Genetic improvement for phosphorus efficiency in soybean: a radical approach

Background

Low phosphorus (P) availability is a major constraint to soybean growth and production. Developing P-efficient soybean varieties that can efficiently utilize native P and added P in the soils would be a sustainable and economical approach to soybean production.

Scope

This review summarizes the possible mechanisms for P efficiency and genetic strategies to improve P efficiency in soybean with examples from several case studies. It also highlights potential obstacles and depicts future perspectives in ‘root breeding’.

Conclusions

This review provides new insights into the mechanisms of P efficiency and breeding strategies for this trait in soybean. Root biology is a new frontier of plant biology. Substantial efforts are now focusing on increasing soybean P efficiency through ‘root breeding’. To advance this area, additional collaborations between plant breeders and physiologists, as well as applied and theoretical research are needed to develop more soybean varieties with enhanced P efficiency through root modification, which might contribute to reduced use of P fertilizers, expanding agriculture on low-P soils, and achieving more sustainable agriculture.     

长期施磷对玉米-小麦轮作系统作物产量和磷素吸收及土壤磷积累的影响

本研究利用位于河北省保定市的7年田间定位试验,探讨了 4个磷水平(不施磷、70％优化施磷、优化施磷、130％优化施磷)对玉米-小麦轮作系统作物产量的影响,分析了作物磷素吸收和磷肥利用效率以及土壤磷盈亏的变化.结果表明:长期(7年)施磷能够显著提高玉米和小麦产量及磷素吸收量,且玉米和小麦产量与磷素吸收量随着施磷量的增加均...     

供磷水平及方式对杉木幼苗根系生长和磷利用效率的影响

为研究杉木幼苗根系生长、形态学指标及养分利用效率对土壤磷素异质分布的响应规律,选择杉木种子园单株采种培育的半同胞家系实生幼苗为研究对象,采用室内沙培控磷盆栽试验,设计低浓度供磷(8 mg/kg KH₂PO₄)、正常供磷(16 mg/kg KH₂PO₄)和高浓度供磷(32 mg/kg KH₂PO₄)3个供磷水平,每个供磷水平分别采用2种供磷方式(局部供磷和均匀供磷)进行根部施磷。结果表明:(1)从供磷水平来看,低浓度供磷下的杉木根长、根系生物量、根冠比、根系及全株的磷素利用效率均显著大于正常供磷和高浓度供磷,而根平均直径相反;随着供磷水平的提高,杉木苗高和地上部生物量无显著差异,而比根长表现出逐渐降低的趋势。(2)从供磷方式来看,局部供磷处理的杉木苗高、根长、根系表面积、比根长、地上部生物量、根系及全株的磷素利用效率均显著大于均匀供磷处理,而根平均直径和根冠比则相反。总体上,低浓度局部供磷处理下杉木可明显增强其根系的形态可塑性,从而优化根系在养分异质土壤里的...     

单播与混播对两个冬小麦品种产量和水分利用效率的影响

选取黄土旱塬两个冬小麦品种长武135和平凉40,采用生态替代法连续两年在田间条件下研究了单播和混播方式对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:单播条件下平凉40单位面积根量为367.60 g·m-2,显著大于长武135的297.31 g·m-2,且其根系在各土层中分布较均匀,表明与长武135相比,平凉40吸收土壤水分的能力较强,但其在单播条件下的产量和水分利用效率较低.混播增加了平凉40和长武135根系在较深土层中的根量分布,两品种根量分别比单播条件下多13.36和8.50 g·m-2,混播增强了小麦根系对深层土壤水分的吸收利用,提高了单位面积总产量,增加了群体水分利用效率.与平凉40相比,长武135分配了更多的干物质到繁殖器官,使其根量和地上营养器官的生物量减小,从而提高了籽粒产量和收获指数,表现出较高的水分利用效率.     

施磷对间套作玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累分配及磷肥利用效率的影响

通过2011、2012年连续两年田间试验, 研究了“小麦/玉米/大豆”间套作体系中不同施磷处理（小麦0、45、90、135、180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 记为WP₀、WP₁、WP₂、WP₃、WP₄; 玉米0、37.5、75、112.5、150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 记为MP₀、MP₁、MP₂、MP₃、MP₄）对玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累动态和磷肥利用效率的影响.结果表明: 在玉米与小麦共生期, 施磷明显增加了玉米叶面积指数（LAI）和群体光合势（LAD）, 促进了茎、叶干物质的积累（DMA）; 玉米拔节以后LAI、LAD、生长率（CGR）和DMA均随磷肥施用量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势, 最大值都出现在MP₂或MP₃处理; 玉米生殖生长期营养器官的干物质输出随着磷肥施用量的增加而增加.玉米籽粒产量和体系总产量均随磷肥施用量的增加先增大后减少,都以P₃处理为最高,分别为6588和11955 kg·hm^-2.玉米磷肥表观利用率（PARE）以MP₂处理最高（26.3%）,分别比MP₁（14.4%）、MP₃（19.0%）、MP₄（10.4%）处理高82.6%、38.4%和152.9%.综上,在麦/玉/豆间套作体系中,适量施用磷肥可促进玉米的生长、减轻小麦对玉米的影响,同时可提高玉米当季磷肥利用率,玉米的磷肥施用量在75～112.5 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2为宜.     

Changes in soil organic matter and phosphorus fractions under planted fallows and a crop rotation system on a Colombian volcanic-ash soil

Acquisition of soil and fertiliser phosphorus (P) by crops depends on soil and plant properties. Soil processes determining P availability to plants are P solubility/sorption, P transport, root/soil contact and mineralisation/immobilisation. Plants have evolved properties contributing to a more efficient use of plant-available soil P and to mobilise P from less available soil P fractions. Agronomic measures may affect P availability to crops through the modification of soil properties or through direct quantitative and qualitative crop impact on soil P dynamics. Among the agronomic measures, the application of organic matter such as green manure and crop residues to maintain or increase soil organic matter content and to enhance soil biological activity, and the incorporation into the cropping system of P-mobilising plant species are particularly beneficial.Our experimental activities have concentrated on the characterisation of the P mobilising capacity of different leguminous grain and cover crops, and their effect on P availability to less P-efficient cereals grown in mixed culture and in rotation. Fractionation of P in the rhizosphere soil revealed the capacity of some legumes to better use P from sparingly soluble soil P fractions than maize. Field experiments conducted on 2 sites in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria and accompanying green-house pot experiments revealed a positive rotational effect of P-efficient cover crops on maize growth and grain yield with and without the return of crop residues. This could unequivocally be attributed to a better P supply to maize, especially on strongly P-fixing soil. However, the residual effect was small compared to the application of water-soluble P fertiliser. This clearly indicates the need for a maintenance application of fertiliser P in addition to the agronomic measures for sustainable crop production.     

不同磷源对磷高效利用野生大麦根际土壤磷组分的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以野生大麦磷高效利用基因型IS-22-30、IS-22-25和低效基因型IS-07-07为材料,研究不施磷(CK)、无机磷(KH₂PO₄,Pi)、有机磷(phytate,Po)及二者混合(KH₂PO₄+phytate,Pi+Po)的方式施磷30 mg·kg^-1时,磷高效基因型野生大麦对磷素吸收利用能力及土壤磷组分特征.结果表明： Pi处理野生大麦干物质量和磷素积累量最大,Pi+Po处理其次,Po处理最小,均显著高于CK处理,且磷高效基因型物质生产和磷素吸收能力显著高于磷低效基因型.土壤有效磷在不同磷源处理间差异显著,Pi处理时含量最高,Pi+Po处理次之,且磷高效基因型野生大麦根际有效磷含量显著高于磷低效基因型.磷高效基因型野生大麦根际有效磷呈现亏缺现象,在Pi和Pi+Po处理时亏缺程度较大.根际与非根际土壤无机磷组分含量为Ca₁₀-P>O-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca₂-P>Ca₈-P,且其含量随着Pi的增加而增加.各磷源处理下,磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P出现亏缺;Pi处理磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤Al-P、Fe-P出现富集.土壤中有机磷各组分含量为中活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷.野生大麦根际土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷呈现富集,其富集量在Pi处理时最大;中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷呈现亏缺.各磷源处理下,磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤活性有机磷含量显著高于磷低效基因型,中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷在基因型间差异不显著.Pi缺乏时,磷高效基因型野生大麦活化吸收Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和活性有机磷的能力较强.     

不同磷水平配施生物炭对土壤磷有效性

生物炭在提高土壤磷素有效性及促进作物生长方面具有显著作用,但其效果因土壤类型不同存在较大差异。试验以赤红壤(pH 4.91)和褐土(pH 7.24)为供试土壤,设置3种磷肥水平(0、30、90 kg P·hm^-2,分别以不施磷、低磷、高磷表示)配施稻秆生物炭(0、4%)的大豆盆栽试验,研究了不同磷水平下配施生物炭对土壤磷有效性、磷酸单酯酶活性和植株磷吸收的影响。结果表明: 不同磷水平配施生物炭显著提高了两种土壤的速效磷和全磷含量,且低磷水平添加生物炭处理速效磷增幅最大,在赤红壤和褐土的增幅分别为192.6%和237.1%。与低磷相比,赤红壤中低磷配施生物炭处理的碱性磷酸单酯酶活性显著增加78.9%,活性有机磷含量降低39.3%,同时显著促进了植株生长与磷吸收;生物炭添加显著降低了褐土活性有机磷含量,但不同处理对土壤磷酸单酯酶活性和植株生长无显著影响。土壤活性有机磷含量与速效磷含量均呈显著负相关。综上,生物炭对土壤磷有效性的作用因土壤类型和磷肥水平差异而不同,其在赤红壤上对植株生长和磷吸收的促进效应强于褐土,且在低磷条件下效果更佳。本研究为生物炭在减施磷肥和促进大豆磷吸收,特别是在赤红壤上的应用提供了科学依据。     

植物磷吸收效率的生理基础

在综合了大量国内外磷营养效率研究结果的基础上,从多方面分析了磷吸收效率差异的可能生理机制,并进行了简要的评论,对今后的研究重点提出了建议。     

生长调节剂和基质对枳根毛发育的影响

以干净河沙和混合土为基质,采用不同浓度的吲哚丁酸（IBA）、乙烯利（ETH）、萘乙酸（NAA）处理枳实生苗,研究了枳根毛发育的状况,并在缺磷沙培条件下探讨了枳根毛发育周期及其分布状况.结果表明：枳实生苗根毛凋亡周期约为4 d,呈块状丛生,主要分布在根体,且着生分布不均.沙培条件下枳实生苗发生根毛较多,每条主根约有486.3条根毛,1.0 μmol·L^-1的IBA和ETH诱导主根发生根毛的效果明显,而NAA无显著作用,缺磷沙培能够诱导更多的根毛发生(每条主根平均6363条);混合土培养条件下枳实生苗发生根毛较少,每条主根只有2123条根毛,各生长调节剂对发生根毛的作用效果都不明显.     

低磷和干旱胁迫对大豆植株干物质积累及磷效率的影响

土壤缺磷和季节性干旱已经成为南方酸性红壤地区大豆生产的主要限制因素之一。选取2个大豆品种巴西10号(磷高效)和本地2号(磷低效),研究其在不同磷素(0,15, 30 mg/kg P)和水分处理(分别在开花期和结荚期进行干旱胁迫)下的反应,从植株生物量、叶绿素含量、磷效率指标等方面研究不同基因型大豆对水磷耦合胁迫的适应机制。研究结果表明,随着土壤磷素水平的增加,两个品种的生物量和叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,根冠比则显著下降。在同一磷素水平处理下,干旱胁迫则导致较高的根冠比,对叶片叶绿素含量影响不大,两个品种表现一致。两个基因型大豆受到干旱胁迫后,其产量均显著低于正常水分处理。中等施磷能显著提高两个大豆品种的产量,但高磷处理对产量的增加幅度有限,甚至高磷处理还造成本地2号减产。巴西10号的产量随土壤中磷素的增加而增加,而本地2号的产量则为中磷>高磷>低磷,不管是磷处理还是水分处理,巴西10号的产量均高于本地2号。无论是花期干旱还是结荚期干旱,巴西10号和本地2号的根磷效率比、磷吸收效率及磷转移效率均随土壤磷浓度的增加而增加,磷利用效率则降低。总体上来讲,巴西10号的磷吸收效率和利用效率高于本地2号,而根磷效率比、磷转移效率则小于本地2号。     

Effects of delayed soil and foliar N fertilization on yield and N2 fixation of soybean

Summary Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the amount, time and method of fertilizer N application on the efficiency of N uptake, N₂ fixatio and yield of soybean. Soil and foliar fertilizer N, applied during the pod-filling stage were absorbed by plants with equal and high efficiency, compared to an appreciably lower utilization efficiency for N applied before seedling emergence. These results reveal that the soybean roots were active in N uptake during these late stages of growth. Nitrogen fertilization during pod-filling resulted in significant yield increases over the control treatment which received an early application of 20 Kg N/ha. Seed yield increases were, however, more pronounced than total dry matter yield, and virtually all of the late-applied N was translocated into the pods. Nitrogen fixation in soybean was not influenced by the application of 40 kg N/ha to plants as soil or foliar N during the pod-filling stage. However, 80 kg N/ha supplied during pod-filling as 40 kg soil plus 40 kg foliar N/ha significantly reduced the amount of N₂ fixed. The results obtained in these studies suggest that inadequate N supply during pod-filling limited soybean yields, and that by the judicious application of fertilizer N during the late stages of growth, it was possible to enhance soybean yields without necessarily inhibiting N₂ fixation.     

Effects of purified soybean agglutinin on growth and immune function in rats

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of purified soybean agglutinin on growth and immune function in rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (77.8 ± 2.6 g) were individually fed casein-cornstarch based diets containing 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20% soybean agglutinin (w/w) during a 20-day experiment. Growth declined linearly with increasing the concentration of soybean agglutinin (p < 0.05). The proliferation of lymphocytes in spleen, lymph nodes and blood decreased with an increase in dietary soybean agglutinin (p < 0.05). The concentrations of interleukin-2, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor- in plasma, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as plasma concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM also declined with increasing dose of soybean agglutinin (p < 0.05). The results show that dietary soybean agglutinin has negative effects on growth as well as both cell-mediated and humoral immune function of rats and appears to function in a dose-dependent manner.     

供磷水平对梨砧木生长和15N-尿素吸收利用特性的影响

以一年生盆栽豆梨、川梨、木梨实生苗为试材,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了不同供磷水平(P₂O₅分别为0、50、100、150、200 kg·hm^-2,分别用P₀、P₁、P₂、P₃、P₄表示)对3种梨砧木生长和¹⁵N-尿素吸收、利用特性的影响.结果表明: 随着供磷水平的提高,砧木的株高、地径、干质量、根系总表面积、总根长、根尖数、根系活力、根系呼吸速率、Ndff值和氮素利用率均先升高后降低,但不同砧木升降幅度不同,且各指标出现峰值的磷水平不同.在同一磷素水平下,木梨的株高、地径、干质量均最高,川梨次之,豆梨最低,根系形态指标和根系呼吸速率呈相同规律,而Ndff值和氮素利用率表现不同.在不同磷素水平下,木梨在P₃处理各指标均达到最高水平,而川梨和豆梨分别在P₂和P₁处理各指标均达到最高水平;砧木各器官的Ndff值在不同磷水平下均以茎最高;木梨的最高氮素利用率(种植季的肥料N回收率)为9.6%、川梨为8.9%、豆梨为8.3%.以上结果表明,不同梨砧木生长和氮素吸收利用特性在不同磷水平下响应不同,生产中应根据砧木需磷特性合理施磷.     

Effects of media composition on substrate removal by pure and mixed bacterial cultures

Continuous culture experiments with identical experimental designs were run with a mixed microbial community of activated sludge origin and an axenic bacterial culture derived from it. Each culture received 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) at a concentration of 160 mg/L as COD and L-lysine at a concentration of 65 mg/L as COD. A factorial experimental design was employed with dilution rate and media composition as the two controlled variables. Three dilution rates were studied: 0.015, 0.0325, and 0.05 h^–1. Media composition was changed by adding four biogenic compounds (butyric acid, thymine, glutamic acid and lactose) in equal COD proportions at total concentrations of 0, 34, 225, and 1462 mg/L as COD. The measured variables were the effluent concentrations of 2-CP as measured by the 4-aminoantipyrene test and lysine as measured by the o-diacetylbenzene procedure. The results suggest that community structure and substrate composition play important roles in the response of a microbial community to mixed substrates. The addition of more biogenic substrates to the axenic culture had a deleterious effect on the removal of both lysine and 2-CP, although the effect was much larger on lysine removal. In contrast, additional substrates had a positive effect on the removal of 2-CP by the mixed community and much less of a negative effect on the removal of lysine. The dilution rate at which the cultures were growing had relatively little impact on the responses to the additional substrates.Abbreviations COD chemical oxygen demand - 2-CP 2-chlorophenol - DOC dissolved organic carbon - MDL method detection limit - SS suspended solids     

Biodegradation of polyethylene glycol by symbiotic mixed culture (obligate mutualism)

Neither Flavobacterium sp. nor Pseudomonas sp. grew on a polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 medium containing the culture filtrate of their mixed culture on PEG 6000. The two bacteria did not grow with a dialysis culture on a PEG 6000 medium. Flavobacterium sp. grew well on a dialysis culture containing a tetraethylene glycol medium supplemented with a small amount of PEG 6000 as an inducer, while poor growth of Pseudomonas sp. was observed. Three enzymes involved in the metabolism of PEG, PEG dehydrogenase, PEG-aldehyde dehydrogenase and PEG-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ether-cleaving) were present in the cells of Flavobacterium sp. The first two enzymes were not found in the cells of Pseudomonas sp. PEG 6000 was degraded neither by intact cells of Flavobacterium sp. nor by those of Pseudomonas sp., but it was degraded by their mixture. Glyoxylate, a metabolite liberated by the ether-cleaving enzyme, inhibited the growth of the mixed culture. The ether-cleaving enzyme was remarkably inhibited by glyoxylate. Glyoxylate was metabolized faster by Pseudomonas sp. than by Flavobacterium sp., and seemed to be a key material for the symbiosis.     

Effects of carbonized and dried chicken manures on the growth, yield, and N content of soybean

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen derived from dried or carbonized chicken manure on growth, nodulation, yield and N content of soybean. ¹⁵N labeled chicken manure used in this study was obtained from the droppings of chicken fed on hulled rice grown under field conditions and fertilized with ¹⁵N-labeled stable isotope ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate fertilizers. Carbonized chicken manure was made by heat treatment in a muffle furnace in our laboratory. This study was conducted in pots filled with clay loam soil. Results from the study show that the application of carbonized chicken manure increased soybean seed yield by 23% and 43% for the 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ rates respectively. Dried chicken manure application increased soybean seed yield by 7% and 30% for the 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ rates respectively. There was no difference in the N manure yield of both manures when applied at the same rate. The percentage ¹⁵N recovery was 17.6% and 8.9% for carbonized chicken manure, 19.2% and 10.5% for dried chicken manure at 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ rates respectively at peak flowering stage of soybean growth. We found high total nitrogen yields of soybean at the rate of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ for both manures. There was a positive relationship between number of nodules and seed yield of soybean. Total N content also showed positive relationship with number of nodules and seed yield of soybean. We supposed that the higher P content of carbonized chicken manure is responsible for the higher seed yield and nodule growth compared to dried chicken manure.     

施磷对鲜食甘薯产量、品质及磷利用效率的影响——以徐薯32为例

为了探索适宜的磷肥用量,提高鲜食型甘薯的经济产量和磷肥利用率,以徐薯32为例,于2018—2019年进行两年的田间试验(土壤有效磷含量为31.70 mg·kg^-1),比较了不同施磷量对鲜食甘薯产量、品质、磷积累和磷利用效率的影响。试验设置5个施磷水平(P₂O₅),分别为0(P₀)、25(P₂₅)、50(P₅₀)、75(P₇₅)和100 kg·hm^-2 (P₁₀₀)。结果表明: 1)与P₀相比,施磷显著提高了鲜薯产量和商品薯产量,以P₇₅处理最高,其次为P₅₀处理,两处理间差异不显著。2)施磷显著提高了薯块中淀粉和还原糖含量,在P₅₀处理下可溶性糖和蛋白质含量显著增加。3)在生育期90～120 d,施磷显著提高了甘薯的磷积累量和干物质积累量。4)磷表观利用率随着施磷量的增加而下降,磷农学效率则随着施磷量的增加先升后降,在P₅₀处理下显著高于其他处理。综合考虑鲜薯产量、品质、经济产量和磷肥利用率,本试验条件下P₂O₅的适宜用量为50 kg·hm^-2。     

模拟氮沉降对低磷胁迫下马尾松不同家系根系分泌和磷效率的影响

近年来大气氮(N)沉降的增加, 导致森林土壤中有效N含量增加、N:P发生改变, 研究N沉降对低磷(P)胁迫下林木根系分泌和P效率的影响具有重要意义。该文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)家系作为试验材料, 设置模拟N沉降与同质低P (介质表层与深层均缺P)、异质低P (介质表层P丰富、深层缺P)耦合的二年生盆栽实验, 系统研究了模拟N沉降对低P胁迫下马尾松根系分泌性酸性磷酸酶(APase)活性、有机酸分泌以及P效率的影响。结果表明: (1)同质低P和异质低P下, 模拟N沉降均显著提高了植株N:P化学计量比、增加了P素的相对匮乏程度, 从而诱导根系增加了APase和有机酸的分泌, 而同质低P比异质低P下增加幅度更大, 其中有机酸分泌均与马尾松生长呈正相关关系, 而APase活性与P效率相关性较小; (2)同质低P下, N沉降虽然增加了根系分泌, 但未提高马尾松P素吸收和生长量, 其原因在于, 同质低P下植株N:P过高, 因而植株对N沉降敏感性低; 在异质低P下, 植株表现为N、P共同限制, 因而对N敏感性较高, N沉降增加了根系分泌, 同时提高了N和P吸收效率、增加了生物量; (3)马尾松根系分泌对模拟N沉降的响应存在较大的家系差异。同质低P下, 家系71×20的有机酸分泌和生物量对N沉降的响应幅度较大; 异质低P下, 家系36×29、71×20和73×23对N沉降的响应幅度较大。     

External phosphorus requirements of five tropical grain legumes grown in flowing-solution culture

Summary Five tropical grain legume species were grown for periods from 4 to 20 days in flowing-solution culture at 7 maintained phosphorus (P) concentrations, ranging from 0.25 μM to 16 μM. Critical external P requirements were 0.8 μM for cowpea cv. Vita 4 and soybean cv. Fitzroy, 1.0 μM for pigeon pea cv. Royes, 2.0 μM for mungbean cv. Regur and 3.0 μM for guar cv. Brooks. Plant responses to P deficiency included reduced growth rate, increased root percentage, and increased P uptake potential. The long-term P uptake rates of guar plants were lower than those of the other species at each external P concentration. Guar plants had a low P uptake potential as indicated by short-term^32CP-labelled uptake rate studies from 15 μM P solutions. Cowpea by contrast had high short-term uptake rates indicating a high P uptake potential.