培养基对不同性别水蕨配子体叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了MS和改良knop’s培养基条件下水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)两性配子体和雄配子体叶绿素荧光参数的差异,结果表明:MS培养基中两性配子体PSⅡ线性电子传递的量子效率ФPSⅡ和PSⅡ驱动的电子传递速率ETRPSⅡ值显著高于MS培养基中的雄配子体以及改良knop’s培养基中的配子体;各组配子体光化学效率Fv/Fm值无显著差异;外源营养对各组配子体光化学荧光猝灭系数qP和非光化学荧光猝灭系数qN的影响不具明显规律性。综上所述,MS培养基中外源糖类的添加使水蕨配子体PSⅡ的光合活性增强,有利于大量快速生长的两性配子体的形成。     

光照强度对水蕨孢子萌发及配子体性别分化的影响

研究了不同光照强度条件对水蕨孢子萌发以及配子体性别分化的影响。结果表明:2 000~4 000 lx的光照强度条件有利于水蕨孢子萌发,4 000 lx光照条件下孢子萌发最快。光照强度约为4 000 lx时最有利于使水蕨发育为两性配子体。光照强度约为1 000 lx时最有利于使水蕨发育为雄性配子体。为水蕨的人工栽培和分子生物学研究提供理论依据。     

扇蕨配子体发育与濒危机制的探讨

采用改良Knop’s固体培养基、原生境腐殖质土和红壤分别培养扇蕨（Neocheiropteris palmatopedate）孢子,光学显微镜及解剖镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体发育过程,比较了3种培养方法对其配子体发育和有性繁殖的影响,并在此基础上探讨了扇蕨的濒危原因。结果表明：成熟孢子黄褐色,赤道面观为豆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育为槲蕨型。成熟原叶体呈心脏形。毛状体在原叶体阶段出现。有性生殖周期长及配子体发育成幼孢子体的百分率低是扇蕨在配子体世代的主要濒危原因。此外,红壤固有的理化性质导致扇蕨配子体发育极其缓慢、精子器和颈卵器发生的时间间隔过长使其不能受精产生孢子体。原生植被遭受破坏引起的林下腐殖质土消失、红壤裸露,加剧了扇蕨的濒危。     

变异鳞毛蕨的孢子培养与配子体发育研究

应用无菌培养和常规泥土培养两种方法对变异鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris varia)孢子进行了比较研究,并在光学显微镜下观察了其配子体的发育过程.结果表明:蔗糖浓度为2%的1/2MS与MS培养基对孢子萌发时间和萌发率影响不大,但前者较适于孢子萌发,而后者则适于孢子体形成;在1/2MS培养基上,1%的蔗糖浓度比其它浓度更适宜于孢子的萌发.以菜园士为培养基质时,变异鳞毛蕨孢子的萌发时间短且萌发率高,但幼孢子体出现的时间明显晚于无菌培养.孢子萌发为书带蕨型,原叶体发育为三叉蕨型,符合鳞毛蕨属配子体发育的特征.     

重金属铅对3种蕨类植物孢子萌发和配子体发育的影响

研究了重金属铅对水蕨、中华桫椤和扇蕨孢子萌发及其对水蕨配子体发育的影响。结果表明：随着铅浓度的增加,水蕨、中华桫椤和扇蕨孢子的萌发率逐渐降低;在低于10^-4 mol·L^-1的环境中,水蕨孢子可以正常萌发;在低于10^-5 mol·L^-1的环境中,中华桫椤和扇蕨孢子能正常萌发;水蕨、中华桫椤和扇蕨的孢子都对铅具有一定的耐受性;铅对水蕨配子体的发育存在一定影响,铅使水蕨配子体呈不规则的心脏形,多发育为雄配子体;精子器凹陷入原叶体边缘;配子体细胞中叶绿体分布不均匀。本研究为铅污染土壤的植物修复筛选后备植物。     

同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素系统的初步研究

研究了同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素对该种和水蕨孢子萌发和配子体发育的影响,结果表明：同形鳞毛蕨配子体能产生成精子囊素,该成精子囊素能抑制同种孢子的萌发,抑制作用随配子体成熟度的增加而增强;同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素还可促进同种孢子发育为雄配子体;光照条件下,同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素对水蕨孢子萌发和配子体发育影响不大,黑暗条件下,同形鳞毛蕨成精子囊素能显著的促使水蕨孢子提早萌发,但都不影响其孢子最终萌发率和配子体的性别分化,表明同形鳞毛蕨和水蕨的成精子囊素不属于同一系统。     

粗茎鳞毛蕨孢子萌发研究

以经过3年低温储藏的粗茎鳞毛蕨孢子为实验材料,从孢子离心、孢子消毒、培养基种类、光质等4方面对孢子萌发进行研究,结果表明:在离心转数≤14 000 r.min-1、离心时间≤30 min条件下,离心处理对孢子萌发基本无影响;对孢子进行1%NaClO水溶液浸泡处理20～30 min为最佳消毒条件;改良Knop’s培养基为最佳孢子萌发培养基;黑暗条件下孢子不能萌发,但是黑暗处理能够明显提高孢子萌发整齐性;红光比白光能促进孢子提早萌发1 d左右,但对提高萌发率效果不显著。     

傅氏凤尾蕨配子体发育的研究

采用MS培养基、混合土和滤纸分别培养傅氏凤尾蕨孢子,对其配子体发育过程用显微镜作了详细观察。结果表明:孢子呈四面体形,大小为27.4μm×10.3μm,三裂缝。孢子萌发的早晚因培养方式不同而有差异,MS培养基培养需4天左右,混合土培养需1周左右,滤纸培养则要2周左右。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育类型为水蕨型。发育为片状体的时间也存在差异,MS培养基培养自接种后需22天左右,混合土培养需16天左右,而滤纸培养需40天左右。原叶体裸露,无毛状体。幼原叶体形状不规则,成熟原叶体呈心脏形。混合土培养自播种后4￣11周左右出现性器官,精子器近圆球形,成熟颈卵器颈部常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲。     

球腺肿足蕨的配子体发育特征及其系统学意义

采用改良Knop’s营养液液体和固体培养基,对球腺肿足蕨的孢子进行人工培养,利用光学显微镜观察其孢子的萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明:成熟的孢子深褐色,不透明,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为豆形,单裂缝,周壁具密集的波纹状褶皱。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育类型为三叉蕨型。孢子接种后7d左右萌发,30d左右形成为片状体,50d左右发育为幼原叶体,幼原叶体不对称,但成熟原叶体心脏形对称。原叶体边缘及背腹面都具乳头状毛状体。75d左右精子器出现,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞构成。90d左右颈卵器出现,成熟颈卵器颈部由4～5列细胞构成,3～5层细胞高。原叶体受精后1个月内可看到幼孢子体生成。最后讨论其系统学意义。     

银粉背蕨配子体及幼孢子体发育的研究

银粉背蕨是一种小型观赏蕨类植物,但目前我国对该蕨的研究还不够成熟。本文利用改良Knop's培养基和腐殖土培养银粉背蕨的孢子,观察其配子体及幼孢子体形态发育特征,并研究了其配子体发育的最适培养基pH值。研究结果显示：（1）银粉背蕨孢子黄褐色,具三裂缝,极面观三角圆形,赤道面观为近半圆形,孢子具网状纹饰;孢子萌发为书带蕨型;原叶体发育为水蕨型;颈卵器和精子器为薄囊蕨型;成熟原叶体为对称的心脏形,不具毛状体;上述特征为银粉背蕨孢子和配子体发育的稳定特征。（2）培养基pH值在7.0~9.0时随着碱性的增强,银粉背蕨孢子萌发和配子体生长发育速度逐渐增加。（3）利用腐殖土培养银粉背蕨孢子,7~8周可发育成幼叶,成苗率达90%,成苗健壮,根系发达,是扩繁银粉背蕨的适宜方式。本文为资源植物银粉背蕨人工繁殖和演化研究提供科学依据。     

鸟巢蕨孢子繁殖技术研究

研究了鸟巢蕨孢子无菌播种和常规播种两种繁殖方法。结果表明,鸟巢蕨无菌播种中孢子萌发率最高可达66.7%,原叶体在固体培养基上培养不能诱导出孢子体,而需经过振荡培养后才能诱导出孢子体;常规播种法更容易诱导出孢子体,每盆播0.02 g孢子时,每克孢子可产生孢子体4 000株以上,比无菌播种操作简便,成本低。因此,孢子常规播种法更适合于鸟巢蕨规模化生产。     

Factors Affecting Spore Germination of Volvariella volvacea

Environmental factors affecting basidiospore germination were studied with Volvariella volvacea, the edible straw mushroom which is common in South East Asia. A relatively mild heal shock is necessary for spore germination. The spores give best germination at 40°C although early hyphal growth is better at 35°C the germination of spores is affected by temperature. pH. a presoaking treatment and spore density. Higher pH supports more germination but seems unfavourable for early mycelial growth. Presoaking treatment in phosphate buffer solution or distilled water also stimulates germination markedly.     

水蕨配子体发育的研究

研究了我国产水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)配子体发育的全过程,水蕨孢子为四面体型,三裂缝,孢子萌发为向心型,丝状体4～8个细胞长,无明显的顶端细胞,丝状体顶部细胞同时分裂形成片状体,分生组织位于片状体一侧,使原叶体成为不对称的心脏形,原叶体发育为水蕨型,无毛状体,精子器和颈卵器较大,该配子体表现为较原始的性状.     

Gravity and light control of the developmental polarity of regenerating protoplasts isolated from prothallial cells of the fern Ceratopteris richardii

A procedure has been developed for isolating protoplasts from prothalli of Ceratopteris richardii which can be cultured and are capable of regeneration. Protoplasts were isolated from 2-week-old gametophytes in a medium containing wall-digesting enzymes in 0.5 m sucrose, followed by purification of the released protoplasts by floating them up into a 0.5 m sorbitol layer. Regeneration occurred over a period of 10–24 days, and, under optimal osmotic conditions, followed the developmental pattern seen during spore germination, in that the first division gave rise to a primary rhizoid. Thus, prothallial protoplasts are comparable to germinating spores as suitable models for studies of developmental polarity in single cells. As in germinating spores, the polarity of development in regenerating protoplasts is influenced by the vectors of gravity and unilateral light. However, the relative influence of light in fixing this polarity is greater in regenerating protoplasts, while in germinating spores, the influence of gravity is greater. Received: 26 September 1997 / Revision received: 17 January 1998 / Accepted: 7 February 1998     

Spore Germination of Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn

Germination of the spores of Ceratopteris thalictroides wasexamined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Spores germinateby scission of the spore coat at the trilete markings. The initialcell divisions produce a proximal prothallial initial with rhizoidsthat are distal and lateral. This represents a reverse orientationof the more common situation in ferns. Evidence is presentedthat rhizoid initials divide with the most lateral of the daughtercells differentiating into a rhizoid. Rhizoids are long andunbranched. The uniseriate protonema is transient with bi-dimensionalgrowth established quite early. About a week following germination,the gametophyte is broad at the basal region and narrow at theanterior region. Further growth of cells in the basal regionis by elongation and the anterior region broadens to producean elongate-ovate gametophyte.     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究XI.石杉科

利用扫描电镜对中国产石杉科2属22种植物孢子形态进行了观察,为石杉科分类和系统演化研究提供依据。结果显示:石杉科植物孢子为三裂缝,四面体形,辐射对称;极面观为钝三角形、圆三角形或近圆形;赤道面观为扇形或近椭圆形;石杉属孢子三边向内凹,马尾杉属孢子三边外凸;极轴长为16～26μm,赤道轴长为22～36μm;孢子具外壁,不具周壁,由外壁形成表面穴状纹饰的轮廓,穴为大小、深浅和密度不等的点状近圆形或不规则条状的凹陷。从孢子形态和纹饰类型看,石杉属和马尾杉属属间差异明显,属内差异不明显。     

麦秆蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fallaciosum）配子体的发育规律及播种密度对配子体性别分化的影响

在组织培养条件下,对麦秆蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fallaciosum）配子体发育的连续过程进行了详细观察。结果表明:麦秆蹄盖蕨孢子为四面体型; 孢子萌发为书带蕨型（Vittaria-type）;原叶体发育为铁线蕨型（Adiantum-type）,成熟原叶体为对称的心形;精子器近圆球形,成熟颈卵器细长,常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲。常规播种条件下,发现麦秆蹄盖蕨配子体有雌配子体、雄配子体、雌雄同体配子体和无性配子体类型。配子体的性别随密度不同而呈现一定的变化趋势,雄配子体随密度增大呈上升趋势;雌配子体随密度增大先上升后下降;雌雄同体配子体和无性配子体随密度变化不大。雌配子体和雌雄同体配子体具颈卵器数目一般为10～15个;精子器数目随密度的增大逐渐减少,雄配子体中具有约50个精子器,雌雄同体配子体具有约20个精子器。     

Production of aposporous gametophytes and calli from Pteris vittata L. pinnae strips cultured in vitro

Murashige and Skoog's modified medium in 1% Difco Bacto-agar supplemented with sugar alcohols (sorbsitol, mannitol), growth regulators (1-naphthalenacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzyladenine, kinetin) and sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) induced aposporous gametophytes from pinnae of Pteris vittata cultured in vitro at lower concentrations of all the mentioned components. Aposporous gametophytes and vegetative calli were produced at higher concentrations. The calli regenerated sporophytes when cultured on MS medium without growth regulators. The gametophytes grew vegetatively on MS medium but produced sporophytes when transferred into 0.1 strength MS medium. This is the first report of simultaneous production of calli and gametophytes from fern explants.