Litoribacillus peritrichatus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment of an amphioxus breeding zone in Qingdao, China

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile, short rod-shaped bacterium with peritrichous flagella, designated JYr12^T, was isolated from sediment of an amphioxus breeding zone in the coastal region of Qingdao, China. Strain JYr12^T was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. The organism was determined to contain C_16:0 (28.3 %) and C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c (34.8 %) as the major fatty acids and ubiquinone-8 (90 %) as the predominant isoprenoid ubiquinone. The polar lipids were found to consist of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unknown glycolipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 42.3 mol %. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain JYr12^T was placed in the class Gammaproteobacteria and shared ~91.20, 91.18, 91.01, 90.95, 90.80 and 90.40 % sequence similarities with representatives of the genus Thalassolituus, Nitrincola, Oceanospirillum, Marinobacterium, Marinomonas and Microbulbifer, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain JYr12^T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus within the Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Litoribacillus peritrichatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litoribacillus peritrichatus is JYr12^T (=CGMCC 1.10796^T = JCM17551^T).     

Description of Niveispirillum fermenti gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a fermentor in Taiwan,transfer of Azospirillum irakense (1989) as Niveispirillum irakense comb. nov., and reclassification of Azospirillum amazonense (1983) as Nitrospirillum amazonense gen. nov

A taxonomic study was carried out on a novel aerobic bacterial strain (designated CC-LY736^T) isolated from a fermentor in Taiwan. Cells of strain CC-LY736^T were Gram-stain negative, spiral-shaped and motile by means of a monopolar flagellum. Strain CC-LY736^T shared the greatest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Azospirillum irakense DSM 11586^T (97.2 %), Rhodocista centenaria JCM 21060^T (96.3 %) and Rhodocista pekingensis JCM 11669^T (96.1 %). The major fatty acids were C_16:0, C_16:1 ω5c, C_19:0 cyclo ω8c, C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c, C_16:0 3-OH and C_18:1 2-OH. The predominant polar lipids included phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and two unidentified glycolipids. The common major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10 and predominant polyamines were sym-homospermidine and putrescine. The DNA G+C content of strain CC-LY736^T was 67.6 ± 0.1 mol %. During phylogenetic analysis, strain CC-LY736^T formed a unique phyletic lineage associated with Rhodocista species. However, the combination of genetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data clearly indicated that strain CC-LY736^T was a novel representative of the family Rhodospirillaceae. Based on the polyphasic comparison, the name Niveispirillum fermenti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain of the type species is CC-LY736^T (= BCRC 80504^T = LMG 27263^T). In addition, the reclassifications of Azospirillum irakense as Niveispirillum irakense comb. nov. (type strain KBC1^T = ATCC 51182^T = BCRC 15764^T = CIP 103311^T), and Azospirillum amazonense as Nitrospirillum amazonense gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain Am14^T = ATCC 35119^T = BCRC 14279^T = DSM 3787^T) are proposed based on the polyphasic taxonomic data obtained in this study.     

Algivirga pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a Novel Agar-Degrading Marine Bacterium of the Family Flammeovirgaceae Isolated from Micronesia

An aerobic, Gram-negative, coccoid to short rod-shaped and non-flagellated marine bacterial strain S354^T was isolated from seawater of Micronesia. The strain was capable to degrade agar-forming slight depression into agar plate. Growth occurred at a temperature range of 12–44 °C, a pH range of 5–9, and a salinity range of 1–7 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that S354^T belongs to the family Flammeovirgaceae. The novel strain was most closely related to Limibacter armeniacum YM 11-185^T with similarity of 92.5 %. The DNA G+C content was 43.8 mol%. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C_15:0 and C_16:1 ω5c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was determined to be MK-7. Polar lipid profile of S354^T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown polar lipid, and unknown glycolipids. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic, biochemical, and physiological tests conducted in this study, S354^T is proposed to represent a type strain of a novel genus and species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of S354^T is registered in GenBank under the accession number JQ639084. The type of strain Algivirga pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov. is S354^T (=KCCM 90107^T=JCM 18326^T).     

Maricoccus atlantica gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from deep sea sediment of the Atlantic Ocean

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S10r2^T, which was isolated from the deep sea sediment of the Atlantic Ocean using oil-degrading enrichment. The bacterium was Gram-negative, oxidase positive and catalase negative, spherical in shape, and motile by polar flagella. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5–7 % and at temperatures of 10–41 °C. The isolate was capable of aesculin hydrolysis, but unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite or degrade Tween 80 or gelatine. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S10r2^T belonged to the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae, with highest sequence similarity to Thioalkalivibrio sulfidiphilus HL-EbGR7^T (90.9 % similarity). The principal fatty acids were Sum In Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c (29.9 %), C_18:1 ω9c (13.5 %), C_16:1 ω5c (12.3 %), C_12:03OH (6.8 %), C_18:1 ω5c (5.7 %) and C_16:0 (5.3 %). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 60.7 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-7 (25 %) and Q-8 (75 %). Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, glycolipid, three phospholipids and lipid were present. The strain was aerobic, non-phototrophic and non-chemolithoautotrophic. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S10r2^T represents a novel species within a novel genus, for which the name Maricoccus atlantica gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S10r2^T (=CGMCC NO.1.12317^T = LMG 27155^T = MCCC 1A09384^T).     

Roseivivax atlanticus sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S10s^T, which was isolated from the surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive, rod shaped and motile by subpolar flagella. The isolate was capable of gelatine hydrolysis but unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite or degrade Tween 80 or aesculin. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5–18 % (optimum, 2–12 %), at pH of 3–10 (optimum, 7) and at temperatures of 10–41 °C (optimum 28 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S10s^T belongs to the genus Roseivivax, with highest sequence similarity to Roseivivax halodurans JCM 10272^T (97.2 %), followed by Roseivivax isoporae LMG 25204^T (97.0 %); other species of genus Roseivivax shared 95.2–96.7 % sequence similarity. The DNA–DNA hybridization estimate values between strain 22II-S10s^T and the two type strains (R. halodurans JCM 10272^T and R. isoporae LMG 25204^T) were 22.00 and 21.40 %. The principal fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c) (67.4 %), C_18:0 (7.2 %), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c (7.1 %), C_18:1 ω7c 11-methyl (6.8 %) and C_16:0 (5.9 %). The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid, a glycolipid and three phospholipids were present. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 67.5 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S10s^T represents a novel species within the genus Roseivivax, for which the name Roseivivax atlanticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S10s^T (= MCCC 1A09150^T = LMG 27156^T).     

Comamonas faecalis sp. nov., Isolated from Domestic Pig Feces

A new bacterial strain, designated as FF42^T, was isolated from feces of domestic pigs—collected from Suwon, Korea—and was characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Strain FF42^T was observed to be Gram negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, motile, and rod-shaped cells. Based on the phylogenetic and 16S rRNA sequence analyses, it was revealed that strain FF42^T belonged to the genus Comamonas. The highest degree of sequence similarities was determined to be with Comamonas zonglianii BF-3^T (96.3 %), Comamonas composti CC-YY287^T (96.1 %), and Comamonas nitrativorans 23310^T (95.9 %), while showing less than 95.6 % identity with the remaining Comamonas species. Growth of strain FF42^T occurred between 25 and 40 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and at pH of 5-9 (optimum, pH 6.0). It grew in the presence of 0–3 % (w/v) NaCl while minimally tolerating at 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Biochemical and physiological tests revealed phenotypic differentiation of strain FF42^T to other members of the genus Comamonas. The predominant quinone is ubiquinone (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were C_10:0 3OH, C_16:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/C_18:1 ω7c), all of which have previously been reported to occur in the species of the genus Comamonas. The G+C molar content for strain FF42^T is 60.2 mol %. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain FF42^T (=KEMC 1002-058^T=JCM 17561^T) is clearly referred to be a novel species for the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas faecalis sp. nov. is proposed.     

Deinococcus soli sp. nov., a Gamma-Radiation-Resistant Bacterium Isolated from Rice Field Soil

A Gram-negative, non-motile, short rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated N5^T, was isolated from a rice field soil in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the new isolate showed that strain N5^T belongs to the genus Deinococcus, family Deinococcaceae, showing the highest sequence similarity to Deinococcus grandis KACC 11979^T (98.4 %) and Deinococcus daejeonensis KCTC 13751^T (97.5 %). Strain N5^T exhibits resistance to gamma-radiation similar to that of other members of the genus Deinococcus, with a D₁₀ value in excess of 4 kGy. Chemotaxonomic data showed that the most abundant fatty acids are C_16:1 ω7c (25.25 %), C_15:1 ω6c (19.77 %), C_17:1 ω6c (11.87 %), and C_17:0 (9.41 %), and the major polar lipid is an unknown phosphoglycolipid. The predominant respiratory quinone is menaquinone MK-8. The DNA G+C content is 71.4 mol%. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic data support designation of strain N5^T as a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N5^T (=KCTC 33153^T = JCM 19176^T).     

Variibacter gotjawalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil of a lava forest

A novel bacterial strain designated GJW-30^T was isolated from soil of the lava forest, Gotjawal, located in Aewol, Jeju, Korea. Strain GJW-30^T was found to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative and to form pleomorphic, non-motile rods and white colonies on R2A agar. The major fatty acids were identified as C_18:1ω7c, C_16:0 and C_17:0, the predominant isoprenoid quinone as Q-10, the polar lipids as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The cell-wall sugar pattern of strain GJW-30^T was found to be composed of glucose, ribose and rhamnose and meso-DAP as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content of strain GJW-30^T is 62.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, showed that strain GJW-30^T forms a deep branch within the order Rhizobiales, sharing the highest level of sequence homology with Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum LMG 10732^T (93.6 %). On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain GJW-30^T is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Variibacter gotjawalensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (the type strain is GJW-30^T = KCTC 32391^T = CECT 8514^T = LMG 28093^T) is proposed.     

Nonhongiella spirulinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a cultivation pond of Spirulina platensis in Sanya, China

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile rod strain, designated Ma-20^T, was isolated from a pool of marine Spirulina platensis cultivation, Sanya, China, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomy study. Strain Ma-20^T can grow in the presence of 0.5–11 % (w/v) NaCl, 10–43 °C and pH 6–10, and grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.5–9.0 in natural seawater medium. The polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the major fatty acids were C_18:1ω6c/C_18:1ω7c (summed feature 8, 32.84 %), C_16:1ω6c/C_16:1ω7c (summed feature 3, 30.76 %), C_16:0 (13.54 %), C_12:03-OH (4.63 %), and C_12:0 (4.09 %). The DNA G+C content of strain Ma-20^T was 58 mol %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Ma-20^T belonging to Gammaproteobacteria, it shared 88.46–91.55 and 89.21–91.26 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains in genus Hahella and Marinobacter, respectively. In addition to the large 16S rRNA gene sequence difference, Ma-20^T can also be distinguished from the reference type strains Hahella ganghwensis FR1050^T and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus sp. 17^T by several phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic properties. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain Ma-20^T is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus in Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Nonhongiella spirulinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Ma-20^T (=KCTC 32221^T=LMG 27470^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pedobacter panacis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax ginseng</Emphasis> soil

A novel strain, DCY108^T was isolated from soil of a Panax ginseng field, Yeoncheon province (38°04′N 126°57′E), Republic of Korea. Strain DCY108^T is Gram-negative, non-motile, non-flagellate, rod-shaped, and aerobic. The bacterium grows optimally at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7.0 and 1 % NaCl. Phylogenetically, strain DCY108^T is closely related to Pedobacter jejuensis JCM 18824^T, Pedobacter aquatilis JCM 13454^T, Pedobacter kyungheensis LMG 26577^T and the type strain of the genus Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366^T. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DCY108^T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 30.0 %. The DNA G+C content of strain DCY108^T was determined to be 45.1 mol%. The predominant quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified aminolipids AL1, AL13 and AL17. Iso-C_15:00, iso-C_17:03OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids present in strain DCY108^T. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY108^T to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Pedobacter. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Pedobacter panacis sp. nov is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY108^T (=CCTCCAB 2015196^T = KCTC 42748^T).     

Albirhodobacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from sea shore water of Visakhapatnam, India

A novel marine, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain N9^T, was isolated from a water sample of the sea shore at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (India). Strain N9^T was found to be positive for oxidase and catalase activities. The fatty acids were found to be dominated by C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c and summed in feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c). Strain N9^T was determined to contain Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two aminophospholipids, two phospholipids and four unidentified lipids as polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain N9^T was found to be 63 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter johrii, Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus, Rhodobacter azotoformans, Rhodobacter ovatus and Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris were the nearest phylogenetic neighbours, with pair-wise sequence similarities of 95.43, 95.36, 94.24, 95.31, 95.60 and 94.74 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain N9^T formed a distinct branch within the family Rhodobacteraceae and clustered with the clade comprising species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, together with species of the genera Roseicitreum, Roseinatronobacter, Roseibaca and Rhodobaca. Species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter are phylogenetically close with a 16S rRNA gene sequence dissimilarity of 5.9–7.3 % (92.7–94.1 % similarity). Based on the above-mentioned phenotypic characteristics and on phylogenetic inference, strain N9^T is proposed as a representative of a new genus and a novel species of the family Rhodobacteraceae as Albirhodobacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Albirhodobacter marinus is N9 (= MTCC 11277^T = JCM 17680^T).     

Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Chloroethylenes Contaminated Soil

The strain designated as AB21^T was isolated from chloroethylenes contaminated soil. Cells are gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, and motile rods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that it belonged to the genus Rhizobium, and was closely related to Rhizobium sullae IS 123^T (97.4 %), Rhizobium yanglingense SH 22623^T (97.2 %), Rhizobium gallicum R 602sp^T (97.1 %), Rhizobium alamii GBV 016^T (97.0 %), and Rhizobium monogolense USDA 1844^T (97.0 %). It showed less than 97 % identity with the remaining Rhizobium species. This novel isolate grew optimally at 25–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 8.0). It grew in the presence of 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl, tolerating a 4 % (w/v) NaCl. DNA–DNA hybridization experiment shows less than 53 % binding with closely related Rhizobium. Predominant quinone is ubiquinone (Q-10). The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (composed of C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c, and C_16:0. The G+C molar content is 62.5 mol%. Based on the polyphasic analysis, strain AB21^T is referred to be a novel species of the genus Rhizobium for which the name Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AB21^T (=KEMC 224-056^T = JCM 17536^T).     

Ochrovirga pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., A Novel Agar-Lytic Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated From A Seaweed

A strain designated as S85^T was isolated from a seaweed collected from coastal area of Chuuk State in Micronesia. The strain was gram-negative, rod-shaped, and non-motile and formed yellow colonies on the SWY agar (0.2 % yeast extract and 1.5 % agar in seawater) and Marine agar 2216. The strain grew at pH 5–9 (optimum, pH 8), at 15–40 °C (optimum, 25–28 °C), and with 1–9 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain S85^T was related to Lutibacter litoralis CL-TF09^T and Maritimimonas rapanae A31^T with 91.4 % and with 90.5 % similarity, respectively. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH and iso-C_17:0 3-OH, C_16:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH). The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 34.6 mol %. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown glycolipid and two unknown polar lipids. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic data, strain S85^T stands for a novel species of a new genus, and we propose the name Ochrovirga pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of O. pacifica is S85^T (=KCCM 90106 =JCM 18327^T).     

Salinicola peritrichatus sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment

A Gram stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, strain DY22^T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment collected from the east Pacific Ocean. The isolate was found to grow in the presence of 0–20.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 4.5–8.5; optimum growth was observed with 0.5–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 5.0–7.0. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed the presence of ubiquinone-9 as predominant respiratory quinone and C_16:0, C_19:0 ω8c cyclo and C_12:0 3-OH as major cellular fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 59.6 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Salinicola. Strain DY22^T exhibited the closest phylogenetic affinity to the type strain of Salinicola salarius with 97.2 % sequence similarity and less than 97 % sequence similarity with respect to other Salinicola species with validly published names. The DNA–DNA reassociation values between strain DY22^T and S. salarius DSM 18044^T was 52 ± 4 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain DY22^T represents a novel species of the genus Salinicola, for which the name Salinicola peritrichatus sp. nov. (type strain DY22^T = CGMCC 1.12381^T = JCM 18795^T) is proposed.     

Euryhalocaulis caribicus gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Members of the Family Hyphomonadaceae Isolated from the Caribbean Sea

A new aerobic, Gram-negative, chemo-organotrophic, euryhaline bacterium, designated strain JL2009^T, was isolated from surface water of the Caribbean Sea. The strain formed flaxen colonies on marine ager 2216 (MA; Difco) medium. Cells were dimorphic, with stalks or a polar flagellum, and reproduction occurred by means of binary fission. Growth occurred at 15–45 °C (optimum at 35 °C), 0–15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 1–10 %) and pH 5–9 (optimum at pH 7–8). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain formed a distinct evolutionary lineage within the family Hyphomonadaceae. Strain JL2009^T was most closely related to Maricaulis parjimensis MCS 25^T (92.2 % DNA sequence similarity), Woodsholea maritime CM2243^T (90.9 %), and Oceanicaulis alexandrii C116-18^T (90.9 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c), C_18:0 and 11-methyl C_18:1 ω7c. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of phospholipid, phosphatidyl glycerol and glycolipids. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 70.5 mol%. On the basis of the chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics and the phylogenetic evidence, strain JL2009^T represents a novel genus and species in the family Hyphomonadaceae, for which the name Euryhalocaulis caribicus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Euryhalocaulis caribicus is JL2009^T (=CGMCC 1.12036^T = JCM 18163^T).     

Desulfovibrio oceani subsp. oceani sp. nov., subsp. nov. and Desulfovibrio oceani subsp. galateae subsp. nov., novel sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from the oxygen minimum zone off the coast of Peru

Two deltaproteobacterial sulfate reducers, designated strain I.8.1^T and I.9.1^T, were isolated from the oxygen minimum zone water column off the coast of Peru at 400 and 500 m water depth. The strains were Gram-negative, vibrio-shaped and motile. Both strains were psychrotolerant, grew optimally at 20°C at pH 7.0–8.0 and at 2.5–3.5% NaCl (w/v). The strains grew by utilizing hydrogen/acetate, C_3–4 fatty acids, amino acids and glycerol as electron acceptors for sulfate reduction. Fumarate, lactate and pyruvate supported fermentative growth. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate and taurin supported growth as electron acceptors. Both strains were catalase-positive and highly oxygen-tolerant, surviving 24 days of exposure to atmospheric concentrations. MK6 was the only respiratory quinone. The most prominent cellular fatty acid was iso-17:1-ω9c (18%) for strain I.8.1^T and iso-17:0-ω9c (14%) for strain I.9.1^T. The G+C contents of their genomic DNA were 45–46 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and dsrAB gene sequences showed that both strains belong to the genus Desulfovibrio. Desulfovibrio acrylicus DSM 10141^T and Desulfovibrio marinisediminis JCM 14577^T represented their closest validly described relatives with pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 98–99%. The level of DNA-DNA hybridization between strains I.8.1^T and I.9.1^T was 30–38%. The two strains shared 10–26% DNA-DNA relatedness with D. acrylicus. Based on a polyphasic investigation it is proposed that strains I.8.1^T and I.9.1^T represent a novel species for which the name Desulfovibrio oceani sp. nov. is proposed with the two subspecies D. oceani subsp. oceani (type strain, I.8.1^T = DSM 21390^T = JCM 15970^T) and D. oceani subsp. galateae (type strain, I.9.1^T = DSM 21391^T = JCM 15971^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Viridibacterium curvum</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from freshwater

A Gram stain-negative, yellowish green-pigmented, facultatively anaerobic, motile, curved rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain JJ016^T was isolated from an artificial lake in South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ016^T indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Rhodocyclaceae and exhibited 95.0% identity to Uliginosibacterium gangwonense 5YN10-9^T. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c), C_16:0, C_14:0, and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). The DNA G+C content of strain JJ016^T was 61.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone and major polar lipid of strain JJ016^T were ubiquinone-8 and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and the biochemical evidence presented, we concluded that strain JJ016^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodocyclaceae, for which the name Viridibacterium curvum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JJ016^T (=KACC 16899^T =JCM 18715^T).     

Paracoccus siganidrum sp. nov., isolated from fish gastrointestinal tract

A bacterial strain, designated M26^T, was isolated from a fish gastrointestinal tract, collected from Zhanjiang Port, South China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain M26^T belongs to the subclass α-Proteobacteria, being related to the genus Paracoccus, and sharing highest sequence similarity with Paracoccus alcaliphilus JCM 7364^T (98.1 %), Paracoccus huijuniae FLN-7^T (97.3 %), Paracoccus stylophorae KTW-16^T (97.1 %) and Paracoccus seriniphilus DSM 14827^T (96.9 %). The major quinone was determined to be ubiquinone Q-10, with Q-9 and Q-8 as minor components. The major fatty acid was identified as C_18:1ω7c, with smaller amounts of C_18:0 and C_16:0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 64.3 mol%. The DNA hybridization value between strain M26^T and the most closely related type strain, P. alcaliphilus, was 29.0 ± 1.0 %. The results of physiological and biochemical tests and low DNA–DNA relatedness showed that the strain could be readily distinguished from closely related species. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, strain M26^T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus siganidrum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M26^T (=CCTCC AB 2012865^T = DSM 26381^T).     

Sphingomonas ginsenosidivorax sp. nov., with the ability to transform ginsenosides

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated KHI67^T was isolated from sediment of the Gapcheon River in South Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain KHI67^T was observed to grow optimally at 25–30 °C and at pH 7.0 on nutrient and R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain KHI67^T was shown to belong to the family Sphingomonadaceae and was related to Sphingomonas faeni MA-olki^T (97.6 % sequence similarity), Sphingomonas aerolata NW12^T (97.5 %) and Sphingomonas aurantiaca MA101b^T (97.3 %). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 65.6 %. The major ubiquinone was found to be Q-10, the major polyamine was identified as homospermidine and the major fatty acids identified were summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c; 37.0 %), C_16:0 (13.0 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c; 12.8 %) and C_14:0 2OH (9.3 %). DNA and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain KHI67^T to the genus Sphingomonas. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain KHI67^T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 15 %. Strain KHI67^T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognised species of the genus Sphingomonas. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas ginsenosidivorax sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain KHI67^T (=KACC 14951^T = JCM 17076^T = LMG 25801^T).     

Pseudomonas oryzae sp. nov. isolated from a paddy soil in South China

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped and motile with several polar flagellums bacterium, designated WM-3^T, was isolated from a rice paddy soil in South China. Growth occurred with 0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.0 %), at pH 5.5–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and at 25–42 °C (optimum 30–37 °C) in liquid Reasoner’s 2A medium. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene sequences revealed that strain WM-3^T was most closely related to the type strains of the species Pseudomonas linyingensis and Pseudomonas sagittaria. Its sequence similarities with P. linyingensis CGMCC 1.10701^T and P. sagittaria JCM 18195^T were 97.4 and 97.3 %, respectively, for 16S rRNA gene, and were 94.1 and 94.2 %, respectively, for gyrB gene. DNA–DNA hybridization between strain WM-3^T and these two type strains showed relatedness of 35.6 and 30.9 %, respectively. G+C content of genomic DNA was 69.4 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acids mainly consisted of C_16:0 (30.0 %), C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c (19.3 %) and C_18:1 ω6c and/or C_18:1 ω7c (16.3 %). The results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that strain WM-3^T belongs to genus Pseudomonas but represents a novel species, for which the name Pseudomonas oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WM-3^T (=KCTC 32247^T =CGMCC 1.12417^T).