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M. Lusky M. Christ K. Rittner A. Dieterle D. Dreyer B. Mourot H. Schultz F. Stoeckel A. Pavirani M. Mehtali 《Journal of virology》1998,72(3):2022-2032
Isogenic, E3-deleted adenovirus vectors defective in E1, E1 and E2A, or E1 and E4 were generated in complementation cell lines expressing E1, E1 and E2A, or E1 and E4 and characterized in vitro and in vivo. In the absence of complementation, deletion of both E1 and E2A completely abolished expression of early and late viral genes, while deletion of E1 and E4 impaired expression of viral genes, although at a lower level than the E1/E2A deletion. The in vivo persistence of these three types of vectors was monitored in selected strains of mice with viral genomes devoid of transgenes to exclude any interference by immunogenic transgene-encoded products. Our studies showed no significant differences among the vectors in the short-term maintenance and long-term (4-month) persistence of viral DNA in liver and lung cells of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, all vectors induced similar antibody responses and comparable levels of adenovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results suggest that in the absence of transgenes, the progressive deletion of the adenovirus genome does not extend the in vivo persistence of the transduced cells and does not reduce the antivirus immune response. In addition, our data confirm that, in the absence of transgene expression, mouse cellular immunity to viral antigens plays a minor role in the progressive elimination of the virus genome.Replication-deficient human adenoviruses (Ad) have been widely investigated as ex vivo and in vivo gene delivery systems for human gene therapy. The ability of these vectors to mediate the efficient expression of candidate therapeutic or vaccine genes in a variety of cell types, including postmitotic cells, is considered an advantage over other gene transfer vectors (3, 28, 49). However, the successful application of currently available E1-defective Ad vectors in human gene therapy has been hampered by the fact that transgene expression is only transient in vivo (2, 15, 16, 33, 36, 46). This short-lived in vivo expression of the transgene has been explained, at least in part, by the induction in vivo of cytotoxic immune responses to cells infected with the Ad vector. Studies with rodent systems have suggested that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed against virus antigens synthesized de novo in the transduced tissues play a major role in eliminating cells containing the E1-deleted viral genome (56–58, 61). Consistent with the concept of cellular antiviral immunity, expression of transgenes is significantly extended in experimental rodent systems that are deficient in various components of the cellular immune system or that have been rendered immunocompromised by administration of pharmacological agents (2, 33, 37, 48, 60, 64).Based on the assumption that further reduction of viral antigen expression may lower the immune response and thus extend persistence of transgene expression, previous studies have investigated the consequences of deleting both E1 and an additional viral regulatory region, such as E2A or E4. The E2A region encodes a DNA binding protein (DBP) with specific affinity for single-stranded Ad DNA. The DNA binding function is essential for the initiation and elongation of viral DNA synthesis during the early phase of Ad infection. During the late phase of infection, DBP plays a central role in the activation of the major late promoter (MLP) (for a recent review, see reference 44). The E4 region, located at the right end of the viral genome, encodes several regulatory proteins with pleiotropic functions which are involved in the accumulation, splicing, and transport of early and late viral mRNAs, in DNA replication, and in virus particle assembly (reviewed in reference 44). The simultaneous deletion of E1 and E2A or of E1 and E4 should therefore further reduce the replication of the virus genome and the expression of early and late viral genes. Such multidefective vectors have been generated and tested in vitro and in vivo (9, 12, 17, 19–21, 23, 24, 26, 34, 40, 52, 53, 59, 62, 63). Recombinant vectors with E1 deleted and carrying an E2A temperature-sensitive mutation (E2Ats) have been shown in vitro to express much smaller amounts of virus proteins, leading to extended transgene expression in cotton rats and mice (19, 20, 24, 59). To eliminate the risks of reversion of the E2Ats point mutation to a wild-type phenotype, improved vectors with both E1 and E2A deleted were subsequently generated in complementation cell lines coexpressing E1 and E2A genes (26, 40, 63). In vitro analysis of human cells infected by these viruses demonstrated that the double deletion completely abolished viral DNA replication and late protein synthesis (26). Similarly, E1/E4-deleted vectors have been generated in various in vitro complementation systems and tested in vitro and in vivo (9, 17, 23, 45, 52, 53, 62). These studies showed that deletion of both E1 and E4 did indeed reduce significantly the expression of early and late virus proteins (17, 23), leading to a decreased anti-Ad host immune response (23), reduced hepatotoxicity (17, 23, 52), and improved in vivo persistence of the transduced liver cells (17, 23, 52).Interpretation of these results is difficult, however, since all tested E1- and E1/E4-deleted vectors encoded the bacterial β-galactosidase (βgal) marker, whose strong immunogenicity is known to influence the in vivo persistence of Ad-transduced cells (32, 37). Moreover, the results described above are not consistent with the conclusions from other studies showing, in various immunocompetent mouse models, that cellular immunity to Ad antigens has no detectable impact on the persistence of the transduced cells (37, 40, 50, 51). Furthermore, in contrast to results of earlier studies (19, 20, 59), Fang et al. (21) demonstrated that injection of E1-deleted/E2Ats vectors into immunocompetent mice and hemophilia B dogs did not lead to an improvement of the persistence of transgene expression compared to that with isogenic E1-deleted vectors. Similarly, Morral et al. (40) did not observe any difference in persistence of transgene expression in mice injected with either vectors deleted in E1 only or vectors deleted in both E1 and E2A. Finally, the demonstration that some E4-encoded products can modulate transgene expression (1, 17, 36a) makes the evaluation of E1- and E1/E4-deleted vectors even more complex when persistence of transgene expression is used for direct comparison of the in vivo persistence of cells transduced by the two types of vectors.The precise influence of the host immune response to viral antigens on the in vivo persistence of the transduced cells, and hence the impact of further deletions in the virus genome, therefore still remains unclear. To investigate these questions, we generated a set of isogenic vectors with single deletions (AdE1°) and double deletions (AdE1°E2A° and AdE1°E4°) and their corresponding complementation cell lines and compared the biologies and immunogenicities of these vectors in vitro and in vivo. To eliminate any possible influence of transgene-encoded products on the interpretation of the in vivo results, we used E1-, E1/E2A-, and E1/E4-deleted vectors with no transgenes. 相似文献
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Early onset generalized dystonia (DYT1) is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder caused by deletion of a single glutamate residue (torsinA ΔE) in the C-terminal region of the AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) protein torsinA. The pathogenic mechanism by which torsinA ΔE mutation leads to dystonia remains unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of a 628-amino acid novel protein, printor, that interacts with torsinA. Printor co-distributes with torsinA in multiple brain regions and co-localizes with torsinA in the endoplasmic reticulum. Interestingly, printor selectively binds to the ATP-free form but not to the ATP-bound form of torsinA, supporting a role for printor as a cofactor rather than a substrate of torsinA. The interaction of printor with torsinA is completely abolished by the dystonia-associated torsinA ΔE mutation. Our findings suggest that printor is a new component of the DYT1 pathogenic pathway and provide a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention in dystonia.Early onset generalized torsion dystonia (DYT1) is the most common and severe form of hereditary dystonia, a movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements and sustained muscle spasms (1). This autosomal dominant disease has childhood onset and its dystonic symptoms are thought to result from neuronal dysfunction rather than neurodegeneration (2, 3). Most DYT1 cases are caused by deletion of a single glutamate residue at positions 302 or 303 (torsinA ΔE) of the 332-amino acid protein torsinA (4). In addition, a different torsinA mutation that deletes amino acids Phe323–Tyr328 (torsinA Δ323–328) was identified in a single family with dystonia (5), although the pathogenic significance of this torsinA mutation is unclear because these patients contain a concomitant mutation in another dystonia-related protein, ϵ-sarcoglycan (6). Recently, genetic association studies have implicated polymorphisms in the torsinA gene as a genetic risk factor in the development of adult-onset idiopathic dystonia (7, 8).TorsinA contains an N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER)3 signal sequence and a 20-amino acid hydrophobic region followed by a conserved AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) domain (9, 10). Because members of the AAA+ family are known to facilitate conformational changes in target proteins (11, 12), it has been proposed that torsinA may function as a molecular chaperone (13, 14). TorsinA is widely expressed in brain and multiple other tissues (15) and is primarily associated with the ER and nuclear envelope (NE) compartments in cells (16–20). TorsinA is believed to mainly reside in the lumen of the ER and NE (17–19) and has been shown to bind lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) (21), lumenal domain-like LAP1 (LULL1) (21), and nesprins (22). In addition, recent evidence indicates that a significant pool of torsinA exhibits a topology in which the AAA+ domain faces the cytoplasm (20). In support of this topology, torsinA is found in the cytoplasm, neuronal processes, and synaptic terminals (2, 3, 15, 23–26) and has been shown to bind cytosolic proteins snapin (27) and kinesin light chain 1 (20). TorsinA has been proposed to play a role in several cellular processes, including dopaminergic neurotransmission (28–31), NE organization and dynamics (17, 22, 32), and protein trafficking (27, 33). However, the precise biological function of torsinA and its regulation remain unknown.To gain insights into torsinA function, we performed yeast two-hybrid screens to search for torsinA-interacting proteins in the brain. We report here the isolation and characterization of a novel protein named printor (protein interactor of torsinA) that interacts selectively with wild-type (WT) torsinA but not the dystonia-associated torsinA ΔE mutant. Our data suggest that printor may serve as a cofactor of torsinA and provide a new molecular target for understanding and treating dystonia. 相似文献
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Michael A. Weiss 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(29):19159-19163
Insulin plays a central role in the regulation of vertebrate metabolism. The hormone, the post-translational product of a single-chain precursor, is a globular protein containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues). Recent advances in human genetics have identified dominant mutations in the insulin gene causing permanent neonatal-onset DM2 (1–4). The mutations are predicted to block folding of the precursor in the ER of pancreatic β-cells. Although expression of the wild-type allele would in other circumstances be sufficient to maintain homeostasis, studies of a corresponding mouse model (5–7) suggest that the misfolded variant perturbs wild-type biosynthesis (8, 9). Impaired β-cell secretion is associated with ER stress, distorted organelle architecture, and cell death (10). These findings have renewed interest in insulin biosynthesis (11–13) and the structural basis of disulfide pairing (14–19). Protein evolution is constrained not only by structure and function but also by susceptibility to toxic misfolding.Insulin plays a central role in the regulation of vertebrate metabolism. The hormone, the post-translational product of a single-chain precursor, is a globular protein containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues). Recent advances in human genetics have identified dominant mutations in the insulin gene causing permanent neonatal-onset DM2 (1–4). The mutations are predicted to block folding of the precursor in the ER of pancreatic β-cells. Although expression of the wild-type allele would in other circumstances be sufficient to maintain homeostasis, studies of a corresponding mouse model (5–7) suggest that the misfolded variant perturbs wild-type biosynthesis (8, 9). Impaired β-cell secretion is associated with ER stress, distorted organelle architecture, and cell death (10). These findings have renewed interest in insulin biosynthesis (11–13) and the structural basis of disulfide pairing (14–19). Protein evolution is constrained not only by structure and function but also by susceptibility to toxic misfolding. 相似文献
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Lalit Ponnala Anne-Marie Stomp Donald L Bitzer Mladen A Vouk 《EURASIP Journal on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology》2006,2006(1):23613-9
A decoding algorithm is tested that mechanistically models the progressive alignments that arise as the mRNA moves past the rRNA tail during translation elongation. Each of these alignments provides an opportunity for hybridization between the single-stranded, -terminal nucleotides of the 16S rRNA and the spatially accessible window of mRNA sequence, from which a free energy value can be calculated. Using this algorithm we show that a periodic, energetic pattern of frequency 1/3 is revealed. This periodic signal exists in the majority of coding regions of eubacterial genes, but not in the non-coding regions encoding the 16S and 23S rRNAs. Signal analysis reveals that the population of coding regions of each bacterial species has a mean phase that is correlated in a statistically significant way with species () content. These results suggest that the periodic signal could function as a synchronization signal for the maintenance of reading frame and that codon usage provides a mechanism for manipulation of signal phase.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32] 相似文献
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Udayan Chatterji Michael Bobardt Suganya Selvarajah Feng Yang Hengli Tang Noayo Sakamoto Gregoire Vuagniaux Tanya Parkinson Philippe Gallay 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(25):16998-17005
Cyclosporine A and nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitors such as Debio 025, NIM811, and SCY-635 block hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in vitro. This effect was recently confirmed in HCV-infected patients where Debio 025 treatment dramatically decreased HCV viral load, suggesting that Cyps inhibitors represent a novel class of anti-HCV agents. However, it remains unclear how these compounds control HCV replication. Recent studies suggest that Cyps are important for HCV replication. However, a profound disagreement currently exists as to the respective roles of Cyp members in HCV replication. In this study, we analyzed the respective contribution of Cyp members to HCV replication by specifically knocking down their expression by both transient and stable small RNA interference. Only the CypA knockdown drastically decreased HCV replication. The re-expression of an exogenous CypA escape protein, which contains escape mutations at the small RNA interference recognition site, restored HCV replication, demonstrating the specificity for the CypA requirement. We then mutated residues that reside in the hydrophobic pocket of CypA where proline-containing peptide substrates and cyclosporine A bind and that are vital for the enzymatic or the hydrophobic pocket binding activity of CypA. Remarkably, these CypA mutants fail to restore HCV replication, suggesting for the first time that HCV exploits either the isomerase or the chaperone activity of CypA to replicate in hepatocytes and that CypA is the principal mediator of the Cyp inhibitor anti-HCV activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that the HCV NS5B polymerase associates with CypA via its enzymatic pocket. The study of the roles of Cyps in HCV replication should lead to the identification of new targets for the development of alternate anti-HCV therapies.Hepatitis C virus (HCV)2 is the main contributing agent of acute and chronic liver diseases worldwide (1). Primary infection is often asymptomatic or associated with mild symptoms. However, persistently infected individuals develop high risks for chronic liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (1). The combination of IFNα and ribavirin that serves as current therapy for chronically HCV-infected patients not only has a low success rate (about 50%) (2) but is often associated with serious side effects (2). There is thus an urgent need for the development of novel anti-HCV treatments (2).The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) was reported to be clinically effective against HCV (3). Controlled trials showed that a combination of CsA with IFNα is more effective than IFNα alone, especially in patients with a high viral load (4, 5). Moreover, recent in vitro studies provided evidence that CsA prevents both HCV RNA replication and HCV protein production in an IFNα-independent manner (6–10). CsA exerts this anti-HCV activity independently of its immunosuppressive activity because the nonimmunosuppressive Cyp inhibitors such as Debio 025, NIM811, and SCY-635 also block HCV RNA and protein production (9, 11–14). Unlike CsA, these molecules do not display calcineurin affinity and specifically inhibit the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) Cyps. Most importantly, recent clinical data demonstrated that Debio 025 dramatically decreased HCV viral load (3.6 log decrease) in patients coinfected with HCV and HIV (15). This 14-day Debio 025 treatment (1200 mg orally administered twice daily) was effective against the three genotypes (genotypes 1, 3, and 4) represented in the study. More recently, the anti HCV effect of Debio 025 in combination with peginterferon α 2a (peg-IFNα2a) was investigated in treatment-inexperienced patients with chronic hepatitis C. Debio 025 (600 mg administered once daily) in combination with peg-IFNα2a (180 μg/week) for 4 weeks induced a continuous decay in viral load that reached −4.61 ± 1.88 IU/ml in patients with genotypes 1 and 4 and −5.91 ± 1.11 IU/ml in patients with genotypes 2 and 3 at week 4 (16). The Debio 025 findings are critical because they suggest that Cyp inhibitors represent a novel class of anti-HCV agents. However, it remains unclear how these compounds control HCV replication. The fact that several recent studies using small RNA interference knockdown approaches suggest that Cyps are critical for the HCV life cycle (9, 17, 18) strongly implies that there is a direct or indirect link between the CsA- and CsA derivative-mediated inhibitory effect on HCV replication and host Cyps.The discovery 20 years ago of the first cellular protein showing PPIase activity (19) was entirely unrelated to the discovery of CypA as an intracellular protein possessing a high affinity for CsA (20). It is only a few years later that Fischer et al. (21) demonstrated that the 18-kDa protein with PPIase activity and CypA represent a single unique protein. All Cyps contain a common domain of 109 amino acids, called the Cyp-like domain, which is surrounded by domains specific to each Cyp members and which dictates their cellular compartmentalization and function (22). Bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and mammals contain Cyps, which all have PPIase activity and are structurally conserved (22). To date, 16 Cyp members have been identified, and 7 of them are found in humans: CypA, CypB, CypC, CypD, CypE, Cyp40, and CypNK (22).Although there is a growing body of evidence that Cyps control HCV replication in human hepatocytes, a major disagreement currently exists on the respective roles of Cyp members in HCV replication. One study suggests that CypB, but not CypA, is critical for HCV replication (17), another suggests that CypA, but not CypB and CypC, is critical for HCV replication (18), and a third study suggests that three Cyps, CypA, B, and C, are all required for HCV replication (9). Thus, although it becomes evident that Cyps serve as HCV co-factors, their respective contributions and roles in the HCV life cycle remain to be determined. An understanding of the mechanisms that control the Cyp inhibitor-mediated anti-HCV effect is imperative because it will provide new alternate anti-HCV therapies and shed light on the still poorly understood early and late steps of the HCV life cycle. 相似文献
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Novel Regulatory Factors Interacting with the Promoter of the Gene Encoding the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (eIF4E) and Their Function in Growth Regulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Kelly A. Johnston Michael Polymenis Shanping Wang John Branda Emmett V. Schmidt 《Molecular and cellular biology》1998,18(10):5621-5633
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Thomas Farkas Yulia A. Kutskova Vincenzo Zimarino 《Molecular and cellular biology》1998,18(2):906-918
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Shu-Qin Zhang Morihiro Hayashida Tatsuya Akutsu Wai-Ki Ching Michael K Ng 《EURASIP Journal on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology》2007,2007(1):20180
A Boolean network is a model used to study the interactions between different genes in genetic regulatory networks. In this paper, we present several algorithms using gene ordering and feedback vertex sets to identify singleton attractors and small attractors in Boolean networks. We analyze the average case time complexities of some of the proposed algorithms. For instance, it is shown that the outdegree-based ordering algorithm for finding singleton attractors works in time for , which is much faster than the naive time algorithm, where is the number of genes and is the maximum indegree. We performed extensive computational experiments on these algorithms, which resulted in good agreement with theoretical results. In contrast, we give a simple and complete proof for showing that finding an attractor with the shortest period is NP-hard.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32] 相似文献