气候变化背景下我国东北三省农业气候资源变化特征

基于1961-2007年中国东北三省72个气象台站的气象资料,分析了东北三省全年及温度生长期内的平均气温、≥10 ℃积温、降水量、日照时数和参考作物蒸散量等农业气候资源的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,东北三省年均气温总体呈升高趋势,其气候倾向率为0.38 ℃·10 a^-1;温度生长期内≥10 ℃积温同样呈上升趋势,且积温带逐渐北移东扩,全区高于3200 ℃·d积温带面积增加了2.2×10⁴ km²,2800～3200 ℃·d积温带北移0.85°、东移0.67°,2400～2800 ℃·d积温带北移1.1°;东北三省年日照时数显著下降,且以松嫩平原东部、吉林省中西部平原、辽河平原西部的减少尤为明显,全区年日照时数高于2800 h的区域面积由13.6×10⁴ km²缩小到4.1×10⁴ km²,2600～2800 h的区域向西推进了1.5°;全区温度生长期内日照时数平均为1174 h,与1961-1980年相比,1981-2007年温度生长期内的日照时数高值区明显减少,日照时数1200～1400 h的区域向西推进了0.9°;1961-2007年间,研究区年降水量及温度生长期内降水量均呈下降趋势;黑龙江省全年参考作物蒸散量整体呈增加趋势,吉林省中西部平原区有所减小、东部山区呈增加趋势,辽宁省均呈减小趋势,与1961-1980年的年均值相比,1981-2007年年参考作物蒸散量高于900 mm区域向西推移了约1°;黑龙江省和吉林省绝大部分区域温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量逐年增加,而辽宁省绝大部分区域以小于14 mm·10 a^-1的幅度在减少.     

基于MODIS数据的天山区域地表温度时空特征

基于2001-2013年MODIS地表温度产品及TM影像遥感解译的土地利用类型数据,对天山区域地表温度时空特征进行分析.结果表明: 2001-2013年,研究区地表平均温度达1.73 ℃,呈东高西低的特点,西北部分地区的地表温度年际变化幅度明显高于其他地区,局部地区在0.55 ℃以上;地表温度呈逐年缓慢增加趋势,增加率为0.147 ℃·a^-1,季节性差异明显,冬季地表温度波动幅度较大,变异系数达12.7%,地表温度的差异白天大于夜晚,夏季明显高于其他季节;不同土地利用类型的地表温度之间存在差异,与对应像元的归一化植被指数之间存在不同的拟合效果.随着植被盖度的增加,林地、草地地表温度下降明显,归一化植被指数每下降0.1时,林地和草地的地表温度降幅为3.74、5.04 ℃;受人为活动影响较多的城镇用地和农地的地表温度与归一化植被指数之间的敏感性高于其他土地利用类型.     

基于MODIS数据的天山区域地表温度时空特征

基于2001-2013年MODIS地表温度产品及TM影像遥感解译的土地利用类型数据,对天山区域地表温度时空特征进行分析.结果表明: 2001-2013年,研究区地表平均温度达1.73 ℃,呈东高西低的特点,西北部分地区的地表温度年际变化幅度明显高于其他地区,局部地区在0.55 ℃以上;地表温度呈逐年缓慢增加趋势,增加率为0.147 ℃·a^-1,季节性差异明显,冬季地表温度波动幅度较大,变异系数达12.7%,地表温度的差异白天大于夜晚,夏季明显高于其他季节;不同土地利用类型的地表温度之间存在差异,与对应像元的归一化植被指数之间存在不同的拟合效果.随着植被盖度的增加,林地、草地地表温度下降明显,归一化植被指数每下降0.1时,林地和草地的地表温度降幅为3.74、5.04 ℃;受人为活动影响较多的城镇用地和农地的地表温度与归一化植被指数之间的敏感性高于其他土地利用类型.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅲ.西北干旱区农业气候资源时空变化特征

基于1961-2007年中国西北干旱区78个气象台站的气象资料,分析了西北干旱区全年、喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内热量、光照和水分的时空变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,西北干旱区年均气温呈上升趋势,其气候倾向率为0.35 ℃·(10 a)^-1;喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内积温总体呈升高趋势,其气候倾向率分别为67和50 ℃·d·(10 a)^-1;研究区大部站点的年日照时数呈明显下降趋势,除新疆大部地区和宁夏平原以东的喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内日照时数呈降低趋势外,其余地区均呈升高趋势;研究区大部地区的全年参考作物蒸散量呈下降趋势,而喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内的参考作物蒸散量则表现为研究区西部下降、东部上升.与1961-1980年相比,1981-2007年研究区大部地区全年及喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内的降水量呈增加趋势,其增幅的空间变化趋势均由西北向东南递减.     

玉龙雪山地区地表三维温度场时空变化分析

玉龙雪山属于海洋型冰川,对全球气候变化敏感,具有重要的生态研究价值。为了获取玉龙雪山地区的地表温度变化情况,提出了一种基于地表三维温度场的定量分析方法。首先,采用高分辨率立体测绘卫星影像构建数字表面模型,作为三维底图参考,并利用多时序热红外卫星影像数据反演地表温度场模型,提供地表温度变化依据;然后,在统一参考坐标系下将数字表面模型和多时序地表温度场模型套合,准确地分析地表温度时空变化情况。试验利用1987年至2018年间同一季节的Landsat卫星遥感影像反演地表温度,结合资源三号卫星立体影像构建的数字表面模型,并采用四阶温度区间分析多时序范围内玉龙雪山地区的地表温度变化情况。试验结果表明玉龙雪山低温区和次低温区面积逐渐减小,减小速度分别为2.096 km²/a和2.662 km²/a,中温区和暖温区面积逐渐增大,增大速度分别为2.902 km²/a和1.703km²/a,玉龙雪山地区的地表温度呈现整体上升的趋势,为全球生态环境变化提供参考。     

植被覆盖度对夏季降温效应的影响——以内蒙古为例

随着全球变暖的加剧,区域热环境问题日益凸显,植被的降温作用逐渐得到广泛关注。目前已有的研究多从样地尺度分析不同类型植被的降温效应。而区域尺度的研究多从定性的角度揭示地表温度与植被覆盖的关系,对评估植被的实际降温效应具有一定的局限性。以内蒙古为研究区,以MODIS地表温度数据为基础,采用近邻分析法,将森林、灌丛和草地的MODIS地表温度与相邻5km范围内的低覆盖地表作为对照,分析植被的降温效应以及植被覆盖度对降温效应的影响。从2015年7月地表温度平均值的结果来看,降温度数在蒙东、蒙中和蒙甘区均呈现森林>灌丛>草地。森林的降温范围在0.67-1.03℃,灌丛为0.60-0.95℃,草地为0.47-0.86℃。植被降温度数与植被覆盖度的回归拟合为对数分布,均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）。且在不同的植被覆盖度范围内植被降温效应具有显著差异,植被覆盖度水平较低时（<40%）,植被覆盖度的增加能更显著地降低地表温度。从整体来看,植被覆盖度每增加10%,森林降温0.12-0.39℃;灌丛降温0.1-0.2℃;草地降温0.049-0.075℃。综上,内蒙古作为全球气候变化最为敏感的区域之一,研究植被的夏季降温效应能够为内蒙古的气候调节服务评估提供重要的理论支撑及案例参考。     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅳ.黄淮海平原半湿润暖温麦-玉两熟灌溉农区农业气候资源时空变化特征

基于中国黄淮海平原半湿润暖温麦-玉两熟灌溉农区66个气象台站1961-2007年的气候资料,比较分析了该区域内1961-1980年和1981-2007年2个时段喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期长度以及温度生长期内的活动积温、日照时数、降水量、参考作物蒸散量和干燥度等农业气候资源的时空变化特征.结果表明： 随着气候变暖,与1961-1980年的平均状况相比,1981-2007年研究区域喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期均呈延长趋势,分别延长了7.4和6.9 d;≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温总体表现为增加趋势,其气候倾向率分别为4.0～137.0和1.0～142.0 ℃·d·(10 a)^-1;喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期日照时数均呈显著下降趋势;全区仅安徽省北部和河南省东南部喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内降水量呈增加趋势,其他地区均呈减少趋势,且以河北省、山东省北部的减幅最明显;全区大部分区域喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量呈下降趋势,干燥度呈增加趋势.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅱ.西南地区农业气候资源时空变化特征

基于1961—2007年中国西南地区88个气象台站的地面观测资料,结合统计方法和GIS软件,分析了全年及温度生长期内农业气候资源的时空变化特征.结果表明:1961—2007年,西南地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,平均增速为0.18℃.(10 a)-1;温度生长期内≥10℃和≥15℃积温均呈增加趋势,平均增速分别为55.3℃.d.(10 a)-1和37℃.d.(10a)-1.全区年日照时数呈现由西向东逐渐减少的特征,且东部的减少趋势较西部更显著;温度生长期内日照时数整体呈增加趋势,但空间差异较大.全区降水资源总体减少,年降水量和温度生长期内降水量的平均下降速率分别为10 mm.(10 a)-1和8 mm.(10 a)-1.全区年参考作物蒸散量普遍降低,其减幅小于年降水量的变化趋势,约53%的站点温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量减少.     

1982-2015年青藏高原植被变化的主导环境因子

近几十年中随着全球气候环境变化,青藏高原处于变暖变湿过程之中,植被生长发生了显著变化。基于卫星遥感归一化植被指数(NDVI),采用增强回归树模型(BRT)定量分析了1982—2015年影响青藏高原植被生长变化的主要环境因子的相对重要性。结果表明：(1)整个青藏高原生长季(6—9月份)空间平均NDVI和降水呈上升趋势(1.265×10^-4 a^-1和0.746 mm/a,P>0.05);温度和土壤湿度呈现显著增加趋势(0.048℃/a和3.954×10^-4 a^-1,P<0.01);向下短波辐射显著减小(-0.070 W m^-2 a^-1,P<0.01)。(2)青藏高原34.0%地区NDVI表现出显著增加趋势,主要分布在青藏高原北部大部分地区和西部部分区域;9.2%地区NDVI呈显著减小趋势,主要位于青藏高原东部地区。(3)土壤湿度、年均温、年降水和向下短波辐射分别解释了生长季NDVI变化的42%,19%,10%和9%。(4)土壤湿度、年均温、年...     

林草交错区植被动态变化及其影响因子——以中国东北大兴安岭为例

东北大兴安岭林草交错区对气候变化和人类活动高度敏感是我国重要的生态脆弱区,研究表征生态环境变化的植被指数时空变化及驱动因子是制定政策、改善生态环境的理论基础。基于此,利用遥感区域分析和地面实证分析对大兴安岭林草交错区的植被变化趋势及影响因子进行分析,并通过重要性指标定量阐述环境因子和人类活动因子影响的相对重要性。结果表明：1982-2015年的植被呈退化趋势（-0.02/10a）,最低温度、平均温度和最高温度均呈增温趋势分别为0.13℃/10a、0.16℃/10a和0.20℃/10a,而年平均降水量呈下降趋势（-16.3 mm/10a）。植被NDVI随云量的增加而降低（R=-0.21）,并且显著负相关占总面积的24.98%。NDVI随最低温度、平均温度和最高温度的增加而增加（R_TMN=0.01、R_TMN=0.02和R_TMN=0.04）。潜在蒸散对NDVI的影响存在差异,降水量在200-400 mm NDVI与潜在蒸散显著负相关（占总面积18.60%）,400 mm以上显著正相关且占总面积16.01%。降水量与NDVI正相关（R=0.03）,其中显著正相关占总面积的19.55%,显著负相关仅占总面积的5.31%。降水量是陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎左旗以及鄂温克族自治区西部植被（草地）的主导影响因子,云分量是东部林地的主导影响因子。此外,实证分析结果表明人类活动因子（家畜密度和开垦面积）对NDVI的解释率高于温度和降水,并且人类活动的平均重要性指标（VIP_{人类活动因子}=2.48）高于气候因子（VIP_气候因子=0.80）,气候因子中的降水解释率和重要性均高于温度。因此,气候变暖背景下,东北林草交错区气候呈变暖变干旱趋势,而人类活动因子对植被的影响作用不容忽视,合理调控农牧业是改善林草交错区植被生态系统稳定可持续的重要途径。     

The effect of ambient temperature on infrared thermographic images of joints in the distal forelimbs of healthy racehorses

The aim of the study was to describe the dependence on ambient temperature of distal joint temperature at the forelimbs of racehorses. The study also investigated the influence of differing ambient temperatures on the temperature difference between joints: this was measured ipsilaterally (i.e. between the carpal and fetlock joints along each forelimb) and contralaterally (i.e. between the same joints of the left and right forelimbs). Sixty-four healthy racehorses were monitored over 10 months. At each session, three thermographic images were taken of the dorsal, lateral and medial aspects of the distal forelimbs. Temperature measurements were made from regions of interest (ROIs) covering the carpal and fetlock joints. There was a strong correlation between ambient temperature and absolute joint temperature at all ROIs. The study also observed a moderate correlation between ambient temperature and the ipsilateral temperature differences between joints when measured from the medial and lateral aspects. No significant correlation was noted when measured dorsally. The mean contralateral temperature differences between joints were all close to 0 °C. The data support previous reports that the temperature distribution between the forelimbs of the healthy equine is generally symmetric, although some horses differ markedly from the average findings.     

Duration of larval and spawning periods inPagrus auratus (Sparidae) determined from otolith daily increments

Synopsis Counts of pre-metamorphic and post-metamorphic daily increments in the sagittae of settled juvenilePagrus auratus were used to determine duration of the larval period and to back-calculate spawning dates. The duration of the larval period was 18–32 days, and was longer for snapper spawned early in the spawning season, when water temperatures were low, than for snapper spawned later in the season when temperatures were high. Sagitta size at metamorphosis was unrelated to duration of the larval period or temperature, and mean increment width during the larval period increased with temperature. These results suggest that metamorphosis is size- rather than age-dependent. Back-calculated spawning dates ranged from September to March, and peaked in November-January. Maximum spawning season duration was five months. Spawning onset was earlier when spring water temperature was higher than normal, and first spawning occurred at 14.8–15.6 °C over three seasons, indicating that spawning onset is temperature-dependent.     

城市扩张过程中不透水面空间格局演变及其对地表温度的影响——以乌鲁木齐市为例

伴随着城市热岛问题的日益显现,关于不透水面与地表温度的关系研究成为热点。在遥感技术的支持下,以乌鲁木齐市主城区为研究对象,从不透水面出发,分别对不透水面类型、变化强度进行研究,探讨不透水面的时空变化特征。引入景观生态学理论,分析不透水面景观类型的空间格局及规律。以反演的地表温度为基础,分析了不透水面相关变量与地表温度的关系。结论如下:(1)研究区不透水面指数主要集中在0.3—0.7之间,占总面积的90%以上;(2) 2000年以来,15.89%的区域不透水面指数连年下降,分布在主城区,20.07%的区域不透水面指数连年上升,分布在城市的郊区,增长区域的幅度主要集中在10%以下;(3)不透水面的景观类型多样性减弱,以中、高覆盖区为主,其中高覆盖区的聚集指数最高,高达87.71,不透水面类型斑块形状由复杂向规则化推移;(4)研究区地表温度,增温明显,2000年地表温度均值25.94℃,2016年地表温度的平均值高达35.51℃;(5)不透水面对地表温度影响,存在阶段性、正负相关的交替性特征,整体表现为"M"形状;(6)不透水面类型面积百分比、不透水面类型景观指数对地表温度的影响相对复杂、差异明显,不能从单一的不透水面覆盖分析对地表温度的影响。     

Implications of acute temperature and salinity tolerance thresholds for the persistence of intertidal invertebrate populations experiencing climate change

To predict whether populations of marine animals will persist in the face of changing climate conditions, it is informative to understand how past climate conditions have shaped present‐day tolerance thresholds. We examined 4 species of intertidal invertebrates (Nucella lamellosa, Littorina scutulata, Littorina sitkana, and Balanus glandula) inhabiting the coasts of Vancouver Island, Canada, where the east coast experiences historically warmer sea surface temperature (SST), warmer low tide (i.e., emersion) rock surface temperature (RST), and lower sea surface salinity (SSS) than the west coast. To determine if east coast populations have higher tolerance thresholds to acute stress than west coast populations, animals from 3 sites per coast were exposed to stressful temperatures and salinities in common garden experiments. Emersion temperature tolerance differed between populations only in N. lamellosa and B. glandula, tolerance thresholds being 1.4–1.5°C higher on the east coast. Water temperature tolerance differed between populations only in B. glandula and L. scutulata but was highest on the west coast. No differences in salinity tolerance were observed within any species. Thus, there is limited evidence of divergence among east and west coast populations in tolerance of acute stress despite the substantial historical differences in extreme temperature and salinity conditions between coasts. However, based on present‐day summertime SST and RST and known rates of change in these parameters, we predict present‐day tolerance thresholds would be sufficient to allow adults of these populations to tolerate extreme temperatures predicted for the next several hundred years, and that even a slow rate of change in acute tolerance thresholds might suffice to keep up with future temperature extremes.     

THERMAL INFRARED RADIATION FROM FREE LIVING WHALES

As part of a search for new detection techniques, and for obtaining information on whale surface temperatures, an Agema Thermovision 880 thermal imaging system was used to detect thermal infrared radiation from whales. The study took place along the northern coast of Norway and the northwest coast of Svalbard (68° to 80° N latitude). The emphasis of the study was on minke whales, but humpback, fin, blue and sperm whales were also observed. The apparent radiation temperature was strongly dependent on sea conditions, signal angle, and atmospheric interference; detection depended thus upon weather. During the study, sea surface temperatures varied as much as 7°C but the sea and minke whale body trunk surfaces were usually within 0.0° to 0.1°C of each other. The other species observed had temperature differences of 0.0° to 1.0°C relative to the sea surface. Temperature differences between sea water and whale appendages ranged from 0.0° to 6.0°C. The indicated maximum difference between sea water and blow (i.e., expired air) was 4.0°;C, while the maximum difference for the blowhole was 4.1°C. The results from all whales observed support the belief that the main body trunk is normally not a heat window, this function being reserved for the appendages. However, the results also indicate a regulated dermal blood flow determining heat loss from the body trunk. Detection of whales by thermal infrared radiation from the body trunk appears unreliable; in contrast, the blow and blowhole provided a consistent positive signal with apparent temperature differences to the surroundings ranging from 0.2° to 4.1°C.     

Surface temperatures of growing pigs in relation to the duration of acclimation to air temperature or draught

The aim of this work was to study to what extent surface temperatures of growing pigs are altered during acclimation to a change of the air temperature and to exposure to draught.

4 groups of 10 pigs (Large White × Dutch Landrace) of approximately 10 weeks old were used. They were housed in 2 calorimeters with 2 pens each. In the reference chamber air temperature was kept constant at 25°C, in the other chamber air temperature could be lowered to 15°C, and a draught was also applied. Surface temperatures of the pigs were measured by means of Probey® Thermal Video System, with an accuracy of ±0.3°C.

Surface temperatures of growing pigs were obviously related to air temperature, draught and the duration of food withdrawal. Acclimation to air temperature or draught as measured by surface temperatures was not observed between days, but within and between night periods.

Also indications of huddling, vasocontriction and even cold-induced vasodilatation within the neck, chest and abdomen region of the pigs' body surface were observed.     

三江平原水田景观对局地热环境的影响

水稻是重要粮食作物之一,水稻田灌溉导致其下垫面性质独特,具有"冷湿效应",进而直接影响区域气候。基于Landsat8 TIRS热红外遥感数据反演地表温度,刻画三江平原水田种植核心区的热环境空间格局,以景观生态学格局-过程理论为视角,量化水田景观格局对水田内部地表温度分异的影响,以及对周边区域热环境的影响范围及幅度。结果表明：（1）与水田、旱田空间分布相对应,研究区地表温度具有空间极化特点,水田与旱田平均地表温差为-7.8℃。（2）水田内部的平均地表温度与水田斑块大小、连通性呈负相关,与形状呈正相关。（3）水田对周边降温距离为60-300m,降温幅度为0.05-9.7℃。其中,水田内部温度场对降温距离和幅度的影响最大,呈负相关;水田斑块大小、内部连通性与降温距离及幅度之间为正向相关,而水田形状的影响最弱。研究从水田与周边地表热环境交互影响的角度,强调了物质、能量横向传输的非线性过程在农田灌溉的气候效应研究中的重要作用。     

基于遥感的夏季西安城市公园"冷效应"研究

城市公园景观作为城市绿洲区对城市生态环境特别是局地热环境的调节和改善起着极其重要的作用.以热红外遥感数据为信息源,以遥感定量反演和地理信息空间分析技术为支撑,对西安市城区7个主要公园对周边区域热环境的降温效应进行了研究.结果表明:降温幅度(△T)与远离公园的距离(L)两者间呈现非线性的关系特征;不同形态参数的公园对其周边区域的热环境影响不同,公园降温范围与公园绿地面积和水体面积呈现较强的正相关关系;公园水体面积比例≥30％时,其平均降温影响范围和降温幅度均高于水体面积比例低于30％的公园.因此,城市公园建设,不仅要考虑公园面积和形状,亦要考虑水体比例,一般说来,水体面积占公园面积30％以上为佳.基于热红外遥感数据对城市公园影响周边区域的范围和强度进行了定量探讨,所得结论对指导城市公园的规划与建设具有实用价值和参考意义.     

中国热带静风区林缘水平热力特征的初步分析

利用我国热静风区－西双版纳橡胶林西南向边缘１月的温度观测资料,探讨了昼间林缘区域热力特征及时空变化规律,结果表明,在林缘存在着明显的热力效应;对地面温度的影响深度可至林内约１３ｍ处,地面温度在林处４．５ｍ处达最高,气温则在林缘（０ｍ）出现最大;林缘附近热量的输送在数值和方向上存在较大差异,即林外热量从地面向空中输送;林内在午后与林外相反,热量由上（林冠）向下（地面）输送;林缘附近则在不同地点、不同