不同缓控释肥对鲜食玉米产量、品质及氨挥发的影响

采用田间试验,设置不施氮对照(CK)、常规施肥(U)、增效尿素(DU)、包膜尿素(CU)、缓控释掺混尿素(CDU)共5个处理,研究了常规施肥(240 kg N·hm^-2)和不同缓控释肥料一次性减量施用(180 kg N·hm^-2)对鲜食玉米产量、品质与土壤无机氮变化和氨挥发的影响。结果表明: U处理氨挥发总量最高,追肥是产生氨挥发损失的重要因素;与U处理相比,DU、CU、CDU处理氨挥发减排78%～81%。收获后U处理80～100 cm土层硝态氮浓度最高,为51.6 mg·kg^-1,氮淋溶风险较高,而DU、CU、CDU处理同土层硝态氮含量均较低,降低了淋溶风险。与U处理相比,减氮25%的3个缓控释肥处理没有减产,并增加了籽粒维生素C、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量;缓控释肥处理之间,DU处理的氮肥农学效率和经济效益最高。综上,减量施用新型缓控释肥可以实现鲜食玉米稳产提质,显著降低氨挥发损失和硝态氮淋失风险。与成本较高的树脂包膜控释肥相比,双效抑制剂增效肥(DU)成本低、制作便捷,是鲜食玉米专用肥的较好选择。     

Phosphate-solubilizing soil yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii CC1 improves maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and minimizes requisite chemical fertilization

Aim

Phosphate-solubilizing yeasts have been under-exploited in eco-friendly maize cultivation. In this regard, soil yeasts Meyerozyma guilliermondii CC1, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CC2 and M. caribbica CC3 were investigated for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities.

Methods

Soil yeasts were isolated and characterized. Maize (Zea mays L. cv. Tainong No.1) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. cv. Pekinensis) were used for seed bioassay. Growth-promoting effects of yeasts under greenhouse conditions were evaluated using maize and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cvs. Capitata and Taiwan sword leaf). Ultimately, M. guilliermondii CC1 was tested on field-grown maize; treatments included full-dose chemical fertilizers (CF), yeast (CC1), half-dose chemical fertilizers (½CF), CC1?+?½CF and control. Nutrient uptake, growth, and yield of maize and rhizospheric soil microbes were estimated.

Results

Strain M. guilliermondii CC1 exhibited better seed vigor index in maize and Chinese cabbage. CC1?+?½CF significantly improved the dry-weights, and nutrient uptakes of maize and sword leaf lettuce under greenhouse conditions. In field, CC1?+?½CF application exerted a pronounced effect on growth of maize, cob yield, nutrient-uptake and rhizospheric soil microbial counts.

Conclusion

Our results validated superior biochemical potency and PGP traits of M. guilliermondii CC1 that reduced requisite chemical fertilizer application without affecting the optimal productivity in maize.     

In Situ Nitrogen Mineralization,Nitrification, and Ammonia Volatilization in Maize Field Fertilized with Urea in Huanghuaihai Region of Northern China

Nitrogen (N) fertilization potentially affects soil N mineralization and leaching, and can enhance NH₃ volatilization, thus impacting crop production. A fertilizer experiment with five levels of N addition (0, 79, 147, 215 and 375 kg N ha^-1) was performed in 2009 and 2010 in a maize field in Huanghuaihai region, China, where > 300 kg N ha^-1 has been routinely applied to soil during maize growth period of 120 days. Responses of net N mineralization, inorganic N flux (0–10cm), NH₃ volatilization, and maize yield to N fertilization were measured. During the growth period, net N mineralization and nitrification varied seasonally, with higher rates occurring in August and coinciding with the R1 stage of maize growth. Soil NO₃ ⁻-N contributed to more than 60% of inorganic N flux during maize growth. Cumulative NH₃ volatilization increased with N additions, with total NH₃ volatilization during maize growth accounting for about 4% of added N. Relative to the control, mean maize yield in the fertilizer treatments increased by 17% and 20% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. However, grain yield, aboveground biomass, and plant N accumulation did not increase with added N at levels > 215 kg N ha^-1. These results suggest that the current N rate of 300 kg N ha^-1 is not only excessive, but also reduces fertilizer efficacy and may contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and eutrophication of ground water and streams.     

Differences in Chemical Composition of Soil Organic Carbon Resulting From Long-Term Fertilization Strategies

Chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) is central to soil fertility. We hypothesize that change in SOC content resulting from various long-term fertilization strategies accompanies the shift in SOC chemical structure. This study examined the effect of fertilization strategies along with the time of fertilizer application on the SOC composition by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The soils (Aquic Inceptisol) subjected to seven fertilizer treatments were collected in 1989, 1999 and 2009, representing 0, 10 and 20 years of fertilization, respectively. The seven fertilizer treatments were (1–3) balanced fertilization with application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) including organic compost (OM), half organic compost plus half chemical fertilizer (1/2OM), and pure chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK); (4–6) unbalanced chemical fertilization without application of one of the major elements including NP fertilizer (NP), PK fertilizer (PK), and NK fertilizer (NK); and (7) an unamended control (CK). The SOC content in the balanced fertilization treatments were 2.3–52.6% and 9.4–64.6% higher than in the unbalanced fertilization/CK treatments in 1999 and 2009, respectively, indicating significant differences in SOC content with time of fertilizer application between the two treatment groups. There was a significantly greater proportion of O-alkyl C and a lower proportion of aromatic C in the balanced fertilization than in unbalanced fertilization/CK treatments in 1999, but not in 2009, because their proportions in the former treatments approached the latter in 2009. Principal component analysis further showed that the C functional groups from various fertilization strategies tended to become compositionally similar with time. The results suggest that a shift in SOC chemical composition may be firstly dominated by fertilization strategies, followed by fertilization duration.     

Elevated methane emissions from a paddy field in southeast China occur after applying anaerobic digestion slurry

One hundred million tons of farm stalk waste and livestock and poultry excrement are used every year in China for the production of clean energy (biogas) by anaerobic digestion. Consequently, a large amount of fermented liquid is produced, and if disposed of improperly, it will result in secondary pollution. Agricultural application of this anaerobic slurry as a liquid fertilizer would reduce possible eutrophication of water sources from random slurry discharge and supply a superior organic fertilizer for farming. This study investigated the effect of applying anaerobic digestion slurry as a liquid fertilizer on the methane emitted from a paddy field. A two‐year (2008–2009) field experiment replacing chemical fertilizer with liquid fertilizer from anaerobically digested pig manure slurry was conducted in a paddy field in Yixing, Jiangsu, China. A static closed chamber method was used to measure methane fluxes over the period from June 2008 to October 2009. All fertilizer treatments increased methane emissions relative to untreated controls, with increases in methane ranging from 40–70% in 2008 to 48–84% in 2009. Paddy fields treated with anaerobically digested pig manure slurry had greater methane emissions (8–84% in 2008 and 3–26% in 2009) than those treated with chemical fertilizer. This suggests that the anaerobic digestion slurry would increase methane emission and so is unsuitable as a liquid fertilizer in paddy fields without development of cultivation practices to limit these emissions.     

大田环境下转Bt基因玉米对土壤酶活性的影响

在大田自然条件下,比较研究了转Bt基因玉米和非转基因亲本玉米在种植和秸秆分解时对土壤酶活性影响的差异。结果表明,与亲本非转基因玉米相比,在各生育期内种植转Bt玉米对土壤蛋白酶和土壤脲酶活性均没有显著影响;在喇叭口期和抽雄期,土壤蔗糖酶和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性显著提高。在秸秆还田后,两种玉米秸秆对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响没有显著差异,但使用转Bt玉米秸秆的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶和土壤蛋白酶的活性则有显著提高。与亲本玉米相比,在所有观测期内,种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响,在影响的幅度及趋势上随玉米生育期和土壤酶种类的不同而产生差异,但没有观测到显著不利影响;商业化Bt玉米的环境释放仍有待长期定位观测和评价。     

控释尿素条施深度对鲜食玉米田间氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

为提高鲜食玉米一次性施肥的氮肥利用率并降低氮肥的环境影响,通过田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照(CK),研究了控释尿素不同条施深度(0、5、10、15、20 cm)对鲜食玉米田间土壤氨挥发特征、鲜穗产量和氮肥利用率的影响. 结果表明: 玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的前2周,而窄行施肥带的土壤氨挥发在施肥后持续约1个月. 与CK相比,控释尿素表施(0 cm)处理不仅大幅度地提高了窄行施肥带的氨挥发损失量,同时也显著增加了玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的氨挥发损失量. 不同深度施肥处理全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量差异较大,为3.1～25.5 kg N·hm^-2,占施氮量的1.7%～14.2%.其中控释尿素条施10、15和20 cm深度处理的全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量相差不大,分别较表施(0 cm)和浅施(5 cm)处理显著降低了85.9%～87.8%和67.0%～71.6%. 在一定范围内增加控释尿素条施深度有利于提高鲜穗产量、植株氮积累量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率,各指标均以15 cm深度处理最高. 综上所述,控释尿素合理深施可以显著降低氨挥发损失,提高鲜穗产量和氮肥利用效率,本研究条件下控释尿素的最适宜施用深度为15 cm.     

Weed control in conventional and transgenic maize with resistance to glyphosate

The researches were conducted in order to observe the behaviour of conventional and glyphosate resistant transgenic maize to different weed control methods. In this paper, the obtained results are presented. The study was conducted in experimental years 2008-2009 in the frame of Didactical Station USAMVB Timisoara. In order to conduct this study, 4 variants cultivated with conventional maize DKC 5143 and 8 variants cultivated with transgenic maize DKC-MON88017 with resistance against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and to glyphosate. The efficacy of weed control methods was assessed, as well as the herbicide selectivity to cultivated maize hybrid. The weed coverage degree in control plot (V2) was 304 weeds/sqm in the first year and 465 weeds/sqm in the second year. In the variants cultivated with transgenic maize the control was up to 90% much more than control percent achieved in conventional variants. Although, in order to achieve an efficient control (higher than 95%), even to transgenic maize, two glyphosate sequential treatments has to be done. The yield results were positive correlated to the different control methods. However those were affected by climatic conditions recorded in experimental years.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth

The effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, organic fertilizer (F) applications, and soil sterilization on maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The experiment was in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4 × 2) with six replicates for each treatment. There were two soil treatments (sterilized soil, SS and unsterilized soil, US), four organic fertilizer treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^?1 soil), and two AM fungi treatments (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, +AM and uninoculated control, ?AM). Inoculated plants generally had greater AM colonization, plant height, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake than uninoculated controls, and these parameters were significantly increased as the organic fertilizer application increased up to 0.5 g kg^?1 but decreased or had no significant effect compared to the uninoculated plants at the highest fertilizer rate (2.0 g kg^?1). Plant growth, P uptake and AM colonization of root system were significantly higher in sterilized soil compared to the unsterilized control. Our results indicated that the inoculation of AM fungi in field soil with optimal organic fertilizer application greatly improved maize growth and nutrient uptake, and the effect was greater under sterilized soil condition.     

Effects of weak 16 3/2 Hz magnetic fields on growth parameters of young sunflower and wheat seedlings

Previous studies on effects of magnetic fields on plants focussed on the power frequencies (50-60 Hz), but in Austria and Germany electric railways are powered by a frequency of 16 2/3) Hz. In the present study, sunflower and wheat seedlings were exposed to 16 2/3 Hz sinusoidal 20 muT (rms) vertical magnetic fields. Seeds were germinated in a germination roll and grown for 12 days under continued exposure. Seven series with sunflower and six series with wheat were done over 2 years. Sunflower seedlings exposed to experimental magnetic field showed small, but significant increases in total fresh weights, shoot fresh weights, and root fresh weights, whereas dry weights and germination rates remained unaffected. Experimentally treated wheat exhibited marginally (but significantly) higher root fresh and dry weights, total fresh weights, and higher germination rates.     

不同氮肥对东北春玉米农田温室气体周年排放的影响

为探明不同氮肥条件下高纬度农田土壤的温室气体排放特性,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了常规施氮(CN)、施用缓释肥(SLN)、尿素添加硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂(NIUI)、不施氮肥(NN)对东北春玉米农田土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明: CN、SLN和NIUI处理产量分别为9618、9376和9645 kg·hm^-2.与CN处理相比,SLN促进了玉米生长季土壤N₂O的排放,降低了非生长季土壤N₂O的排放;NIUI处理N₂O累积排放量比CN降低了39.0%;各处理土壤CO₂周年累积排放通量无显著差异;东北春玉米田是大气中CH₄的弱汇,NIUI处理较CN促进了玉米生长季土壤对CH₄的吸收.综上,尿素添加脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂可以在实现玉米高产的同时有效减少土壤温室气体排放.     

Effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria application on soil phosphorus availability in coal mining subsidence area in Shanxi

The effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) application on phosphorus (P) availability in reclaimed soil in coal mining subsidence region was investigated. Seven treatments were carried out including control, chicken manure (CM), PSB, PSB + tricalcium phosphate (TCP), CM?+?TCP, PSB?+?ground phosphate rock (GPR) and CM?+?GPR. The results showed soil Olsen-P concentration and phosphatase level as well as the yield of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) were significantly higher in PSB application treatments compared to the corresponding CM application treatments. Soil phosphatase, invertase and urease contents were increased most significantly in PSB treatment, 1.18-, 1.31- and 2.32-fold higher than those in the control, respectively. Soil Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Fe-P and Al-P concentrations exhibited the greatest increases in PSB?+?TCP treatment, while occluded-P showed minor changes in different treatments. Application of PSB fertilizer reduced the transformation of Olsen-P to Ca₁₀-P, thus increasing P availability in reclaimed soil of coal mining subsidence area.     

内蒙古典型草原马粪分解过程中氮素组分的变化

2008年6月至2009年9月,在野外条件下,采用堆置于地表和埋入地下2种处理方式,研究了内蒙古典型草原马粪分解过程中氮素组分的变化特征.结果表明： 2种处理残留马粪中,氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮在分解前期(0~90 d)维持较高浓度,后期(330~450 d)浓度显著降低;酸解未知氮和非酸解未知氮浓度随分解呈升高趋势,分解后期升高幅度更为明显.鲜马粪中,铵态氮是无机氮的主要存在形态,随分解呈逐渐降低趋势;鲜马粪中的硝态氮浓度较低,其在残留马粪中的淋溶损失较低,随分解逐渐累积.马粪埋入地下,对铵态氮以气态氨的挥发过程有显著影响,对其他氮素组分的影响不明显.马粪分解前期,氮素矿化的主要有机氮源为氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮,后期主要为酸解未知氮和非酸解未知氮.铵态氮的生物有效性主要体现在马粪分解前期,硝态氮则体现在分解后期.     

长期施肥对土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的影响

 该文以北京国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地的长期肥料定位试验为平台,研究了长期不同施肥制度对土壤的生物学特性及其土壤酶的影响。主要研究结果：长期撂荒土壤(15年)的有机质和全氮(TN)的含量、微生物量碳(SMB-C)和氮(SMB-N)、土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性以及SMB-C/SOC(土壤有机碳)和SMB-N/TN比值都高于种植作物的农田土壤;而其代谢商和容重值低于农田土壤。长期施肥的农田(NPK、NPKM 、NPKS和NPKF),其土壤养分含量、微生物量碳和氮以及土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性均高于不施肥的农田(CK);而小麦(Triticum aestivum)-玉米(Zea mays)→小麦-大豆(Glycine max)复种轮作(NPKF)的农田又高于长期复种连作(NPK)的农田;在施肥处理中(NPK、NPKM、NPKS和NPKF),长期化肥与有机肥配合施用的处理(NPKM )的土壤上述指标高于其它施肥处理(NPK、NPKS和NPKF),但其土壤的代谢商、pH值和容重值较低。     

秸秆还田对玉米根际氨氧化微生物群落及红壤硝化潜势的影响

为探讨酸性红壤根际氨氧化微生物群落以及硝化作用对不同秸秆还田处理的响应,基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站设置的秸秆还田长期试验平台(9年),采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,研究不同秸秆还田处理(不施肥(CK);氮磷钾肥(NPK);氮磷钾肥+秸秆(NPKS);氮磷钾肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM);氮磷钾肥+秸秆生物炭(NPKB))下玉米根际土壤氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)和细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)丰度和群落结构的变化,揭示了秸秆还田对根际氨氧化微生物群落结构和硝化潜势(potential nitrification activity, PNA)的影响机制。结果发现：相比CK和NPK处理,秸秆还田显著提高了土壤养分含量和硝化潜势,其中有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)和铵态氮(NH~+₄-N)含量显著增加,NPKSM处理对土壤肥力提升效果最佳。AOA的硝化潜势显著高于AOB,表明AOA...     

长期氮磷钾肥配施对贵州黄壤玉米产量和土壤养分可持续性的影响

为明确长期氮磷钾肥配施下贵州典型黄壤玉米产量、氮磷钾肥增产效应及土壤养分的演变特征,利用国家贵阳黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位试验,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)对玉米相对产量、氮磷钾肥增产贡献率及土壤氮磷钾素养分可持续性指数等的影响.结果表明: 氮磷钾平衡施肥有显著增产效果,玉米相对产量均值为:NPK>NP>NK>PK>CK;氮、磷、钾肥增产贡献率和农学利用率均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,施肥依存度为氮、磷、钾肥配施>氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,但缺磷处理(NK)玉米相对产量以每年1.4%的速度极显著下降,磷肥贡献率和依存度则以每年2.3%和1.4%的速度极显著上升,最终磷肥对玉米生产的影响逐渐与氮肥持平;缺磷处理土壤pH值和有机质含量均最低,而缺氮处理则较高;施用化学磷肥可提高黄壤磷素可持续性指数,但氮肥和钾肥对黄壤氮素和钾素可持续性指数无显著影响.综上,平衡施肥是贵州典型黄壤地区玉米高产的重要保障,其中磷肥与氮肥同等重要,但长期单施化肥尤其是缺磷处理不利于黄壤养分的可持续利用.     

Very high expander processing of maize on animal performance,digestibility and product quality of finishing pigs and broilers

The present study investigated the effect of hydrothermic maize processing and supplementation of amino acids (AA) in two experiments. In total, 60 barrows and 384 broilers were fed four diets including either unprocessed (T1), or hydrothermically processed maize, that is short- (T2), or long-term conditioned (LC) (T3), and subsequently expanded maize of the same batch. Assuming a higher metabolizable energy (ME) content after processing, the fourth diet (T4) contains maize processed as treatment T3, but AA were supplemented to maintain the ideal protein value. Performance, digestibility and product quality in both species were assessed. Results show that in pigs receiving T4 the average daily feed intake was lower compared with the other treatments, whereas no difference was observed in broilers. The T3 improved the feed conversion rate compared with T1 (P<0.10) for both species. In contrast, average daily gain (ADG) (1277 g/day for T2 and 1267 g/day for T3 v. 971 g/day for T1) was only altered in pigs. The hydrothermic maize processing increased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, starch and ether extract after acid hydrolysis. This may be a consequence of higher ATTD of gross energy in the finishing phase for both animal species, suggesting a higher ME content in diets with processed maize. The higher ME content of diets with processed maize is supported also by measurements of product quality. Supplementation of AA in T4 enhanced the loin depth in pigs as well as the amount of breast meat in broilers. Further effects of processing maize on meat quality were the reduced yellowness and antioxidative capacity (P<0.10) for broilers, likely due to the heat damage of xanthophylls and tocopherols. Processing also increased springiness and chewiness (P<0.10) of the broilers breast meat, whereas the loin meat of pigs showed a decreased lightness and yellowness (P<0.10) in meat when hydrothermic processed maize was used (for T2, T3 and T4). LC processed maize (T3) showed the lowest springiness in pork, however the supplementation of AA in T4 did not show differences between the treatments. Shown results demonstrated positive effects of hydrothermic processing of maize on animal performance and digestibility in both species. However, effects on carcass characteristics and product quality differed. The negative effects on product quality could be partly compensated with the AA supplementation, whereas a change in meat colour and reduced antioxidative capacity was observed in all groups fed hydrothermic maize processing.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth ☆

The effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, organic fertilizer (F) applications, and soil sterilization on maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The experiment was in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4 × 2) with six replicates for each treatment. There were two soil treatments (sterilized soil, SS and unsterilized soil, US), four organic fertilizer treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^-1 soil), and two AM fungi treatments (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, +AM and uninoculated control, －AM). Inoculated plants generally had greater AM colonization, plant height, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake than uninoculated controls, and these parameters were significantly increased as the organic fertilizer application increased up to 0.5 g kg^-1 but decreased or had no significant effect compared to the uninoculated plants at the highest fertilizer rate (2.0 g kg^-1). Plant growth, P uptake and AM colonization of root system were significantly higher in sterilized soil compared to the unsterilized control. Our results indicated that the inoculation of AM fungi in field soil with optimal organic fertilizer application greatly improved maize growth and nutrient uptake, and the effect was greater under sterilized soil condition.     

不同秸秆还田量和氮肥配施对玉米田土壤CO2排放的影响

探讨不同秸秆还田量和氮肥量配施对辽西北半干旱区玉米田土壤CO₂排放的影响,可为固碳减排和黑土地保护计划的实施提供理论支撑。本试验主区设置3个秸秆还田水平,分别为3000(S₁)、6000(S₂)和9000 kg·hm^-2(S₃,秸秆全量还田);副区设置3个氮肥施用水平,分别为105(N₁)、210(N₂,常规施氮量)和420 kg N·hm^-2(N₃),另设置不施氮肥不添加秸秆的对照处理(CK),共10个处理。采集定位试验4年后玉米田间土壤,通过培养试验,探究不同处理对玉米田土壤CO₂排放的影响及CO₂排放与土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)的关系。结果表明: 秸秆还田和氮肥施用均会促进玉米田土壤CO₂排放,并随秸秆还田量和施氮量的增加而显著增加,其中氮肥施用是促进玉米田土壤CO₂排放的最主要因素;秸秆还田与氮肥配施通过促进微生物生物量增加并加剧DOC消耗来促进玉米田土壤CO₂排放;MBC和DOC含量显著刺激玉米田土壤CO₂排放,且主要受两者培养前期含量的影响。从保障秸秆还田培肥地力同时减少CO₂排放的角度考虑,210 kg N·hm^-2常规施氮量与6000 kg·hm^-2秸秆还田配合施用(N₂S₂)是本试验条件下辽西北半干旱区最有潜力的田间施肥模式。     

The response of maize (Zea mays L.) plant assisted with bacterial consortium and fertilizer under oily sludge

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of PGPR consortium and fertilizer alone and in combination on the physiology of maize grown under oily sludge stress environment as well on the soil nutrient status. Consortium was prepared from Bacillus cereus (Acc KR232400), Bacillus altitudinis (Acc KF859970), Comamonas (Delftia) belonging to family Comamonadacea (Acc KF859971) and Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia (Acc KF859973). The experiment was conducted in pots with complete randomized design with four replicates and kept in field. Oily sludge was mixed in ml and Ammonium nitrate and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) were added at 70 ug/g and 7ug/g at sowing. The plant was harvested at 21 d for estimation of protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). To study the degradation, total petroleum hydrocarbon was extracted by soxhelt extraction and extract was analyzed by GC-FID at different period after incubation. Combined application of consortium and fertilizer enhanced the germination %, protein and, proline content by 90,130 and 99% higher than untreated maize plants. Bioavailability of macro and micro nutrient was also enhanced with consortium and fertilizer in oily sludge. The consortium and fertilizer in combined treatment decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase dismutase (POD) of the maize leaves grown in oily sludge. Degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs) was 59% higher in combined application of consortium and fertilizer than untreated maize at 3 d. The bacterial consortium can enhanced the maize tolerance to oily sludge and enhanced degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs). The maize can be considered as tolerant plant species to remediate oily sludge contaminated soils.