7677 and 0.6131, respectively. For all markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. Cluster analysis of ISSR and SSR using UPGMA method revealed that the wild species are genetically distant from the domesticated species studied here. The correlation coefficients of similarity were statistically significant for both marker systems used. Principal coordinates analysis (PCA) for ISSR and SSR data also supports their UPGMA clustering. These results have an important implication for mulberry germplasm characterization, improvement, molecular systematics and conservation.     

AFLP assessment of genetic diversity among Indian Mucuna accessions

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker was used to assess diversity in germplasm collection of Mucuna species which has gained tremendous attention in the recent past due to its promising nutritional, agronomic and medicinal attributes. Twenty five accessions comprising five species, collected from seven states of India were evaluated with twelve AFLP primer combinations that generated a total of 1,612 fragments with an average of 134 fragments per primer combination. The values of polymorphic information content (PIC), marker index (MI) and the resolving power (Rp) demonstrated the utility of the primer combinations used in the present study for discriminating the Mucuna accessions. UPGMA and Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the genotypic data revealed clustering of accessions as per phenetic and genetic relationships. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient values suggested good variability among the M. pruriens accessions indicating their utility in breeding programs. Molecular diversity presented in this study combined with the datasets on other morphological/agronomic traits will be highly useful for selecting appropriate accessions for plant improvement through conventional as well as molecular breeding approaches and for evolving suitable conservation strategies.     

Phylogenetic relationships between cultivated and wild species of the genusBeta revealed by DNA “fingerprinting”

Forty-one accessions of the genusBeta representing wild and cultivated species of all sections were analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. Four sugar beet minisatellite DNA probes revealed characteristic banding patterns with Southern-hybridizedBeta DNA restricted withHindIII. A total of 111 polymorphic RFLP bands were scored across all accessions. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarity estimates for all 820 combinations of accessions revealed the following results. (1) All accessions could unambiguously be identified by a characteristic RFLP banding pattern. (2) The sugar beet cultivars examined displayed a low level of genetic diversity; they showed high similarity toB. Vulgaris ssp.maritima but low genetic similarity to the other wild species of section I. (3) In most cases, the present taxonomic classification of the genusBeta was confirmed. Species of sections II, III, and IV were clearly distinguishable from those of section I except forB. Macrocarpa, which showed high similarity to wild species of section II. In a second experiment, 108 single-copy RFLP probes from sugar beet were Southern hybridized withB. procumbens DNA. A surprisingly low degree of homology (34%) was found. The results are discussed with regard to the taxonomic classification of the genusBeta.     

Genetic variation of the genus Kengyilia by ISSR markers

We investigated the genetic variation within 32 accessions distributed to 14 species and one variety by using ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers. The results showed that genetic variation was relatively higher among the accessions. A total of 593 bands were amplified by 12 ISSR primers, of which 535 bands (90.2%) were polymorphic. Eleven to 80 polymorphic bands were amplified from each prime, with an average of 44.6 bands. The interspecies GS (genetic similarity) value ranged from 0.430 to 0.866, and the average was 0.620. Cluster analysis showed that all accessions could be classified into 4 groups by ISSR markers. The different accessions in a species were clustered together, but they had genetic variation in molecular levels. There was obvious interspecies genetic variation. Species with similar morphological characteristics and from the same areas or neighboring geographical regions were clustered together and had close relationships. ISSR markers are useful in analyzing interspecies variation in Kengyilia. __________ Translated from Guihaia, 2006, 26 (4): 375–380 [译自: 广西植物]     

草履蚧不同寄主和地理种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对草履蚧保定、石家庄、邯郸16个不同寄主地理种群遗传多样性和种群分化进行研究,结果显示4个RAPD引物共扩增出41个多态性位点,多态位点比率为100%。遗传距离指数在0.701—0.4360,平均为0.2395。其中以邯郸枫杨和邯郸垂丝海棠为寄主的草履蚧种群遗传距离最小(0.0701);以石家庄紫叶李和邯郸木槿为寄主的种群遗传距离最大(0.4360)。遗传一致度系数在0.6466—0.9290。说明草履蚧不同种群遗传多样性丰富并存在遗传差异。聚类分析结果表明草履蚧种群遗传多样性同时受到寄主和地理因素的双重影响,且不同寄主草履蚧种群已产生明显的遗传分化。     

An AFLP-based survey of genetic diversity among accessions of sea oats (Uniola paniculata, Poaceae) from the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coast states of the United States

Uniola paniculata, commonly known as sea oats, is a C₄ perennial grass capable of stabilizing sand dunes. It is most abundant along the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Atlantic coastal regions of the United States. The species exhibits low seed set and low rates of germination and seedling emergence, and so extensive clonal reproduction is achieved through production of rhizomes, which may contribute to a decline in genetic diversity. To date, there has been no systematic assessment of genetic variability and population structure in naturally occurring stands in the USA. This study was conducted to assess the genetic relationship and diversity among nineteen U. paniculata accessions representing eight states: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Twelve AFLP EcoRI+MseI primer combinations generated a wide range of polymorphisms (42–81%) with a mean of 59%. Overall, the sea oats plants exhibited a low range of genetic similarity. Florida accessions, FL-33 and FL-39, were most genetically diverse and the accessions from both Carolinas and Virginia (NC-1, NC-11, SC-15, and VA-53) harbored less genetic variability. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA approach separated U. paniculata plants into four major clusters which were also confirmed by principal coordinate analysis (PCO). Further examination of the different components of genetic variation by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated the largest proportion of variability at the state level (47.8%) followed by the variation due to the differences among the genotypes within an accession (34.4%), and the differences among the accessions within a state (17.8%). The relationship between genetic diversity and geographic source of sea oats populations of the United States as revealed through this comprehensive study will be helpful to resource managers and commercial nurseries in identifying suitable plant materials for restoration of new areas without compromising the adaptation and genetic diversity.     

基于SSR标记的紫花风铃木群体遗传多样性分析

为揭示紫花风铃木(Handroanthus impetiginosus)的群体遗传变异特征,对广东省6市12个群体72份种质材料进行遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析。结果表明,9对引物共扩增出123个等位基因位点,引物的平均多态信息量为0.754,具有较高的多态性。12个群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,群体间平均有效等位基因数为3.272个,平均Shannon指数为1.159。AMOVA分析表明群体间遗传分化程度相对较低,群体内遗传分化程度较高。群体的总体遗传分化系数为0.077,处于中等程度。基于Structure分析、主坐标分析和NJ聚类分析均可将12个群体分为2大类群,分组结果具有一定相似性,表明供试紫花风铃木群体遗传结构较为简单。这为紫花风铃木优良种质资源的利用、遗传变异和科学育种提供了理论参考。     

Distribution of allozymic alleles and genetic diversity in the American Barley Core Collection

A survey of allozymic alleles and genetic diversity was made for 151 accessions of the American Barley Core Collection. A total of 25 alleles at ten loci were observed. Two loci were monomorphic. The average diversity index for individual loci ranged between 0.026 and 0.649. Most significant differences in allelic frequency and genetic diversity value were found between spring and winter barley. Spring barley showed a greatly higher average diversity than winter barley (t=2.124, P=0.071). The smallest differences in allelic frequencies and diversity values were observed between the two geographical regions, North and South America. Rare alleles were detected only in a few accessions. Seven rare alleles were associated with spring barley. The genetic similarities among the 151 accessions ranged from 0.20 to 1.00, which showed that a high level of genetic variability exists in this set of core accessions. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis did not give clear-cut separation of different types of barley, but most of the winter barley accessions were closely associated. Received: 7 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2000     

Genetic diversity of oilseedBrassica napus germ plasm based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Cultivars have been developed for many growing regions, however little is known about genetic diversity inB. napus germ plasm. The purpose of the research presented here was to study the genetic diversity and relationships ofB. napus accessions using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Eighty threeB. napus accessions were screened using 43 genomic DNA clones which revealed 161 polymorphic fragments. Each accession was uniquely identified by the markers with the exception of the near-isogenic cvs Triton and Tower. The RFLP data were analyzed by cluster analysis of similarity coefficients and by principal component analysis. Overall, there were three major groups of cultivars. The first group included only spring accessions, the second mostly winter accessions and the third, rutabagas and oilseed rape accessions from China and Japan. These results indicate that withinB. napus, winter and spring cultivars represent genetically distinct groups. The grouping of accessions by cluster analysis was generally consistent with known pedigrees. This consistency included the grouping of lines derived both by backcrossing or self-pollination with their parents.     

Quantitative structure analysis of genetic diversity among spring bread wheats (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) from different geographical regions

Genetic diversity in spring bread wheat (T.␣aestivum L.) was studied in a total of 69 accessions. For this purpose, 52 microsatellite (SSR) markers were used and a total of 406 alleles were detected, of which 182 (44.8%) occurred at a frequency of <5% (rare alleles). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 14 with an average of 7.81. The largest number of alleles per locus occurred in the B genome (8.65) as␣compared to the A (8.43) and D (5.93) genomes, respectively. The polymorphism index content (PIC) value varied from 0.24 to 0.89 with an average of 0.68. The highest PIC for all accessions was found in the B␣genome (0.71) as compared to the A (0.68) and D␣genomes (0.63). Genetic distance-based method (standard UPGMA clustering) and a model-based method (structure analysis) were used for cluster analysis. The two methods led to analogical results. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 80.6% of the total variation could be explained by the variance within the geographical groups. In comparison to the diversity detected for all accessions (H _e = 0.68), genetic diversity among European spring bread wheats was H _e = 0.65. A comparatively higher diversity was observed between wheat varieties from Southern European countries (Austria/Switzerland, Portugal/Spain) corresponding to those from other regions.     

High efficiency and reliability of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for evaluation of genetic diversity in Brazilian cultivated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis> L. accessions

Jatropha curcas L. is found in all tropical regions and has garnered lot of attention for its potential as a source of biodiesel. As J. curcas is a plant that is still in the process of being domesticated, interest in improving its agronomic traits has increased in an attempt to select more productive varieties, aiming at sustainable utilization of this plant for biodiesel production. Therefore, the study of genetic diversity in different accessions of J. curcas in Brazil constitutes a necessary first step in genetic programs designed to improve this species. In this study we have used ISSR markers to assess the genetic variability of 332 accessions from eight states in Brazil that produce J. curcas seeds for commercialization. Seven ISSR primers amplified a total of 21,253 bands, of which 19,472 bands (91%) showed polymorphism. Among the polymorphic bands 275 rare bands were identified (present in fewer than 15% of the accessions). Polymorphic information content (PIC), marker index (MI) and resolving power (RP) averaged 0.26, 17.86 and 19.87 per primer, respectively, showing the high efficiency and reliability of the markers used. ISSR markers analyses as number of polymorphic loci, genetic diversity and accession relationships through UPGMA-phenogram and MDS showed that Brazilian accessions are closely related but have a higher level of genetic diversity than accessions from other countries, and the accessions from Natal (RN) are the most diverse, having high value as a source of genetic diversity for breeding programs of J. curcas in the world.     

牛鞭草品种EST-SSR指纹图谱构建及遗传多样性分析

为探讨牛鞭草(Hemarthria spp.)品种间的遗传多样性,从86对EST-SSR引物中筛选出8对引物对牛鞭草属6个品种进行指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析。结果表明,8对EST-SSR引物对牛鞭草属6个品种共扩增出193条清晰条带,多态性条带161条,多态性比例为83.4%。每条引物的多态信息含量(PIC)为0.480~0.695,平均为0.602。UPGMA聚类分析表明,牛鞭草属6个品种在相似系数为0.652处可分为两大类群。8对EST-SSR引物均能将6个品种完全区分开,以3对EST-SSR引物扩增的电泳图谱为基础,建立了牛鞭草属6个品种的指纹图谱标准模式图,每个品种都有唯一的指纹图谱。牛鞭草属6个品种的平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.333,平均Shannon信息指数为0.496,品种间的相似系数介于0.399~0.782之间。可见,牛鞭草属植物品种的遗传多样性较丰富,种间差异明显。     

Assessment of genetic diversity among and within Achillea species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 57 Achillea accessions belonging to five species, A. millefolium, A. filipendulina, A. tenuifolia, A. santolina and A. biebersteinii. Nine AFLP primer combinations were used, which produced 301 polymorphic bands. In most species, a high level of genetic variation was detected among the genotypes. The Jaccard's similarity indices (J), based on AFLP profiles, were subjected to UPGMA cluster analysis. Application of Mantel's test for cophenetic correlation to the cluster analysis indicated the high fitness of the accessions to a group (r = 0.918). The dendrogram generated revealed five major groups corresponding to five species. The principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) data confirmed the results of the clustering. Among the species, A. teunifolia and A. santolina showed the greatest and the least genetic diversity, respectively. A. filipendulina accessions were acquired primarily from the same ecological regions of western Iran. Accessions belonging to A. biebersteinii originated from the Isfahan province and were separated from other species at the root of the dendrogram. The results of the clustering method, based on AFLP markers, corresponded closely with the geographical origins of the genotypes. The results of the present study could contribute to a better understanding and management of conservation and exploitation of the Achillea germplasm.     

Restriction fragment length polymorphism diversity in soybean

Summary Fifty-eight soybean accessions from the genus Glycine, subgenus Soja, were surveyed with 17 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genetic markers to assess the level of molecular diversity and to evaluate the usefulness of previously identified RFLP markers. In general, only low levels of molecular diversity were observed: 2 of the 17 markers exhibited three alleles per locus, whereas all others had only two alleles. Thirty-five percent of the markers had rare alleles present in only 1 or 2 of the 58 accessions. Molecular diversity was least among cultivated soybeans and greatest between accessions of different soybean species such as Glycine max (L.) Merr. and G. soja Sieb. and Zucc. Principal component analysis was useful in reducing the multidimensional genotype data set and identifying genetic relationships.     

Microsatellite analysis reveals a progressive widening of the genetic basis in the elite durum wheat germplasm

It has been argued that the level of genetic diversity in the modern durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) elite germplasm may have declined due to the high selection pressure applied in breeding programs. In this study, 58 accessions covering a wide spectrum of genetic diversity of the cultivated durum wheat gene pool were characterized with 70 microsatellite loci (or simple sequence repeats, SSRs). On average, SSRs detected 5.6 different allelic variants per locus, with a mean diversity index (DI) equal to 0.56, thus revealing a diversity content comparable to those previously observed with SSRs in other small-grain cereal gene pools. The mean genetic similarity value was equal to 0.44. A highly diagnostic SSR set has been identified. A high variation in allele size was detected among SSR loci, suggesting a different suitability of these loci for estimating genetic diversity. The B genome was characterized by an overall polymorphism significantly higher than that of the A genome. Genetic diversity is organised in well-distinct sub-groups identified by the corresponding foundation-genotypes. A large portion (92.7%) of the molecular variation detected within the group of 45 modern cvs was accounted for by SSR alleles tracing back to ten foundation-genotypes; among those, the most recent CIMMYT-derived founders were genetically distant from the old Mediterranean ones. On the other hand, rare alleles were abundant, suggesting that a large number of genetic introgressions contributed to the foundation of the well-diversified germplasm herein considered. The profiles of recently released varieties indicate that the level of genetic diversity present in the modern durum wheat germplasm has actually increased over time.Communicated by F. Salamini     

Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among a collection of US sweet sorghum germplasm by SSR markers

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a type of cultivated sorghums and has been recognized widely as potential alternative source of bio-fuel because of its high fermentable sugar content in the stalk. A substantial variation of sugar content and related traits is known to exist in US sweet sorghum. The objectives of the study were to assess the genetic diversity and relationship among the US sweet sorghum cultivars and lines using SSR markers and to examine the genetic variability within sweet sorghum accessions for sugar content. Sixty-eight sweet sorghum and four grain sorghum cultivars and lines were genotyped with 41 SSR markers that generated 132 alleles with an average of 3.22 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value, a measure of gene diversity, was 0.40 with a range of 0.03–0.87. The genetic similarity co-efficient was estimated based on the segregation of the 132 SSR alleles. Clustering analysis based on the genetic similarity (GS) grouped the 72 sorghum accessions into 10 distinct clusters. Grouping based on clustering analysis was in good agreement with available pedigree and genetic background information. The study has revealed the genetic relationship of cultivars with unknown parentage to those with known parentage. A number of diverse pairs of sweet sorghum accessions were identified which were polymorphic at many SSR loci and significantly different for sugar content as well. Information generated from this study can be used to select parents for hybrid development to maximize the sugar content and total biomass, and development of segregating populations to map genes controlling sugar content in sweet sorghum.     

广东省猴耳环遗传多样性研究

为了解猴耳环(Archidendron clypearia)种质资源的遗传多样性,以广东省12个野生猴耳环群体的146份种质资源为材料,采用SSR分子标记技术对其遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析.结果表明,21对SSR引物共检测到249个等位基因,平均每对SSR引物检测的等位基因数(Na)为11.857,有效等位基因数(N...     

Molecular diversity and relationships of North American Elymus trachycaulus and the Eurasian E. caninus species

The morphological similarity of Elymus trachycaulus to the Eurasian E. caninus has often been noted. This has lead to controversial and contradicting taxonomic treatments. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic investigation on molecular genetic similarity between E. trachycaulus and E. caninus. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to study the similarity between the two species. RAPD analysis of 38 samples representing E. caninus and E. trachycaulus complex yielded 111 interpretable RAPD bands. The Jaccard’s similarity values for E. caninus ranged from 0.38 between accessions H10345 and H10353 to 0.97 between accessions H8745 and H10096, with an average of 0.67. The Jaccard’s similarity values for E. trachycaulus complex ranged from 0.09 between E. trachycaulus ssp. subsecundus (PI 537321) and E. trachycaulus ssp. violaceus (PI 272612) to 0.78 between accessions PI 315368 and PI 372644, with an average of 0.43. The results from different analyses (NJ and PCA) were similar but not identical. The molecular genetic separation between E. caninus and E. trachycaulus was consistent. The PCA analysis clearly separated all E. caninus accessions from E. trachycaulus and its subspecies. The NJ analysis also showed separation between most accessions of E. caninus and E. trachycaulus. Further analysis excluding E. trachycaulus ssp. subsecundus and ssp. violaceus revealed that E. caninus species and E. trachycaulus species were clearly separated into two distinct groups. The RAPD data thus support the treatment of E. caninus and E. trachycaulus as distinct species. The analyses further indicate that E. violaceus is nested within E. trachycaulus, and more related to E. trachycaulus complex rather than to E. caninus.     

Evaluation of Lespedeza germplasm genetic diversity and its phylogenetic relationship with the genus Kummerowia

The genetic diversity of the genus Lespedeza is not well known and the phylogenetic relationship of Lespedeza with the genus Kummerowia is unclear. We report the first study in which polymorphic expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers derived from Medicago, cowpea and soybean were used to assess the genetic diversity of the USDA Lespedeza germplasm collection and clarify its phylogenetic relationship with the genus Kummerowia. Phylogenetic analysis partitioned 44 Lespedeza accessions into three main groups some of which were species-specific and eight subgroups. This data set revealed some misidentified accessions, and indicated that the two species in the genus Kummerowia are closely related to the genus Lespedeza. Morphological reexamination was used to correct the misidentified accessions within the genus Lespedeza. Our results demonstrated that phylogenetic analysis with morphological reexamination provides a more complete approach to classify accessions in plant germplasm collection and conservation.