濒危植物云南金钱械对光、水环境的适应性

以云南金钱槭（Dipteronia dyerana）扦插苗为材料进行温室不同光照、水分供应分组试验,结果表明：高水和强光环境均导致云南金钱槭总叶绿素含量减少,Chla／b增加;强光下通过叶面积和比叶质量的增加弥补捕光色素复合体Ⅱ（LHCⅡ）活性的降低,避免强光损害;干旱和弱光环境导致PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率下降,干旱时单叶面积显著减少,弱光下则比叶面积下降。认为干旱是云南金钱槭分布的主要限制因素,不适应弱光进一步导致云南金钱槭濒危。保护时应注意对生境的适度干扰,减缓群落自然演替。     

濒危植物云南金钱槭对光、水环境的适应性

以云南金钱槭(Dipteronia dyerana)扦插苗为材料进行温室不同光照、水分供应分组试验,结果表明:高水和强光环境均导致云南金钱槭总叶绿素含量减少,Chl a/b增加;强光下通过叶面积和比叶质量的增加弥补捕光色素复合体Ⅱ(LHCⅡ)活性的降低,避免强光损害;干旱和弱光环境导致PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率下降,干旱时单叶面积显著减少,弱光下则比叶面积下降.认为干旱是云南金钱槭分布的主要限制因素,不适应弱光进一步导致云南金钱槭濒危.保护时应注意对生境的适度干扰,减缓群落自然演替.     

山西五鹿山植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

采用典型取样法,沿海拔梯度对五鹿山自然植被进行调查。结果表明：五鹿山主要群落类型为辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)群落、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 群落、茶条槭(Acer ginnala) 群落、白皮松(Pinus bungeana)群落、暴马丁香-茶条槭（Syringa reticulate-Acer ginnala）群落和白桦(Betula platyphylla)群落。其中,辽东栎群落略占优势,这可能暗示着该地区植被具有继续向暖温带落叶阔叶林演替的倾向。各层次植物物种丰富度呈现出草本层>灌木层>乔木层特征,Shannon Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数整体规律为草本层>灌木层>乔木层。以五鹿山森林群落不同层次的各种物种多样性指数和森林群落总体重要值为测度指标,均暗示着五鹿山植被演替正处于亚顶极群落阶段。五鹿山植物多样性沿海拔梯度呈现出近似中海拔高的单峰格局,这是由于植物物种多样性受温度、湿度、人为等因素干扰。     

茂兰喀斯特森林梓叶槭种群结构与数量动态

梓叶槭是中国特有的珍稀濒危树种,国家二级保护植物,为了明确梓叶槭种群的结构特征及其种群生存现状,该研究在黔、桂交界处的茂兰国家级喀斯特森林自然保护区选取典型森林群落,应用每木调查法从梓叶槭高度（H）、径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和寿命期望等方面分析梓叶槭种群结构及其数量动态规律,为退化喀斯特森林生态系统的恢复重建提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）茂兰喀斯特森林中梓叶槭在群落中的重要值较低 ［槽谷(0.255),漏斗(0.243),坡地(0.188）］为非优势种。（2）梓叶槭种群主要分布在槽谷森林、漏斗森林和坡地森林等3种不同地形部位的群落类型中,在槽谷森林中分布数量最多,其次是漏斗森林,坡地森林中长势较差且数量最少。（3）梓叶槭在不同生境均严重缺乏Ⅰ径级 ［胸径（DBH） < 2.5 cm,H < 33 cm］ 个体,但Ⅱ径级（DBH < 2.5 cm,H = 33 cm）个体占较大的比例,中、大径个体较少,表现为稳定型种群。（4）不同生境梓叶槭种群存活数（除Ⅰ径级）随着径级增加而降低,死亡率（q_x）和致死力（K_x）曲线大致呈上升趋势,生命期望单调下降,且Ⅰ径级在不同生境的死亡率均为负数,说明其幼苗严重不足,存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ型。研究认为,茂兰喀斯特森林中梓叶槭种群幼苗在发育过程中死亡率较高,而且受到的种间竞争较为激烈,加之茂兰喀斯特生境的严酷性和土壤营养空间缺乏,造成梓叶槭生长速度缓慢,故梓叶槭种群的衰退与严酷的喀斯特生境、人为干扰有关。     

历山森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

采用多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数对山西历山森林群落物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为：青榨槭＋五角枫林>青榨槭＋鹅耳枥林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>华山松＋红桦林>油松＋栎林>白桦林>侧柏＋栓皮栎林>红桦林>华山松林>侧柏林>油松林>红桦＋山杨林;森林群落灌木层多样性指数和丰富度指数大于草本层和乔木层,而均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;海拔1 000～1 920 m之间,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill多样性指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈正相关(P<0.05),海拔大于1 920 m则呈现负相关;这些指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈现出“中间高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上物种多样性高而低海拔和高海拔物种多样性低.这主要是由于在中海拔（约1 900 m）地段水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致.     

湖北赛武当国家级自然保护区金钱槭(Dipteronia sinensis)种群的数量动态

金钱槭(Dipteronia sinensis)是我国特有的珍稀植物。为探究其种群的数量动态变化规律, 以湖北赛武当自然保护区金钱槭种群为研究对象, 通过样地调查, 编制了金钱槭种群的静态生命表并绘制其存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线以及4个生存函数曲线, 同时结合种群年龄结构的数量变化动态和时间序列分析方法来探讨金钱槭种群的数量动态。研究表明: 1)金钱槭种群年龄结构存在一定的波动性, 其幼龄阶段的个体较多, 中龄次之, 成龄的个体数量最少; 种群的生存曲线更接近于DeeveyⅢ型。2)金钱槭种群的生存率呈现单调下降的趋势, 而累积死亡率呈现单调上升的趋势。3)金钱槭种群的死亡密度曲线和危险率曲线的走向相一致, 但是危险率的值都比死亡密度的值略大一些。4)时间序列分析显示金钱槭种群在3、6、9年后的数量预测中整体上呈现出小幅度增长的趋势, 并且种群动态指数>0, 表明金钱槭种群为增长型种群。研究结果为进一步保护金钱槭提供依据。     

金钱槭和云南金钱槭遗传多样性比较研究

金钱槭属(Dipteronia)是我国特有少种属,属下仅金钱槭(D. sinensis)和云南金钱槭(D. dyeriana)两种。该文用RAPD标记揭示了金钱槭的遗传多样性和遗传结构,并与云南金钱槭的RAPD研究结果进行了比较。同时,对两物种遗传距离与地理距离的相关性进行了分析,结果有助于阐释该属植物遗传变异的产生机制。研究显示,18条随机引物在17个金钱槭居群(226个个体)中检测到128个扩增位点,物种水平的多态位点比率为92.97%,在4个云南金钱槭居群(45个个体)中则检测到103个扩增位点,物种水平的多态位点比率为81.55%,金钱槭的多态位点比率高于云南金钱槭。相似性系数值、Shannon多样性指数和Nei基因多样性指数分析反映了与多态位点比率相一致的结果。AMOVA(Analysis of molecular variance)分析结果显示,金钱槭居群内、居群间的遗传变异分别占总变异量的56.89%和43.11%。云南金钱槭居群内、居群间的遗传变异分别占总变异量的57.86 %和42.14%。Shannon多样性指数、Nei基因多样性指数的分析结果与AMOVA分析结果趋势相同。上述特征值揭示,金钱槭和云南金钱槭居群间的遗传分化均已达到较高水平,推测居群间低水平的基因流可能是导致上述现象产生的原因之一。遗传距离与地理距离的相关分析结果显示,金钱槭居群间的遗传距离与经度差异存在极显著水平的相关性(p<0.01),云南金钱槭居群间的遗传距离与地理隔离则无显著相关关系。说明在大尺度上遗传距离与地理距离相关而在小范围内则无上述关系,该结果可能与位于不同分布区内的物种所承受的生境选择压力不同有关。建议在对该属植物进行就地保护时,应设立多个保护点,保护自然居群及其周围生境;在迁地保护时,应通过加大居群间种子和幼苗的交换,人为创造基因交流和重组的条件,保存该属植物的遗传多样性。     

择伐对吉林蛟河阔叶红松林群落结构及动态的影响

科学的森林经营能够优化林分结构,是调控森林生产力和生物多样性的有效手段。择伐作为森林经营的重要方式之一,其对森林结构以及群落动态的影响一直未有定论,因此迫切需要利用更加全面的数据对择伐及伐后林分特征的变化进行长期监测。根据森林大样地建立规范,2010年在吉林蛟河建立了42hm~2阔叶红松林动态监测样地,2011年冬季截取部分面积进行择伐经营,以经营样地为研究对象,运用数值变量描述采伐活动并分析择伐前后群落结构的变化;同时结合2015年的二次调查数据,以立地条件基本一致的对照样地为参照,比较林分水平和物种水平上死亡率、更新率的差异,并利用线性混合效应模型探究择伐活动对个体径向生长的影响。研究结果显示:经营样地的择伐强度为5.4%,受采伐干扰影响较大的物种主要包括色木槭、白牛槭、裂叶榆、胡桃楸、千金榆、水曲柳以及紫椴,采伐主要集中于林冠层树种,亚林层和灌木层个体很少涉及。择伐前后物种组成、径级结构等并未发生明显改变。5年间,经营样地和对照样地的林分密度都降低,对比对照样地,经营样地的死亡率较低,但其更新状况并未优于对照样地。从胸高断面积来看,经营样地整体的年平均生长量高于对照样地,表明择伐导致的稀疏对个体生长和存活起到了一定的促进作用。将采伐强度纳入线性混合效应模型中分析发现,胸径始终是影响个体生长的最重要因素,其次是树木个体之间的非对称竞争;采伐所涉及到的7个主要树种的年平均生长量均高于对照样地,但仅有紫椴的径向生长表现出对采伐干扰的显著响应。综合来看,低强度择伐对群落结构和动态的影响较小,不同物种的径向生长对择伐的响应存在一定差异。     

喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性环境解释与自然火干扰

以新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区未受人为干扰的泰加林火成演替森林群落为对象,基于160个样方及其自然火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用冗余分析方法,分析森林群落物种多样性与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系以及草本层、灌木层和乔木层物种多样性与群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明:喀纳斯泰加林群落草本层物种多样性受环境因子海拔、土壤含水量、土壤全氮含量、土壤温度和火干扰因子火烈度的影响较大;灌木层物种多样性受海拔、土壤含水量、土壤电导率和土壤有机质含量的影响较大;乔木层物种多样性受环境因子海拔、土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量和火干扰因子火烈度的影响较大。泰加林群落物种多样性除受环境因子海拔、土壤含水量和土壤有机质、全氮含量和火干扰因子火烈度的影响较大,草本和乔木层的相互作用和影响,对群落物种多样性起了决定性作用。喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性分布格局是由以海拔为主的多种因子综合作用的结果。     

百花山植物群落物种多样性研究

基于百花山50个样方的调查资料，从不同类型群落的物种多样性及其与海拔的关系等方面对百花山植被进行了分析，并且用DCA排序和海拔高程排序对物种多样性在环境梯度上的分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明：群落内不同生长型的物种丰富度指数在森林群落中大小顺序为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，灌丛群落主要表现为草本层﹥灌木层，只有荆条灌丛表现为灌木层＞草本层；Shannon-Wiener指数在山杨—华北落叶松群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,其他森林群落为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，在灌丛群落中主要表现为草本层＞灌木层，只有荆条灌丛表现为灌木层＞草本层；均匀度指数在灌丛群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层，在辽东栎林和山杨—华北落叶松林中表现为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层,而其他森林群落表现为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层。物种多样性在DCA第一轴排序和海拔高程梯度上都表现出单峰曲线变化趋势，但拟和效果的显著程度不同：丰富度和均匀度指数在海拔高程上曲线的拟和效果优于DCA环境梯度排序效果；而多样性指数则相反。     

Community Characteristics and Conservation Strategies of A Rare Species,Dipteronia dyeriana ( Aceraceae)

Rare plant Dipteronia dyeriana distributed on the Laojun Maintain in Wenshang, Yunnan, southwest of China, the mountain is located in south sub-tropics. D1 dyeriana was only found at the zone from 1800 m to 2200 m above sea level. The habitat of D1 dyeriana was cool and moist. D1 dyeriana was a heliophyte and did not grow well under forests. On the Laojun Mountain most of its individuals was in D1 dyeriana communities, some was in other shrubberies and a few was on the edge of forest communities. Disturbances played an important role in the formation and ex istence of the D1 dyeriana community. It should not result in extinction of D1 dyeriana that other trees were cut down in its distribution. Recovering of forests should result in decreasing the number of its individuals in the area. Clear- cutting for cultivation would be the most serious threat to D1dyeriana. To remain large population of D1 dyeriana disturbances were necessary.     

A comparison of the genetic diversity in Dipteronia sinensis Oliv. and Dipteronia dyeriana Henry

Dipteronia is an endemic genus to China and includes only two species, Dipteronia sinensis and D.dyeriana.Based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers,a comparative study of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Dipteronia was performed.In total,128 and 103 loci were detected in 17 D.sinensis populations and 4 D.dyeriana populations,respectively,using 18 random primers.These results showed that the proportions of polymorphic loci for the two species were 92.97% and 81.55%,respectively,indicating that the genetic diversity of D.sinensis was higher than that of D.dyeriana.Analysis,based on similarity coefficients,Shannon diversity index and Nei gene diversity index,also confirmed this result.AMOVA analysis demonstrated that the genetic variation of D.sinensis within and among populations accounted for 56.89% and 43.11% of the total variation,respectively,and that of D.dyeriana was 57.86% and 42.14%,respectively.The Shannon diversity index and Nei gene diversity index showed similar results.The abovementioned characteristics indicated that the genetic diversity levels of these two species were extremely similar and that the interpopulational genetic differentiation within both species was relatively high.Analysis of the genetic distance among populations also supported this conclusion.Low levels of interpopulational gene flow within both species were believed to be among the leading causes for the above-mentioned phenomenon.The correlation analysis between genetic and geographical distances showed the existence of a remarkably significant correlation between the genetic distance and the longitudinal difference among populations of D.sinensis (p＜0.01),while no significant correlation was found between genetic and geographical distances among populations of D.dyeriana.This indicated that genetic distance was correlated with geographical distances on a large scale rather than on a small scale.This result may be related to differences in the selection pressure on species by their habitats with different distribution ranges.We suggest that in situ conservation efforts should focus on establishing more sites to protect the natural populations and their habitats.Ex situ conservation efforts should focus on enhancing the exchange of seeds and seedlings among populations to facilitate gene exchange and recombination,and to help conserve genetic diversity.     

云南金钱槭果实、种子形态分化研究

对5个云南金钱槭(Dipteronia dyeriana Henry)天然居群的果实、种子形态进行研究.测量了果实和种子的长度、宽度、重量等12个表型性状指标.数据统计结果显示5个云南金钱槭居群按果实、种子大小进行排序为蒙自(MZ)>屏边(PB)>文山1(WSh1)>文山3(WSh3)>文山2(WSh2).表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在着一定程度的变异,其中居群间变异系数的平均值从0.064(果实整体形态,PL/PB)到0.197(种子重量,SW),相比之下果实整体形态最为稳定.居群间形态总体差异显著性配对t检验结果说明,多数居群间已产生较明显的形态分化.Ward聚类和相关分析结果都表明表型性状与生态因子、海拔高度之间存在着一定程度的相关性,多种生态因子的共同作用是导致果实、种子形态特征产生差异的主要原因.     

云南金钱槭形态变异与遗传变异的相关性研究

对我国特有珍稀濒危保护植物云南金钱槭的形态变异水平、遗传变异模式以及两者之间的相关性进行了研究。形态学性状分析结果表明 :各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从大到小排列为 :文山居群 (WSh)、屏边居群 (PB)、黑龙潭居群 (HL T)、蒙自居群 (MZ) ;文山居群与屏边、黑龙潭、蒙自居群间已产生显著或极显著水平的形态差异 ,而后三者间的差异未达显著水平。RAPD分析检测到 10 3个位点 ,其中多态位点 84个 ,云南金钱槭物种水平的多态位点比率为 81.5 5 % ,与其它珍稀濒危植物相比该种的遗传多样性水平不低。 AMOVA和 N ei基因多样性指数分析显示 ,尽管大部分遗传变异仍存在于居群内 (分别为5 7.86 %、5 7.33% ) ,但居群间的遗传变异已达较高水平 (分别为 4 2 .14 %、4 2 .6 7% )。相关分析结果显示 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异与海拔、土壤有机质等生态因子有着显著或极显著水平的相关性 ,但与遗传变异的相关性未达显著水平 ,说明云南金钱槭的形态变异虽然具有一定的遗传基础 ,但可塑性及环境压力对形态变异的产生作用更大一些。基于形态性状和 RAPD数据的聚类分析则进一步说明 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异受到环境因子的强烈影响而与遗传背景的关系不显著     

Diversity and ecological distribution of macrofungi in the Laojun Mountain region,southwestern China

Surveys of the macrofungi associated with eight different vegetation types in the Laojun Mountain region of southwestern China yielded approximately 520 species belonging to 175 genera. Species richness and diversity were highest in mixed conifer and broadleaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests. In typical forests of temperate regions of the world, there are five dominant genera of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi. The distribution patterns of species in these genera for the different vegetation types indicate that they are able to associate with a wide variety of different trees. Analysis of data for common macrofungal species and taxonomic similarity of the communities present in the eight vegetation types suggest that the greater the differences in the plant species that comprise the vegetation, the less similar are the common macrofungal species associated with the most common host plants. These same data also show that some species of macrofungi occur only in one or two vegetation types. There were 156 species of edible fungi recorded from the different vegetation types, and these fungi appear to be abundant in the Laojun Mountain region. At different positions along the elevation gradient, positive correlations existed with respect to the relationship between species richness and diversity, and the general trend was for macrofungal species richness and diversity to decrease with increasing elevation, with the numbers of species recorded being significantly lower at the very highest elevation. The relative dominance of certain taxa in the assemblage of species present was found to increase with increasing elevation, and variation in the evenness component of diversity was slight. As such, the differences in dominance and evenness were also not significant (P > 0.05). Macrofungal species richness was slightly more diverse on shaded slopes than on more exposed (sunny) slopes, and the differences in species diversity, dominance and evenness were relatively minor. This suggests that slope aspect may only weakly influence the distribution of macrofungal species in the Laojun Mountain region.     

云南老君山鼠类的垂直分布

1980年6月至8月,我们对云南老君山的鼠类进行了垂直分布的调查研究。现介绍如下。 自然概况 老君山位于云南省的剑川、丽江和兰坪三县交界处;北纬26°30′—26°52′,东经99°42′—100°26′。属于著名的横断山脉的云岭山系中的大山之一。最高峰海拔4,247m.,山麓(金坪)海拔2,500m.。山势南北走向,北高南低,有纵横交错的高山、山间峡     

Influence of overwinteringDaphnia on spring zooplankton communities: An experimental study

To evaluate the influence of overwintering individuals of zooplankton on spring zooplankton communities, the dynamics of zooplankton communities with or without overwintering individuals were observed in experimental ponds from fall to spring. An insecticide, carbaryl, was used to regulate the overwintering individuals. In ponds which received insecticide applications in November or January, all cladoceran and rotiferan species were eliminated by the treatments and did not reappear until late March or early April, even when the chemical disappeared rapidly. The low water temperature may delayed the establishment of the populations from resting eggs. In these ponds, populations of various cladoceran and rotiferan species, which seemed to be originated from resting eggs, were built up in the spring. In control ponds,Daphnia ambigua orD. longispina overwintered as juveniles and adults and established a large spring population earlier than other cladocerans and rotifers overwintering as resting eggs. The latter zooplankters did not increase in the spring probably because their growth was suppressed by the precedingDaphnia species through competition. In nature, even if the number of overwintering individuals is small, they may have a potential to build up a large population earlier than the individuals hatching from resting eggs. As a result, the species which have overwintered as individuals seem to predominate in the spring and have a large influence on the spring zooplankton community.     

The impact of physical disturbance on stream communities: lessons from road culverts

This study examined the impact of physical disturbance from long-established road culverts on stream macroinvertebrate communities. Three streams within a 6 km section of highway on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada, were sampled. Streams had the entire upstream watershed and at least 100 m downstream of the road with natural boreal forest/barren vegetation and all had, within the sampled reaches, similar physical streambed characteristics. The fauna on stones from riffles was sampled at two upstream and three downstream sites, i.e., from 50 m above to about 100 m below the road in each stream. A total of 33 taxa were identified among the streams, with differences limited to a few rare taxa. The sample site communities did not significantly differ from each other with respect to the taxa present. Total macroinvertebrate abundance by site, for combined data of all streams, indicated the site at the exit of culvert plunge pool (site 3) had significantly elevated abundances. Analysis of individual taxa showed this was primarily due to very high numbers of Simulium spp. The other most notable changes were a decrease in numbers of Hydropsyche spp. and Elmidae below the road. The abundances of the remaining taxa were more variable among all sites. The study indicated that long-standing point source physical disturbance primarily impacted taxa abundance rather than community present/absent data, which will recolonize the disturbed zone by downstream drift. The differences in abundance are probably the result of the cleaning of substrate by abrasion, movement of substrate and reduction of detritus during each spate. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon     

A mechanistic examination of diversity-stability relationships in annual plant communities

While recent theoretical work has demonstrated several mechanisms whereby more diverse communities can exhibit greater temporal stability, empirical examinations have been few and the subject of much debate. We show that the temporal stability of natural summer and winter annual plant communities, at spatial scales of 0.25 m² and 0.25 ha, tends to increase with community richness. Furthermore, more diverse communities exhibited greater stability because they contained a greater abundance of individuals (overyielding effect). Statistical averaging (the portfolio effect) and negative covariances between species (insurance and competition effects) did not enhance stability. Relationships between diversity and stability tended to be weak and were significant only at the smaller spatial scale. Because more diverse communities contained higher densities of individuals, the effect of diversity per se on stability was unclear and likely small. If overyielding is common in other ecological systems, the loss of individuals and biodiversity may often result in increased variation in ecological communities.