川芎嗪合并硫酸镁治疗妊高征大鼠的疗效及机制探讨

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of treatment of pregnancy--induced hypertension (PIH) in rats by Ligustrazine collaborated with magnesium sulfate. PIH rat models were induced with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) infusing at 7 mg/kg per day via caudal vein for four days, then treated with Ligustrazine, magnesium sulfate, or both for three days. Rat blood pressure level was measured by the tail-cuff method, 24 hours urine protein was also assayed. The blood pressure and urine proteins of grouped PIH rats were recorded before the start and after the termination of therapy. The body length and the weight of fetal rats, the weight of placentals from pregnant rats were measured. The placental tissues, livers, kidneys of rats were investigated with integrated methods such as histopathologic observation with light microscopy, ultrastructural observation with transmission electron microscopy. L-NAME administration in pregnancy rats during the late pregnancy period had resulted in an rise of blood pressure, an increasing of urine protein, death rate of rat fetus, incidence of teratogenesis, and so on. Three groups of PIH rats treated with single magnesium sulfate, Ligustrazine, or Ligustrazine combined with magnesium sulfate showed an obvious dropping of the proteinuria, decompression of blood pressure (p<0.01, p<0.001), especially the treatment efficacy in the group of Ligustrazine combined with magnesium sulfate was more significant effective than other two groups (p<0.01, p<0.001). The treatment with both Ligustrazine and magnesium sulfate could increase the body length of newly born rats, the body weight of tomites and the placental weight, furthermore, reduce the rate of the teratosis of hindlimb-shortness (p<0.001). There were diffuse focal necrosis areas in the livers of PIH rats, their glomerular basement membrane had thickened extensively, the glomerular endothelium had swelled, extensive edema in the epithelia of renal tubule was demonstrated. The decidua and basal zone of the placentae of PIH rats all thickened, the microvilli of trophoblasts decreased. After treatment with ligustrazine especially with both Ligustrazine and magnesium sulfate, the necrosis of hepatocytes disappeared. The thickening of glomerular basement membrane in the group of ligustrazine or both Ligustrazine and magnesium sulfate treatment reduced; Moreover in the latter group the morphology of glomerular endothelium essentially recovered, the edema in cytoplasms of renal tubular epithelium reduced. The placental lesions were also relieved. The present results indicated the therapeutic effect by Ligustrazine collaborated with magnesium sulfate was better than a single use of Ligustrazine or magnesium sulfate. There were pathological alteration involved ischemia and anoxic in the placental tissues of PIH rats, resembled the placental pathological alteration of the human cases with PIH. The treatment with ligustrazine, and especially both Ligustrazine and magnesium sulfate in PIH rats could obviously relieve the lesions in lives, kidneys and placentae.     

低分子肝素的抗炎作用及机制

低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin, LMWH)除作为抗凝血和抗血栓药在临床上广为应用外,近年来其抗炎活性也颇受重视.LMWH抗炎机制涉及炎症细胞、炎症因子和黏附分子等环节.目前对LMWH的抗炎机制研究还处在初级阶段,但是LMWH独特的性质使其有望成为有效且安全的新型抗炎药物.     

低分子肝素对MPTP帕金森小鼠的治疗作用及可能机制

目的：研究1．甲基4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine,MPTP）帕金森病（PD）模型中小胶质细胞的激活情况,探讨低分子肝素对MPTP导致的小胶质细胞活化的抑制作用。方法：C57BL随机分成正常对照组、MPTP组、低分子肝素＋MPTP组。MPTP组腹腔注射MPTP（30mg／kgx7d）同时腹部皮下注射生理盐水,低分子肝素＋MPTP组在注射MPTP同时腹部皮下注射低分子肝素（1501U／kg·12hx7d）。各组于末次给药后予行为学测试,7d后免疫组化检测酪氨酸羟化酶（TyrosineHydroxylase,TH）阳性细胞。镀银染色观察小胶质细胞激活情况。结果：MPTP组较低分子肝素＋MPTP组爬竿时间明显延长,并出现更多非随意动作。低分子肝素＋MPTP组黑质部位TH阳性细胞数量高于MPTP组。MPTP组活化的小胶质细胞数量高于低分子肝素＋MPTP组。结论：低分子肝素通过抑制小胶质细胞的激活减少MPTP帕金森小鼠多巴胺能神经元的损伤,提示低分子肝素可能有延缓PD进程的作用。     

川芎嗪合并硫酸镁治疗妊高征大鼠的疗效及机制探讨

为探讨川芎嗪合并硫酸镁治疗妊高征模型大鼠的疗效及其机制,应用L-NAME7mg/kg/天尾静脉注射,连续4天,建立大鼠妊高征模型,采用川芎嗪合并硫酸镁(川 硫)治疗,连续3天。通过套尾法血压测量和24h尿蛋白测定,观察妊高征孕鼠分组治疗后的各组孕鼠血压、尿蛋白变化。并作新生鼠身长、体重和胎盘重量测定,光镜和透射电镜观察肝、肾和胎盘组织病理学及超微结构变化。结果显示,妊娠晚期给予L-NAME,可导致孕鼠血压升高,尿蛋白增加,幼鼠死胎及畸形发生率增加;单用硫酸镁、川芎嗪或两药合用后孕鼠血压、尿蛋白均显著降低(p<0.01,p<0.001),而(川 硫)组较另两组降低更显著(p<0.01,p<0.001);川芎嗪及(川 硫)治疗后能增加新生鼠身长、提高胎仔体重及胎盘重量(p<0.01);且后者尚能减少胎仔后肢短缩畸形率(p<0.001)。妊高征孕鼠肝细胞有散在的坏死灶;肾小球基底膜广泛增厚、肾小球血管内皮肿胀,肾小管上皮广泛水肿;胎盘蜕膜带、基带均增厚,滋养细胞表面的微绒毛减少;川芎嗪尤其(川 硫)治疗后肝细胞未见坏死灶,肾小球基底膜增厚减少;而且后者肾小球血管内皮形态基本正常,肾小管上皮细胞胞浆水肿减轻;胎盘病变明显减轻。上述结果表明,(川 硫)治疗妊高征孕鼠,效果优于单用硫酸镁或川芎嗪。妊高征孕鼠胎盘存在缺血、缺氧的病理改变;川芎嗪治疗组尤其(川 硫)治疗后肝、肾和胎盘病变明显减轻。     

辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及其可能机制

目的：观察辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的保护作用并探讨其可能的分子机制。方法：24只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照（NC,n=8）组和糖尿病造模组（n=16）。糖尿病造模组大鼠采用55 mg/kg链脲佐菌素（STZ）单次腹腔注射的方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型。造模成功后,糖尿病模型大鼠随机分为糖尿病（DM）组和糖尿病+辛伐他汀（DM+Sim）组。DM+Sim组大鼠每天给予辛伐他汀40 mg/kg灌胃,1次/日,连续4周。采用组织病理学方法观察肾脏的形态学改变和间质纤维化;采用分子生物学方法检测肾脏组织中内质网应激、炎性因子的表达以及细胞凋亡。结果：①与NC组相比,DM组可见肾小球和肾小管间质有明显的病理学改变,胶原纤维明显红染,呈不均匀分布;DM+Sim组形态学以及纤维化有明显改善。②DM组大鼠肾组织GRP78、p-IRE1α、NF-κB p65、MCP-1表达均高于NC组（P<0.05）,DM+Sim组GRP78、p-IRE1α、NF-κB p65、MCP-1表达较DM组均下降（P<0.05）。③TUNEL法检测,NC组肾小球及肾小管存在少量凋亡的细胞,DM组肾小球及肾小管存在大量凋亡的细胞（P<0.01）;与DM组比较,DM+Sim组凋亡的细胞明显减少（P<0.01）。结论：给予糖尿病大鼠辛伐他汀后,肾脏形态学以及纤维化明显改善,细胞凋亡明显减少。其对糖尿病肾脏的保护作用与抑制内质网应激和NF-κB炎症信号通路及减少肾脏细胞的凋亡有关。     

低分子肝素雾化吸入对急性肺损伤治疗作用的实验研究

目的:急性肺损伤死亡率高且目前尚无有效可靠的治疗方法,本研究旨在探讨低分子肝素雾化吸入对急性肺损伤的治疗作用。方法:健康纯种白兔24只,随机分成3组(n=8):①正常对照组,②生理盐水雾化组,③低分子肝素雾化治疗组。各组分别测定动脉血气、肺干/湿重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白含量和凝血功能。结果:与正常对照组相比,生理盐水雾化组和低分子肝素雾化治疗组动脉血氧合指数、肺干/湿重比值显著降低(P0.05),支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白含量显著升高(P0.05),而低分子肝素雾化治疗组较生理盐水雾化组动脉血氧合指数、肺干/湿重比值显著升高(P0.05),支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);凝血酶原时间以及活化部分凝血活酶时间生理盐水雾化组和低分子肝素雾化治疗组间没有显著差异(P0.05),但均较正常对照组延长(P0.05)。结论:低分子肝素雾化吸入治疗可以改善肺换气,提高氧合,降低肺泡渗出,并且对凝血功能没有明显的副作用,可以在一定程度上缓解急性肺损伤。本研究为急性肺损伤的治疗提供了新的思路和实验依据。     

低分子量肝素对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠气道黏液分泌的影响

目的:观察低分子量肝素对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠血浆D-二聚体和气道黏液分泌的影响.方法:将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、COPD模型组、LMWH干预组,每组10只.采用熏吸香烟法加气管内注入脂多糖的方法建立COPD大鼠模型,LMWH干预组于COPD模型建立后皮下注射LMWH,检测各组大鼠血浆D-二聚体水平及气道黏液细胞数的变化.结果:COPD模型组血浆D-二聚体水平及气道黏液细胞数较正常对照组均明显升高(P＜0.05),而低分子量肝素治疗组二者较COPD模型组均明显下降(P＜0.05).血浆D-二聚体水平与气道黏液细胞数呈显著正相关(r=0.946,P=0.04).结论:低分子量肝素在改善凝血功能的同时可以减少COPD气道黏液分泌,有助于疾病的控制和转归.     

辛伐他汀联合低分子肝素对慢性心衰心肺功能及相关指标的影响

目的:探索辛伐他汀联合低分子肝素对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的D-二聚体、N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒末内径、血清反应蛋白(CRP)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FB)、血清总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的影响。方法:选择我院自2010年4月至2014年7月间收治的患有CHF患者80例,按照随机数表法分成治疗组和对照组,各40例。两组均给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用辛伐他汀和低分子肝素,治疗两个月。对比两组患者治疗前后D-二聚体、NT-proBNP、LVEF、左室舒末内径、CRP、FB、TC和LDL-C水平。结果:与治疗前相比,对照组患者治疗后的D-二聚体、NT-proBNP、LVEF、左室舒末内径、CRP、FB、TC和LDL-C水平均无明显改善,而治疗组患者上述各项指标均显著改善,差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:临床上应用辛伐他汀联合低分子肝素可以有效改善CHF患者的相关指标,对于疾病的治疗具有重要作用,值得在临床上应用及推广。     

低分子量肝素对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠的肺功能及气道炎性细胞的影响

目的:观察低分子量肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠肺功能及气道炎性细胞的影响。方法:将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、COPD模型组、LMWH干预组,每组10只。采用熏吸香烟法加气管内注入脂多糖的方法建立COPD模型,LMWH干预组于COPD模型开始建立时皮下注射150U/kg,每天一次,40天后检测各组大鼠肺功能及气道内炎性细胞的改变。结果:COPD模型组大鼠气道阻力及气道炎性细胞数均较正常组明显升高(P<0.05),以中性粒细胞为主;而皮下注射低分子量肝素治疗组气道阻力及气道炎性细胞数较COPD模型组均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:低分子肝素可以减少COPD大鼠气道内炎性细胞数,降低气道阻力,有助于COPD病情的控制和转归。     

低分子量肝素钠的制备与临床应用

低分子肝素有抗凝血、抗血栓、调血脂、抗肿瘤等作用,与普通肝素相比具有皮下注射吸收好、半衰期长、生物利用率高,与血浆、血小板亲和力小、出血副作用少等优点.对低分子肝素的制备、质量检测和临床应用的研究进展进行了综述.     

The protective effect of aminoguanidine on doxorubicin-induced nephropathy in rats

Reactive oxygen species and cytokines have been implicated in the nephrotoxicity induced by doxorubicin. The goal of the present study was to determine protective effect of aminoguanidine on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Different groups of male Wistar rats received doxorubicin (67.75 mg/kg/i.p./2 days), aminoguanidine alone and aminoguanidine (200 and 400 mg/kg/i.p./30 days) prior to doxorubicin, respectively. Doxorubicin significantly increased serum creatinine (505%), blood urea nitrogen (333%), nitric oxide (406%), and plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (706%) as well as urinary albumin (452%) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (415%) compared to control. Moreover, renal glutathione (334%), superoxide dismutase (283%), and catalase (513%) were significantly reduced accompanied with elevation in renal malondialdehyde compared to control. Pretreatment with aminoguanidine mitigated such changes in all mentioned parameters. Histopathological changes showed that doxorubicin-caused significant structural damages to kidneys that were reduced with aminoguanidine. Results indicate that reactive oxygen species and cytokines are involved in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity, which can be reduced by aminoguanidine.     

The binding of low molecular weight heparin to hemostatic enzymes

A low molecular weight preparation of porcine heparin (specific anticoagulation activity = 125 units/mg) was fractionated to obtain a mucopolysaccharide product of 6500 daltons (specific anticoagulant activity = 373 units/mg) that is homogeneous with respect to its interaction with antithrombin. This material was treated with fluorescamine in order to introduce a fluorescent tag into the mucopolysaccharide. Initially, we showed that the fluorescamine-heparin conjugate and the unlabeled mucopolysaccharide interacted with antithrombin in a virtually identical fashion. Subsequently, we demonstrated that labeled heparin could be utilized in conjunction with fluorescence polarization spectroscopy to monitor the binding of mucopolysaccharide to thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, and plasmin. The interaction of this complex carbohydrate with thrombin exhibited a stoichiometry of 2:1 with KH1T DISS = KH2T DISS = 8 x 10(-7) M. The formation of mucopolysaccharide . factor IXa complex is characterized by a stoichiometry of 1:1 with KHIXa DISS = 2.58 x 10(-7) M. The binding of heparin to factor Xa or plasmin occurred with low avidity. Therefore, the stoichiometries of these processes could not be established. However, our experimental data were compatible with a single-site binding residue with KHXa DISS = 8.73 x 10(-6) M and KHPL DISS = approximately 1 x 10(-4) M, respectively.     

The regulation of factor IXa by supersulfated low molecular weight heparin

Supersulfated low molecular weight heparin (ssLMWH) inhibits the intrinsic tenase (factor IXa-factor VIIIa) complex in an antithrombin-independent manner. Recombinant factor IXa with alanine substitutions in the protease domain (K126A, N129A, K132A, R165A, R170A, N178A, R233A) was assessed with regard to heparin affinity in solution and ability to regulate protease activity within the factor IXa-phospholipid (PL) and intrinsic tenase complexes. In a soluble binding assay, factor IXa K126A, K132A, and R233A dramatically (10-20-fold) reduced ssLMWH affinity, while factor IXa N129A and R165A moderately (5-fold) reduced affinity relative to wild type. In the factor IXa-PL complex, binding affinity for ssLMWH was increased 4-fold, and factor X activation was inhibited with a potency 7-fold higher than predicted for wild-type protease-ssLMWH affinity in solution. In the intrinsic tenase complex, ssLMWH inhibited factor X activation with a 4-fold decrease in potency relative to wild-type factor IXa-PL. The mutations increased resistance to inhibition by ssLMWH in a similar fashion for both enzyme complexes (R233A > K126A > K132A/R165A > N129A/N178A/wild type) except for factor IXa R170A. This protease had ssLMWH affinity and potency for the factor IXa-PL complex similar to wild-type protease but was moderately resistant (6-fold) to inhibition in the intrinsic tenase complex based on increased cofactor affinity. These results are consistent with conformational regulation of the heparin-binding exosite and macromolecular substrate catalysis by factor IXa. An extensive overlap exists between the heparin and factor VIIIa binding sites on the protease domain, with residues K126 and R233 dominating the heparin interaction and R165 dominating the cofactor interaction.     

法舒地尔对异丙肾上腺素诱导大鼠心肌肥厚的干预作用及其机制

目的：研究法舒地尔对异丙肾上腺素诱导大鼠心肌肥厚的影响及其机制。方法：除正常对照组外,其它SD大鼠均皮下注射异丙肾上腺素（Iso,5 mg/kg）建立心肌肥厚模型。大鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组、Iso模型组、法舒地尔低剂量组（Fas,5 mg/kg,i.p）和法舒地尔高剂量组（Fas,20 mg/kg,i.p）,连续给药8周。给药结束后,血流动力学检测大鼠心率（HR）、左心室收缩压（LVSP）、左心室末舒张压（LVEDP）和左室压力变化最大速率（±dp/dt_max）;分别测定大鼠体重（BW）,心脏重量（HW）,并计算HW/BW;大鼠心肌HE、Masson染色观察组织病理学改变;免疫组化法观察大鼠心肌组织ERK1、ERK2蛋白表达,RT-PCR观察ERK1、ERK2 mRNA的表达。结果：Iso模型组HR和LVEDP明显升高,LVSP和±dp/dt_max明显下降;HW/BW增大;心肌细胞体积变大,排列紊乱,胶原纤维增生;左心室组织ERK1、ERK2蛋白与mRNA表达上调。法舒地尔不同剂量干预后,心脏收缩和舒张能力得到改善,心指数明显下降,心肌细胞体积变小,纤维化减少,ERK1/2 mRNA表达下调,心肌组织损害均得到不同程度改善。结论：ERK1/2信号通路活化参与了异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌肥厚,法舒地尔对异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌肥厚具有明显改善作用,这可能与法舒地尔阻断ERK1、ERK2通路活化有关。     

Salubrious effect of low molecular weight heparin on atherogenic diet-induced cardiac,hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation and collapse of antioxidant defences

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a multifunctional mitogen present in CUG- and AUG-initiated forms, referred to as hi and lo FGF-2, respectively. We have used an adenoviral vector to express the predominantly nuclear human hi FGF-2 and examined the relationship between expression levels, mitotic entry, cell number and chromatin compaction of cardiac myocytes, over 1–3 days in culture. At a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 50, levels of hi FGF-2 (assessed by Western blotting) and mitotic index (fraction of myocyte nuclei staining positive for phosphorylated histone H3) paralleled each other, becoming maximal at two days. At 200 m.o.i., maximal expression of hi FGF-2 (approximately double that at 50 m.o.i) was achieved at 2 days and coincided with decreased mitotic index and increased chromatin compaction. At 3 days compaction was maximal, mitotic index was minimal, and cell numbers decreased, accompanied by the appearance of DNA laddering, an indicator of apoptosis. Overall, the lower dose of hi FGF-2 and early time points favored a proliferative phenotype while the higher dose, and later time points, promoted chromatin compaction, inhibition of proliferation and cell death.     

Effect of low molecular weight heparin and different heparin molecular weight fractions on the activity of the matrix-degrading enzyme aggrecanase: structure-function relationship

The matrix-degrading enzyme aggrecanase has been identified in cartilage and is largely responsible for cartilage breakdown. The present study determined the efficacy of different heparin molecular weight fractions (HMWFs) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) on aggrecanase activity. Aggrecanase activity was determined using biotinylated peptide substrate, which was immobilized onto streptavidin-coated 96-well plates; aggrecanase enzyme was then added. Proteolysis of the substrate at the specific amide bond was detected using specific antibody for the neoepitope generated. HMWFs ranging from 1,700 to 12,000 Da demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibitory efficacy of aggrecanase activity, with a Ki ranging from 5,000 nM down to 1 nM as a function of the molecular weight. The higher the molecular weight distribution, the greater the inhibitory efficacy of the heparin fragments toward aggrecanase activity. The absence or presence of antithrombin did not alter the affinity of heparin in inhibiting aggrecanase. Additionally, tissue factor pathway inhibitor at various levels did not alter the activity of aggrecanase. LMWHs demonstrated different levels of potency in inhibiting aggrecanase activity as a function of their average molecular weight distribution. Tinzaparin (average molecular weight = 6,500 Da) and enoxaparin (average molecular weight = 4,500 Da) demonstrated a Ki of 20 and 80 nM, respectively. The aggrecanase inhibitory effect of LMWH might contribute to blocking inflammation and tumor invasion by inhibiting aggrecanase activity and maintaining an intact extracellular matrix barrier.