贵州远盲属蚯蚓一新种记述（单向蚓目：巨蚓科）

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓一新种,命名为陈氏远盲蚓Amynthas cheni sp.nov.。模式标本采于贵州省梵净山。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓一新种记述（单向蚓目：巨蚓科）

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓一新种,命名为陈氏远盲蚓Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓｃｈｅｎｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本采于贵州省梵净山。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓两新种记述(单向蚓目:巨蚓科)

记述了远盲蚓属蚯蚓两个新种,雅致远盲蚓Amynthas eleganis sp.nov.和大突远盲蚓Amynthas magnipapillata sp.nov.模式标本均采自贵州省梵净山。     

海南岛陆栖寡毛类二新种记述(寡毛纲:巨蚓科)

1982年采自海南岛尖峰岭热带原始森林的巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)远盲,属Amynthas蚯蚓二新种:双陷远盲蚓 Amynthas biconcavus sp.nov.和四突远盲蚓 Amynthas tetrapapillatus sp.nov.。文中采用的是Sims & Easton 1972和Easton 1979对环毛属Pheretima订正后的分属系统。     

福建省武夷山和梅花山远盲蚓属蚯蚓四新种及其与近缘物种的遗传关系

福建省武夷山和梅花山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带季风常绿阔叶林气候区,该区域物种多样性丰富,然而土壤动物蚯蚓的物种多样性研究相对较少。通过形态分类学方法和DNA条形码技术,本文报道在福建省武夷山和梅花山采集的巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)远盲蚓属(Amymthas)蚯蚓新物种4种:表土远盲蚓(A.epigenus Sun&Qiu,sp.nov.)、梅花山远盲蚓(A.meihuamontis Sun&Qiu,sp.nov.)、苔蘚远盲蚓(A.muscosus Sun&Jiang,sp.nov.)和腐土远盲蚓(A.humatalis Sun&Jiang,sp.nov.)。这4个新物种在Sims等(1972)的物种群中属于A.sieboldi-group,其受精囊孔均位于6/7~8/9节间。所有新种附形态学描述、图片以及与相似物种的形态学比较和提交至GenBank的条形码登记号。此外还通过在GenBank上同源性搜索,筛选出了与新物种亲缘关系较近的蚯蚓物种,并对其进行了遗传距离计算和分子系统发育关系的梳理。以上结果将福建省武夷山和梅花山国家级自然保护区记录的蚯蚓物种数由4种增加至8种。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓一新亚种记述(寡毛纲:巨蚓科)

本文报道了发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓一新亚种——双瓣远盲蚓梵净山新亚种Amynthas daulis fanjinmontis subsp.nov.模式标本保存于贵州科学院生物研究所动物标本室(贵阳)。     

3个采集于中国云南的远盲蚓属新物种(单向蚓目：巨蚓科)

本文报道在云南省西双版纳傣族自治州采集的巨蚓科Megascolecidae远盲蚓属Amynthas新物种3种:垫区远盲蚓A.pulvinatus SunQiu, sp. nov.、热带远盲蚓A.tropicus SunJiang, sp. nov.和裂缝远盲蚓A.hiatus SunQiu, sp. nov.。垫区远盲蚓无受精囊孔,属于A.illotus物种群,环带位于XIV～9/10XVI节,雄孔1对,位于一占据XVII～1/2XIX节的近方形垫状大突起上,前列腺退化,无受精囊。热带远盲蚓有1对受精囊孔,位于7/8,属于A.zebrus物种群。热带远盲蚓背孔起于5/6,雄孔1对,位于XVIII节腹侧两边垫状凸起上,其周围有3～4个白色较矮的圆形乳突,前列腺较发达,受精囊位于VIII节,坛囊圆形,坛管粗短,盲管末端1/2膨大为饱满的卵圆形纳精囊。裂缝远盲蚓有2对受精囊孔,位于7/8～8/9,属于A.aeruginosus物种群。雄孔1对,位于XVIII节腹侧两边,为1个较大的椭圆形腺区,中间1条横缝,椭圆形外侧有4圈呈锐角的皮肤褶皱,雄孔上、下方偏内侧位置,XVII节刚毛环下方和XIX节刚毛环上方各有1个凹陷的乳突,4个乳突和2个雄孔包围的矩形区域为一大片颜色略深的腺肿区,盲肠介于单式和复式之间,前列腺中等发达,受精囊位于VIII～IX节,坛囊呈饱满的心形,坛管粗短,约为坛囊的2/5长,盲管与主体等长,前端1/3膨大为饱满的卵圆形纳精囊。所有新种附形态学描述、图片、与相似物种的形态学比较和提交至NCBI的GenBank登录号。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓二新种：单向蚓目：巨蚓科

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓二个新种－少腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｍｅｉｏｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和簇腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中作者对新种的外部形态和内部构造进行了详细的描述,并与各自的相似种类进行了比较。二个新种的模式标本均于１９８８年５月采于贵州雷公自然保护区。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓二新种：单向蚓目：巨蚓科

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓二个新种－少腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｍｅｉｏｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和簇腺远盲蚓,新种Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓ ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中作者对新种的外部形态和内部构造进行了详细的描述,并与各自的相似种类进行了比较。二个新种的模式标本均于１９８８年５月采于贵州雷公自然保护区。     

远盲蚓属蚯蚓在中国的地理分布及其对水热条件的响应

我国是世界上远盲蚓属蚯蚓分布最多的国家,明确该属200余种蚯蚓在我国的地理分布和生态适应性对蚯蚓的生态功能研究具有重要意义。本文以历史资料记载的物种和本研究团队2006至2016年间实地调查获取的样本为研究对象,通过全面采集该属物种的地理分布信息,绘制了远盲蚓属蚯蚓在我国的分布图。此外,通过提取各分布点对应的生物气候数据,使用主成分分析的方法揭示了影响远盲蚓属蚯蚓在我国区系分布的气候因素。结果表明:(1)远盲蚓属蚯蚓在我国的分布现状主要受水分和温度的影响,在水分因子中,极端水分条件、水热是否同步和年降水量均同等重要,在温度因子中,影响程度由高到低为,极端温度、水热是否同步、平均温度;(2)水热条件较好的区域(例如,华南区)比水热条件相对短缺的区域(例如,华北区和西南区)更有利于远盲蚓属蚯蚓的分布。     

New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)

Four new species of terrestrial earthworms from the zebrus-group in the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867, are described from Nan province, north Thailand: Amynthas phatubensissp. n., from Tham Pha Tub Arboretum, Amynthas tontongsp. n., from Tontong Waterfall, Amynthas borealissp. n., from Chaloemprakiat district, and Amynthas srinansp. n., from Srinan National Park.After comparing with the two closely related Laos species Amynthas chandyi Hong, 2008 and Amynthas namphouinensis Hong, 2008, the four new species show clear morphological differences, and also it is confirmed that there are no previous records of the species described here. Amynthas phatubensissp. n. is the largest (longest) sized of these earthworms and is the only species that lives in limestone habitats. The genital characters are different among them and also from the two Laotian species. Molecular systematics would be a good method for further analysis of the diversity and species boundaries in SE Asian Amynthas.     

Two new Korean earthworms (Annelida,Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea,Megascolecidae)

Two Korean endemic pheretimoid Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 species belonging in family Megascolecidae s. stricto are sketched, dissected and described. Amynthas daeari Blakemore sp. n. has spermathecae in 6/7/8 complying with an Amynthas tokioensis spp-group, whilst Amynthas jinburi Blakemore sp. n. has spermathecal pores in 5 & 6 strictly complying with Sims and Easton’s (1972) Amynthas canaliculatus-group. A definitive COI gene barcode is provided for the holotype of Amynthas daeari but the age since collection or preservation of the Amynthas jinburi type in 2000 precluded its mtDNA extraction at this time.     

Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Taiwanese montane earthworm Amynthas wulinensis Tsai,Shen & Tsai, 2001 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae): Polytypic species or species complex?

Body size and colouration are two characters commonly used in the taxonomy of many animal taxa. However, they are seldom used by earthworm taxonomists because they are subject to environmental influences and tend to vary intraspecifically. In the present study, DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene are used to evaluate whether specimens of the megascolecid earthworm Amynthas wulinensis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001 that differ in body size and/or colouration belong to different genetic lineages. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons indicate that A. wulinensis in the previous broad sense is a species complex composed of three species differing in body size, colouration, and genital markings. Consequently, two new species, Amynthas lini and Amynthas meishanensis, are described. Taxonomic affinities of the A. wulinensis species complex are discussed, as is the feasibility of using body size and colouration in earthworm taxonomy.     

Phylogeographic analysis of invasive Asian earthworms (Amynthas) in the northeast United States

Phylogeographic studies are useful in reconstructing the history of species invasions, and in some instances can elucidate cryptic diversity of invading taxa. This can help in predicting or managing the spread of invasive species. Among terrestrial invasive species in North America, earthworms can have profound ecological effects. We are familiar with the centuries‐old invasions of European earthworms (Lumbricidae) and their impacts on nutrient cycling in soils. More recent invasions by Asian earthworms of the family Megascolecidae are less fully understood. We used data for two mitochondrial gene fragments, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA, to examine the relationships among populations of Asian earthworms in the megascolecid genus Amynthas in the northeast United States. Recent reports have indicated that one species in particular, Amynthas agrestis, is having detrimental effects in mixed forest ecosystems, and we were interested in understanding the invasion history for this species. We were surprised to discover three divergent mitochondrial lineages of Amynthas occurring sympatrically in upstate New York. Given the gap between intra‐ and inter‐lineage sequence divergences, we propose that these three lineages represent cryptic species of Amynthas, one of which is A. agrestis. For each of the three lineages of Amynthas, we observed shared haplotypes across broad geographic distances. This may reflect common origins for populations in each lineage, either by direct routes from native ranges or through post‐introduction spread by natural dispersal or human‐mediated transport within North America. Management efforts focused on horticultural imports from Asia, commercial nurseries within the USA, and on prohibition of bait disposal may help to reduce the further invasion success of Amynthas.     

Diurnal rhythm and effect of temperature on oxygen consumption in earthworms, Amynthas gracilis and Pontoscolex corethrurus

Different species of earthworms show distinct patterns of oxygen consumption pattern. Amynthas gracilis has a diurnal rhythm of oxygen consumption, consuming more oxygen at night, whether being incubated at 20, 25, or 30 degrees C. The higher oxygen consumption of A. gracilis is directly related to its behavior, as it shows higher activity at night. In contrast, Pontoscolex corethrurus showed no obvious diurnal rhythms of oxygen consumption or behavior. In addition, its oxygen demand is not related to temperature. A. gracilis has higher oxygen consumption than P. corethrurus at 20 and 30 degrees C. The difference in temperature adaptation of oxygen consumption between these two species may be a strategy by which earthworms adapt to different temperatures. This might explain why A. gracilis disperses on the soil surface at night after a rain, in contrast to P. corethrurus for which such behavior was not been observed.     

Role of diurnal rhythm of oxygen consumption in emergence from soil at night after heavy rain by earthworms

Abstract. Two species of earthworms were used to unravel why some earthworm species crawl out of the soil at night after heavy rain. Specimens of Amynthas gracilis , which show this behavior, were found to have poor tolerance to water immersion and a diurnal rhythm of oxygen consumption, using more oxygen at night than during the day. The other species, Pontoscolex corethrurus , survived longer under water and was never observed to crawl out of the soil after heavy rain; its oxygen consumption was not only lower than that of A. gracilis but also lacked a diurnal rhythm. Accordingly, we suggest that earthworms have at least two types of physical strategies to deal with water immersion and attendant oxygen depletion of the soil. The first is represented by A. gracilis ; they crawl out of the waterlogged soil, especially at night when their oxygen consumption increases. The other strategy, shown by P. corethrurus , allows the earthworms to survive at a lower concentration of oxygen due to lower consumption; these worms can therefore remain longer in oxygen-poor conditions, and never crawl out of the soil after heavy rain.     

Assessing Bioindication with Earthworms in An Intensively Farmed Rural Landscape (Yuanqiao and Daqiao Villages in Qianjiang Municipality,Located in Hubei Province,Subtropical China)

Earthworm species diversity, population density, biomass, age-structure, average individual weight, and pattern of distribution were studied in the agricultural landscape of two adjacent villages in Qianjiang Municipality located on the Jiang-Han plain, Hubei Province, China. We identified 16 earthworm species belonging to three families (Moniligastridae, Megascolecidae, and Lumbricidae). Among these, Amynthas hupeiensis and Metaphire guillelmi were the dominant species, and were recorded in significant numbers in different seasons and in the various land-use systems studied. The highest earthworm population density was found in June, before the hot summer, and averaged 23?ind. M^?2, with a maximum of 239?ind. ^?2. Among the nine land-use systems distributed in the landscape, home gardens, intensively cropped commercial vegetable fields and their margins with weeds and bushes generally showed a higher earthworm population density, species diversity, and biomass compared with the other systems. These observations confirm the importance of an heterogeneous agricultural landscape in preserving earthworm abundance and diversity and the possibility to use this group as a possible tool for monitoring landscape changes and sustainability of agricultural practices.     

Winter hatching in New England populations of invasive pheretimoid earthworms <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amynthas agrestis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amynthas tokioensis</Emphasis>: a limit on population growth,or aid in peripheral expansion?

Some Asian megascolecid earthworms, e.g. Amynthas agrestis and Amynthas tokioensis, are highly invasive and have only recently been reported from natural ecosystems in the northeastern USA. There, they are annual earthworms that survive the winter as cocoons (an egg in a tough covering). Hatching occurs in mid-April when temperatures rise consistently above 10 °C. In some years, winter temperatures also reach 10 °C during short warming episodes, but hatchlings then are likely to die when temperatures drop again. To test this hypothesis, soil was collected on 7 sampling dates during January–May 2016 at one site in the Champlain Valley, Vermont and extracted for the cocoons. Both hatched and unhatched cocoons were enumerated and identified to species by both size and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI). A regression model on the number of unhatched cocoons over time predicted that ~ a quarter (A. agrestis) and ~ a third (A. tokioensis) would hatch before mid-May; no hatchlings were observed. Thus, hatching during warming periods in winter seemingly resulted in high mortality. Such winter hatching, and loss, may increase with climate warming in the region because winter warming periods should become more common. Climate warming could therefore reduce ability of the invasive earthworms to persist in northern habitats. Conversely, rapid hatching when the soil warms in spring could have an ecological benefit by allowing opportunities to expand at the thermal edge of the range as the climate continues to warm.     

Earthworm invasions of ecosystems devoid of earthworms: effects on soil microbes

Recent studies document North American earthworm invasions and their profound effects on the structure of the soil profile, which is the habitat for soil microorganisms (mainly fungi and bacteria). Dramatic alterations made to these layers during earthworm invasion significantly change microbial community structure and therefore microbial activities such as C transformations. Understanding the impacts of earthworm invasion on the microbes themselves will give insight into earthworm effects on microbial activities. Bacterial and actinomycete communities in earthworm guts and casts have not been studied in environments recently invaded by earthworms. Earthworm invasion tended to decrease fungal species density and fungal species diversity and richness. The presence of earthworms decreased zygomycete species abundance probably due to disruption of fungal hyphae. Physical disruption of hyphae may also explain decreased mycorrhizal colonization rates, decreased mycorrhizal abundance and altered mycorrhizal morphology in the presence of earthworms. Mixing of organic layers into mineral soil during earthworm invasion tended to decrease microbial biomass in forest floor materials while increasing it in mineral soil. In newly invaded forest soils, microbial respiration and the metabolic quotient tended to decline. In forests where either the microbial community has had time to adapt to earthworm activities, or where the destruction of the forest floor is complete, as in invasions by the Asian Amynthas hawayanus, the presence of earthworms tends to increase the metabolic quotient indicating a shift to a smaller, more active microbial community.