百合科(狭义)植物的分布区对中国植物区系研究的意义

本文对百合科(狭义)各属的地理分布作了分析,该科植物集中分布于泛北极域,属于北温带的科。该科所有的9个属,只在东亚区全部有分布,而且该区具有百合科(狭义)植物各系统演化阶段的类群,因此,东亚区是该科的多样化中心。其中百合族所包括的5个属(贝母属、百合属、大百合属、豹子花属和假百合属)集中分布于中国西南至喜马拉雅地区,其分布区均在中国-喜马拉雅地区重叠,表明中国-喜马拉雅地区是百合族的多样化中心。百合族是百合科(狭义)的核心部分。因而认为中国-喜马拉雅地区是研究百合科(狭义)植物演化的关键地区之一。从种类的统计分析表明,伊朗-土兰区分布的种类最多,说明伊朗-土兰区是该科的多度中心．文中还从一些属(贝母属、大百合属、顶冰花属和洼瓣花属)内种的分布,提出可作为划分某些植物区的依据。而且,还从假百合属的分布,阐明中国植物区系与古地中海植物区系的亲缘。     

GERMINATION AND ATTACHMENT OF ZYGOTES OF HIMANTHALIA ELONGATA (L.) S. F. GRAY1

Germinating zygotes of Himanthalia elongata (L.) S. F. Gray have a prolonged stage free from rhizoids. The spherical zygote flattens when settling on a substratum and a rim-like structure develops at the periphery of the flattened base. Numerous rhizoids appear simultaneously 5–7 days after fertilization. The possible significance of the germling's shape and structure in relation to attachment is discussed.     

释百合科(广义)分类的沿革及对我国今后研究的展望

本文试图阐明近60年来一些作者对广义百合科所作的重大变革。广义百合科分类的变革不能不涉及其近缘科的分类,因此我们以Engler＆Prantl(1930)的Liliiflorae目中的族作为基本单位,列表以明Hutchinson(1934)、Dahlgren et al．(1985,包括G．Dahlgren,989)、Takhtajan(1987)和Thorne(1992)各系统所作不同的处理。作者对Hutchinson的观点和其采用的分类特征作了较详细的介绍,因为他可能是对广义百合科作重大变革的第一个作者,而对Dahlgen et al.、Takhtajan和Thorne系统的介绍则较为简略。本文还讨论了科级范围大小的利弊,不同意有些作者仅仅将亚科或卫星类群都提升为科的作法。假如这种提升之后仍如原先的科保留于同一类群之中,而不作系统上的改变,则意义不大。 本文对Hutchinson、Takhtajan和Dahlgren et al．(1985)的单子叶植物起源的假说也作了介绍。虽然Dahlgren et al．的见解未被大多数作者所接受,但他们的方法论值得注意。基于单子叶植物和双子叶植物的共性,他们假设出一个臆想的分类群,从这个臆想的分类群演进到一个单子叶植物祖先只需经过最少的步段。这样的一个单子叶植物祖先现在是不存在的,但最接近它的是现存的Trichopus(隶Trichopodaceae,Dioscordales)。Trichopus肯定不是单子叶植物和双子叶植物之间的一个直接联系的纽带,但它有许多特征可以在Annonales(隶lianae超目)中找到。因此,他们认为Dioscoreales是最不特化的单子叶植物,把它作为百合超目的第一个目,置于单子叶植物系统的最前位置。本文作者最后对今后我国开展广义百合科研究提出一些建议,其中以选择一些分布于北半球类群,如Lilium,Monocharis,Paris等等,作广泛研究(可从形态学、细胞学、分子系统学三个层次进行)最为现实,因为对它们取材比较容易。     

Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy

Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a cellulolytic mould with the ability to produce highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. Two chemotypes are defined according to their ability to produce either atranones or satratoxins. S. chartarum has been well known as the causative agent of the lethal disease stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Further investigations revealed that this disease is strictly correlated with the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Furthermore, their occurrence in water-damaged buildings has been linked to adverse health effects such as the sick building syndrome. As the chemotypes cannot be characterized via phenotypic criteria, different methods such as PCR, MALDI–TOF MS, LC–MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays have been used so far. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is commonly used for the differentiation of bacteria and yeasts, but this technique is also applicable to filamentous fungi. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating to which extent a reliable differentiation of S. chartarum chemotypes A and S is possible. Besides, another objective was to verify if the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum can be identified. Therefore, 28 strains including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar in three biological replicates. Each sample was applied to FT-IR measurements on day 7, 14 and 21 of cultivation. In this study, we achieved a distinction of the chemotypes A and S via FT-IR spectroscopy after incubation for 7 days on MEA. In terms of genotype differentiation, the PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters remained the only applicable method.

     

Macroinvertebrate assemblages in Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) springs

Five distinct macroinvertebrate assemblages were identified using cluster analysis of the rank-order abundances of 13 orders in 15 freshwater springs of central Pennsylvania, U.S.A. A principal components analysis of 20 environmental factors indicated that an insect-dominated assemblage occurred in low pH, softwater sandstone springs and an amphipod-dominated assemblage was associated with medium to hardwater springs with a silt to gravel substratum. Three other assemblages were found in hardwater limestone springs: the peracaridan-hydrobiid assemblage was characterized by dense macrophyte beds and a silt to cobble substratum, the peracaridan-triclad-glossosomatid assemblage by a rubbly, gravel-cobble substratum and relatively high discharge, and the peracaridan-hydrobiid-oligochaete assemblage by a silty substratum and dense mats of green algae.Most of the common macroinvertebrate species were associated with specific physical, chemical, and (or) vegetational factors, but abundance associations between species pairs were generally lacking. We infer that assemblages are primarily determined by the match between the environmental mosaic of individual springs and the ecological requirements of the available species, rather than by strong interspecific interactions.Species-environment associations were assessed in an additional study of five closely neighboring springs in which some environmental variables of the wider study were nearly constant.     

Notes on Stictocardia campanulata (L.) Merrill and S. Jucunda (Thw.) C. R. Gunn (Convolvulaceae)

The generic concept ofStictocardia is evaluated and accepted. Two species, whose nomenclature is interwoven withIpomoea alba andI. macrantha, are described, discussed, and illustrated.     

Irregular antibody screening by Groupamatic at the Paris (C.N.T.S.) and Toulouse (C.R.T.S.) blood transfusion centers

We report here the experience of 3 years of irregular antibody automated screening with Groupamatic, that is to say of 661,511 samples tested in Paris and 269, 162 samples tested in Toulouse. The positive reactions in Paris were 16,296 (2.46%) out of which 2,021 irregular antibodies were identified (0.30%). The positive reactions in Toulouse were 8,266 (3.07%) out of which 2,138 irregular antibodies were identified (0,79%). The difference between the number of screened positive reactions and the identified one is due to false positive reactions (half of the cases) and to autoantibodies whose number is roughly the same than the number of identified alloantibodies. During the years 1970, 1971 and 1972, the irregular antibodies were systematically screened in Toulouse on all blood donors with a manual technique on opaline plate using enzyme treated red cell tests (papain). 7,147 positive reactions were detected, out of 240,080 tests (2.98%). 1,954 (0,81%) were alloantibodies and 1,529 (0.64%) autoantibodies; 3.455 were false positive reactions and 209 were non identified antibodies. These figures are superimposed with those obtained with Groupamatic during the following years, thus pointing out the interest of this equipment.