磷脂酶D的研究进展

磷脂酶D专一性水解磷脂中的4位酯键,其分布广泛,功能多样,在细胞信号转导,脂质代谢,生物膜形成以及磷脂改性等方面发挥重要作用。文章概述了磷脂酶D的研究现状及最新进展,包括酶源分布、催化特征、底物特一性、酶活调节因子以及其工业应用前景等。     

维甲酸对人肝癌细胞磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶D的作用

为了解细胞信号转导与细胞分化间的关系,研究了诱导分化剂全反式视黄酸（ＡＴＲＡ）和１３顺视黄酸对７７２１人肝癌细胞中磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶Ｄ（ＰＣ－ＰＬＤ）的影响。发现ＡＴＲＡ和１３ｃｉｓ－ＲＡ除能抑制７７２１细胞生长,并在形态上向正常方向分化外,分别在第２或第４天使膜结合性ＰＣ－ＰＬＤ的比活力升高,用每瓶细胞的总活力计算,ＡＴＲＡ的作用在第２天也高于１３ｃｉｓ－ＲＡ,但１３ｃｉｓ－ＲＡｄ ｔｘ ４     

磷脂酶Dβ在拟南芥低温信号中的转导作用

磷脂酶D(PLD)不仅是植物中一类主要的磷脂水解酶,而且是一类重要的跨膜信号转导酶类.PLD的磷脂降解功能和信号转导功能均影响植物的抗冻性.本研究以PLDβ基因被敲除的拟南芥突变体及其野生型植株为材料,进行低温驯化和冻害胁迫处理,并分析其作用途径.结果表明,PLDβ基因介导低温信号转导作用,参与渗透调节途径中脯氨酸的调控和抗氧化系统中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的调控,并且与低温信号激素ABA不在同一条信号转导途径.本研究为探索通过调控PLD的活性提高植物抗冻性提供了新的途径,并为深入揭示植物的抗冻机理以及磷脂信号转导机制提供实验支持.     

重组人磷脂酶D2在体内能明显抑制慢性哮喘豚鼠血清中GPI-PLD的表达

 通过建立慢性豚鼠哮喘模型,研究重组人磷脂酶D2(rhPLD2)干预慢性哮喘豚鼠血清中糖基化磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶D(GPI-PLD)含量的变化,探寻可能的机制. 以rhPLD2干预慢性哮喘豚鼠,用TX-114分相法检测豚鼠血清中GPI-PLD酶活性.与正常状态豚鼠相比较,慢性哮喘状态豚鼠其血清中GPI-PLD酶活性显著升高.但以rhPLD2及地塞米松干预慢性哮喘豚鼠后,该指标显著下降. rhPLD2可通过抑制其血清中GPI-PLD酶活性表达,来抑制哮喘发生过程中的炎症反应.     

植物中的磷脂酶D信号转导

文章介绍磷脂酶D（PLD）跨膜信号转导作用的研究进展。     

糖基化磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶D的研究进展

羧基端结合有糖基化磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）结构的膜蛋白,称为GPI锚定蛋白;此后不久又鉴定出一种GPI锚定蛋白专一性的磷脂酶D（GPI-PLD）。GPI-PLD能特异性地水解GPI、释放出锚定蛋白并调节锚定蛋白的表达和生物功能等,本文概述了近年来有关GPI-PLD的研究状况,包括它的组织和器官来源,生理功能、病理条件下的活性改变,分子结构以及cDNA克隆等。     

植物中的磷脂酶D

介绍了植物磷脂酶D(PLD)的生化性质、克隆、基因组结构、氨基酸序列结构、活性调控、信号转导和细胞生理功能的研究进展.     

维甲酸对人肝癌细胞磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶D的作用

为了解细胞信号转导与细胞分化间的关系,研究了诱导分化剂全反式视黄酸(ATRA)和13顺视黄酸(13 cis-RA)对7721人肝癌细胞中磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶D(PC-PLD)的影响。发现ATRA和13 cis-RA除能抑制7721细胞生长,并在形态上向正常方向分化外,分别在第2或第4天使膜结合性PC-PLD的比活力升高,用每瓶细胞的总活力计算,ATRA的作用在第2天也高于13 cis-RA,但13 cis-RA在第4天的效应却高于ATRA,说明13 cis-RA较ATRA的效应滞后。每天更换培养液的条件较不更换时细胞生长速度较快,且更能引起PC-PLD比活力的上升,提示新鲜培养液中可能存在促进生长和增强维甲酸升高PC-PLD的化合物。ATRA在第2天对PC-PLD比活力的作用高于第4天,可能由于第4天细胞增殖加快,细胞中蛋白质含量上升,以至使以蛋白含量计算的酶比活力下降。进一步研究维甲酸使膜结合性PC-PLD升高与蛋白激酶的关系,发现ATRA不论在第2天和第4天均使膜结合性和胞液中蛋白激酶C(PKC)和酪氨酸蛋白激酶(TPK)的比活力下降,说明ATRA使膜结合性PC-PLD活力的升高不是通过PKC 或TPK对PC-PLD的激活作用来实现,其机理有待进一步研究。对维甲酸引起PC-PLD升高的生物学意义作了讨论。     

G蛋白及其在细胞信号转导中的作用

概述G蛋白的结构、种类、转导信息的机制,细菌毒素对G蛋白调节的影响及研究G蛋的意义和今后发展的重点。     

植物磷脂酶D基因表达与衰老的关系

磷脂酶D (PLD)是一种重要的磷脂水解酶,在植物细胞中普遍存在。磷脂酶D能激活许多重要的细胞生理功能,包括调控细胞膜的重建、跨膜信号传导及细胞内调控、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和植物的衰老等。对磷脂酶D的基本特性、磷脂酶D基因特异性表达模式及其活性抑制与植物衰老的关系进行了综述,并探讨和展望了今后植物磷脂酶D基因的研究方向。     

PLD 的生化特性及在信号传导中的作用

磷脂酶 D(PLD)是一种分解磷脂的多功能酶,磷脂酶可激活调控许多重要的细胞生理功能,在信号转导、小泡运输、有丝分裂、激素作用的发挥、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和衰老过程中都起重要作用．主要介绍了磷脂酶基因的生化特性及在植物信号转导中的作用．     

miRNAs与衰老相关信号通路的研究进展

miRNAs是一类负调控基因表达的内源性非编码小分子RNA,在细胞衰老过程中发挥重要作用. 细胞衰老是指可增殖细胞在各种应激下出现细胞周期阻滞,并且丧失增殖能力,进入一种不可逆的、相对稳定的状态. p53、p21、p16、SIRT1、胰岛素/IGF-1及mTOR等蛋白是衰老相关信号通路中的重要分子,参与细胞衰老过程. 研究表明,miRNAs可以通过调控这些衰老相关蛋白所在的信号通路,促进或延缓细胞衰老. 本文综述细胞衰老相关的miRNAs,以及它们对衰老相关信号通路的影响,为深化认识衰老和衰老相关疾病的分子机制奠定基础.     

Light-Dependence of Phospholipase D Activity in Oat Seedlings

The effect of light on the activity of phospholipase D (PLD) in oat (Avena sativa L.) seedlings and the dependence of this enzyme activity on the regime of their illumination were studied. The PLD activity in etiolated seedlings was 1.5–2.0-fold higher than in green plants. The illumination of etiolated seedlings with white light resulted in a decrease in PLD activity to its level in the seedlings grown under light. In contrast, the transfer of green seedlings to darkness enhanced the activity of the enzyme up to its level in etiolated seedlings. The illumination of etiolated seedlings with red light inhibited the PLD as well. It was shown that this photoeffect decreased with seedling aging and correlated with a phytochrome content in plants. Far-red light reversed the effect of red light. The involvement of phytochrome in the control of the PLD activity is discussed.     

Phospholipase D Activity in the Tetrahymena pyriformis GL

Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme which participates in the signalling mechanism cleaving phosphatidylcholine (PC) to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA). In Tetrahymena pyriformis GL this enzyme activity is enhanced by different kinds of agonists (sodium orthovanadate, sodium fluoride and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), and its activity can be inhibited by inhibitors such as pertussis toxin, calphostin C, genistein, trifluoperazine. These results suggest that the PLD signalling pathway is connected with the tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol and G-protein coupled signalling pathways. By demonstrating the PLD activity in Tetrahymena our knowledge on the signalling mechanisms at a unicellular level has been extended. The results support our view that most transducing mechanisms that are characteristic of mammalian cells are also in the protozoan Tetrahymena. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

lncRNA在细胞衰老中的作用

衰老是身体器官系统功能逐渐衰退的复杂的生物学过程,能诱发多种老年病。 长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA, lncRNA）是长度大于200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,在多种生理学和病理学过程中发挥重要作用。 细胞衰老是重要的衰老生物学过程之一,已经发现大量的lncRNA参与了细胞周期、端粒长度和表观遗传学等的调控,并影响关键的细胞周期过程,如细胞的衰老、增殖、分化、静止等;同时,lncRNA还参与了衰老相关重要信号通路的调控,如p53/p21、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）、视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白（Rb）/p16和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/苏氨酸蛋白激酶（PI3K/Akt）信号通路,它们均与许多衰老相关重大疾病密切相关。 本文综述了最近发现的与细胞衰老相关的lncRNA的功能和作用机制,并总结了lncRNA参与调控的细胞衰老信号通路,最后讨论了lncRNA未来的研究方向。     

Phospholipase D/phosphatidic acid signal transduction: Role and physiological significance in lung

Phospholipase D (PLD), a phospholipid phosphohydrolase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other membrane phospholipids to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. PLD, ubiquitous in mammals, is a critical enzyme in intracellular signal transduction. PA generated by agonist- or reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of the PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms can be subsequently converted to lysoPA (LPA) or diacylglycerol (DAG) by phospholipase A₁/A₂ or lipid phosphate phosphatases. In pulmonary epithelial and vascular endothelial cells, a wide variety of agonists stimulate PLD and involve Src kinases, p-38 mitogen activated protein kinase, calcium and small G proteins. PA derived from the PLD pathway has second messenger functions. In endothelial cells, PA regulates NAD[P]H oxidase activity and barrier function. In airway epithelial cells, sphingosine-1-phosphate and PA-induced IL-8 secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation is regulated by PA. PA can be metabolized to LPA and DAG, which function as first- and second-messengers, respectively. Signaling enzymes such as Raf 1, protein kinase C and type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase are also regulated by PA in mammalian cells. Thus, PA and its metabolic products play a central role in modulating endothelial and epithelial cell functions.     

The Role of Phospholipase D in Regulated Exocytosis

There are a diversity of interpretations concerning the possible roles of phospholipase D and its biologically active product phosphatidic acid in the late, Ca²⁺-triggered steps of regulated exocytosis. To quantitatively address functional and molecular aspects of the involvement of phospholipase D-derived phosphatidic acid in regulated exocytosis, we used an array of phospholipase D inhibitors for ex vivo and in vitro treatments of sea urchin eggs and isolated cortices and cortical vesicles, respectively, to study late steps of exocytosis, including docking/priming and fusion. The experiments with fluorescent phosphatidylcholine reveal a low level of phospholipase D activity associated with cortical vesicles but a significantly higher activity on the plasma membrane. The effects of phospholipase D activity and its product phosphatidic acid on the Ca²⁺ sensitivity and rate of fusion correlate with modulatory upstream roles in docking and priming rather than to direct effects on fusion per se.     

Phospholipase D and its application in biocatalysis

Phospholipase D (PLD) from plants or microorganisms is used as biocatalyst in the transformation of phospholipids and phospholipid analogs in both laboratory and industrial scale. In recent years the elucidation of the primary structure of many PLDs from several sources, as well as the resolution of the first crystal structure of a microbial PLD, have yielded new insights into the structural basis and the catalytic mechanism of this catalyst. This review summarizes some new results of PLD research in the light of application.     

佛波酯诱导一种新的磷脂酶D酶解产物的生成

在人肺癌表面细胞株A－549中检测到佛波酯诱导的丁醇化鞘脂分子的产生。用[^3H]－丝氨酸标记细胞,其放射性在磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺极性头部的分布很容易被检测到,而在磷脂酸及其直接代谢衍生物中并不存在,提示这种磷脂酶D的酶解产物来源于鞘脂分子的水解,而不同于以甘油磷脂为底物的磷脂酶D的酶解产物。蛋白激酶C的抑制剂或通过佛波酯长时间处理下调细胞内蛋白激酶C水平,可抑制佛波酯诱导的丁酯化鞘脂分子的产生,表明导致这种磷脂酶D的活化需要蛋白激酶C的参与。