Changes in sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of mammalian tissues during growth and in cancer tissues

The distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in different tissues during growth and in cancer tissues is reported. It is shown that most of the tissues of 1 day-old rats and rabbits contain chondroitin sulfate A/C, chonroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate in about the same proportions, whereas in adult animals chondroitin sulfate A/C decreases in concentration or disappears. Changes in the relative proportions of chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate were also observed in most of the tissues. In rats, these changes occur in the first 25 days of extrauterine development. A great increase of chondoitin sulfate A/C was observed in human tumors of different origins when compared with the normal adjacent tissues. Changes in the relative proportions of chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate were also observed in most of the tumors analysed. The possible role of chondroitin sulfate A/C in cell division is discussed in view of the present findings.     

Changes in phospholipid composition of Thiobacillus neapolitanus during growth

Summary During the stationary growth phase, the phospholipids of Thiobacillus neapolitanus consisted of phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG), phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PME) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) in increasing amounts. In general, the phospholipids increased to a maximum concentration during the stationary phase and then decreased in concentration. Individually, PG and PE increased to a maximum in late lag or early exponential phase and then decreased in concentration. DPG and PME increased during the transition between the exponential and the stationary phase and reached a maximum concentration in the stationary phase. In older cultures, a quantitative interconversion between PG and DPG and PE and PME was observed. A lyso-phospholipid compound also appeared in the late stationary phase.The phospholipid composition of the culture supernatant fluid was essentially similar to that of the cells at all stages of growth. No excessive secretion of these products into the medium was observed at any growth stage of the culture.Abbreviations used PG Phosphatidyl glycerol - DPG Diphosphatidyl glycerol - PME Phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine - PE Phosphatidyl ethanolamine - GPGPG Glycerophosphoryl glycerophosphoryl glycerol - GPG Glycerophosphoryl glycerol - GPE Glycerophosphoryl ethanolamine - GPME Glycerophosphoryl-N-monomethylethanolamine     

Changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity in normal tissues of tumor-bearing mice during tumor growth.

The ornithine decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.17] activities in the liver and spleen of tumor-bearing mice increased remarkably, reaching a peak 4 to 6 days after inoculation of tumor cells. On the contrary, the enzyme activity in the kidney decreased during tumor growth and had almost disappeared on day 6 after tumor inoculation. Injection of cell-free tumor homogenate also raised the enzyme activities in the liver and spleen, but did not change the activity in the kidney. No increase in enzyme activity in the liver of mice was observed on injection of homogenates of normal tissues, such as liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle.     

Changes of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and mucopolysaccharidases during fetal development

The changes of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and mucopolysaccharidases during bovine fetal development were analyzed. It is shown that chondroitin sulfate C increases in concentration up to the 50th day of fetal development and then decreases progressively until its complete disappearance in most adult tissues. Likewise, hyaluronidase also reaches a peak on the 50th day and decreases in activity until its disappearance in adult tissues. On the other hand, heparitin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate B as well as beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase remain without significant changes during the whole period. The fetal chondroitin sulfate C is tissue specific with different molecular weights depending on the tissue of origin. Some properties of fetal muscle and brain hyaluronidase are also described. The possible role of chondroitin sulfate C and hyaluronidase in the processes of differentiation and division is discussed in view of the present findings.     

Changes in cell morphology and polyamine composition during growth of Campylobacter jejuni

Resting cells of Campylobacter jejuni were spherical whereas growing cells were mainly spiral. Content of cadaverine increased with the decrease in spherical forms prior to growth commencing but production of spermidine increased in early log phase. Cadaverine and spermidine are possibly involved in changes in cell morphology and growth, respectively.S. Suzuki is with the Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783, Japan; Y. Horikoshi and K. Takama are with the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041, Japan.     

Changes in growth performance and proximate composition in Japanese flounder during metamorphosis

Morphological changes are described in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae and juveniles with emphasis on growth during the period of metamorphosis. Ontogenetic changes in condition factor and lipid, glycogen and protein levels were also analysed to determine the utilization of stored energy. Fish grew from 6·6 to 20·3 mm L _T(1·15 to 84·4 mg in mass, M ) during the period from 11 to 40 days after hatching (DAH) at 19·3° C. Per cent specific growth rate per day (% G day⁻¹) for wet mass was lowest during the metamorphic phase (21–30 DAH) compared to pre‐(11–20 DAH) and post‐metamorphic (31–40 DAH) phases. When L _T and M were expressed as     , the b value was highest during the pre‐metamorphic phase and lowest during the metamorphic phase. These findings indicate that the developmental changes that occur during metamorphosis of Japanese flounder are closely related to the growth pattern. Moisture, lipid and glycogen contents were also at the lowest level during metamorphosis compared to pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis, which suggest that Japanese flounder use their energy reserves to accomplish metamorphosis due to an apparent decline in feeding during this period.     

Changes in the biochemical composition of tissues in Juvenile Sea bass during forced starvation

The effects of starvation on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fingerlings (initial average weight 9.5 g) at 19° in sea water were studied. Fish start to die on day 19. Proximate analysis shows that water content increases with starvation time whereas protein and lipid contents decrease. After an initial decline, nitrogen excretion remains stable from day 2 to day 14. Starvation resulted in a reduction of liver, muscle and digestive tract lipids, mainly the triglycerides which are significantly reduced within the first week of starvation. The influence of water temperature on these changes is discussed.     

Interactions of sulfated mucopolysaccharides with lectins. Application to the separation of mucopolysaccharide mixtures.

The interaction of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and lectins has been studied by determining the amount of precipitate formed when mucopolysaccharides are added to a solution of concanavalin A or a partially purified lectin preparation from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The amount of insoluble complex obtained when a given mucopolysaccharide is added to a solution of partially purified red kidney bean preparation is pH dependent. The reaction of concanavalin A and heparin has also been studied by adding increasing amounts of mucopolysaccharide to a fixed amount of lectin. This interaction results in the development of a precipitin-like curve and leads to the isolation of a heparin fraction which has been found to be more reactive with respect to formation of a precipitate than the original heparin preparation. Monosaccharides such as α-methyl-d-mannopyranoside and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine which are known to bind specifically to the lectin, greatly inhibit precipitate formation. The interactions between sulfated mucopolysaccharides and lectins have been used to isolate various sulfated mucopolysaccharides.     

Changes in protein patterns during growth ofVigna unguiculata (L.) WALP. callus tissues

Alterations in protein pattern were observed in the callus tissues ofVigna unguiculata (L) Walp. up to tenth passage from its initiation. A gradual increase in quantity of protein was found up to sixth passage of culture. Decrease in the quantity of protein after eight months of culture might be correlated with the cytodifferentiation of the tissues. It has been recorded that with the initiation of morphogenesis there is an increase in the number and intensity of protein bands at the anionic end of the polyacrylamide gel.     

Changes in cellular composition during magnesium deficiency.

1. Concentrations and compositions of liver, serum and milk lipids of cows were measured during 6 days' starvation and serum lipids during 60 days' re-feeding. 2. The concentration of free fatty acid in serum increased fivefold during starvation. 3. The content of total lipid in liver (g/100g of liver dry matter) doubled owing to a 20-fold increase in triglyceride, an eightfold increase in cholesterol ester, a three fold increase in free fatty acid and a 20% increase in cholesterol. There were no changes in the content or composition of liver phospholipids. 4. Starvation lowered the concentrations of total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol ester of dextran sulphate-precipitable serum lipoproteins. Total lipid and cholesterol ester concentrations in lipoproteins of d greater than 1.055 and in lipoproteins not precipitable by dextran sulphate decreased from day 4 of the starvation period and during the first 20 days' re-feeding. 5. During starvation there were decreases in percentages of stearic acid and increases in oleic acid in serum free fatty acids and triglycerides and in liver neutral lipid. 6. Throughout starvation total milk lipid yield decreased, yields and percentages of C4-14 fatty acids decreased and percentages of C18 fatty acids increased. 7. It is suggested that accumulation of triglyceride in liver may be caused by increased uptake of plasma free fatty acids without corresponding increase in lipoprotein secretion.