昆虫胁迫下的植物应激反应模式

昆虫胁迫下的植物应激反应模式王海波（复旦大学生命科学学院,上海２００４３３）ＴｈｅＳｔｒｅｓｓＲｅａｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＰｌａｕｔｔｏＩｎｓｅｃｔ’ｓＰｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ￥ＷａｎｇＨａｉｂｏ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＦｕｄａｎＵ－ｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２００４３３）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４６－４８．Ｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓ,ａｎｅｗｓｅｔｏｆｍｏｄｅｌｓａｂｏｕｔｐｌａｎｔ’ｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｖｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｕｎｄｅｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｓ’ｐｒｅｓ－ｓｕｒｅｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄＴｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｓｃａｎｂｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｗｏｐａｒｔｓ：ｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｉｎｇｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄｓｔｒｅｓｓｒｅａｃ－ｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌ．ＴｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｐａｒｔｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｐｌａｎｔｈａｓｏｎｅｋｉｎｄｏｆｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｎｔｐｈｙｓｉｏＩｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎａｄｖｅｒｓｅｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓ,ｎｏｓｐｅｃｉａｌｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｉｎｇａ     

峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其它昆虫病原真菌I.

采自四川省峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其相关昆虫病原真菌,其中除有常见的蛹虫草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ（Ｖｕｉｌｌ）,Ｆｒ粉被虫草（ＣｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｐｒｕｉｎｏｓａＰｅｔｃｈ）蝉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｉｃａｄａｅ（Ｍｉｑｕｅｌ）Ｓａｍｓｏｎ,球孢白僵菌Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａｂａｓｓｉａｎａ（Ｂａｌｓ．）Ｖｕｉｌｌ等昆虫病原真菌外,将主要描述峨眉虫草新种（Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｅｍｅｉｅ     

石佛寺水库对周围环境的影响

石佛寺水库对周围环境的影响裴铁,范世香,韩绍文,迟振文（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）王鉴成（辽宁省水利电力厅,沈阳１１０００３）ＩｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆＳｈｉｆｏｓｉＲｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｏｎＩｔｓＡｄｊａｃｅｎｔＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒ...     

沈阳水资源保护与水质管理

沈阳水资源保护与水质管理李秀鸿（沈阳环境科学研究所,１１０００５）ＷａｔｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅＣｏｎｓｃｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＬｉＸｉｏｕｈｏｎｇ（ＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｓｃｉｅｉｌｃｅ,１１０００５）．（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：４５－４８。Ｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌａｎｄｌｏｎｇｔｅｒｍｉｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ－ｍｅｎｔ,ｈｕｍａｎｌｉｆｅａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ．Ｉｔｉｓｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｏｕｔｔｈａｔｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｓｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ,ａｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｏｌｉｃｙａｎｄｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｍｕｓｔｂｅａｄｏｐｔｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙｏｆｅｘｉｓｔｉｎ     

辽宁省灾害区划初探

辽宁省灾害区划初探尹功成,梁文举（辽宁省农业区划研究所,沈阳１１００３１）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏＣａｌａｍｉｔｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇｏｆＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥．ＹｉｎＧｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉ－ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００３１）,ＬｉａｎｇＷｅｎｊｕ（ＩｎｓｌｉｌｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：６１－６５．ＮａｔｕｒａｌｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｗｈｅｎｖａｒｉＯｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｐｈｅｎｏｍｎａｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｌｉｆｅ,ｍｉｎｄｓａｎｄｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ,ｂｕｔｓｏｍｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓｒｎａｎ－ｍａｄｅａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｏｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓｌｏｗ－ｌｙａｎｄｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄｌｙ,ｗｈｌｃｈａｒｅｕｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓａｎｄｎｏｔｒ     

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

中药材贮藏期昆虫群落结构的研究

根据对湖北省１７个市县中药材仓库的调查,共发现湖北省中药材贮藏期昆虫（含蜱螨）１２３种,隶属于２纲１０目４９科。通过对各地昆虫群落结构的分析,明确了构成中药材贮藏期昆虫群落的主要类群为鞘翅目昆虫,占昆虫群落全部物种数的７２．８６±７．６３％,全省中药材贮藏期鞘翅目昆虫共８５种,占全部昆虫种类的６９．１１％。本文对各地昆虫群落的优势种群进行了分析,结果表明构成中药材贮藏期昆虫群落的优势种为烟草甲Ｌａｓｉｏｄｅｒｍａｓｅｒｒｉｃｕｒｎｅ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）,药材甲ｓｔｅｇｏｂｉｕｍｐａｎｉｃｅｕｍ（Ｌ．）,赤拟谷盗ＴｒｉｂｏｌｉｕｍｆｅｒｒｕｇｉｎｅｕｍＦａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ,咖啡豆象Ａｒａｅｃｅｒｕｓｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ（ＤｅＧｅｅｒ）和印度谷螟Ｐｌｏｄｉａｉｎｔｅｒｐｕｎｃｔｅｌｌａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）等,但各地昆虫群落的优势种各有不同。     

昆虫卵黄发生研究进展

昆虫卵黄发生研究进展李乾君,龚和,管致和（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８０）（北京农业大学植保系北京１０００９４）昆虫卵的成熟一般分为三个时期－－卵黄发生前期（Ｐｒｅｖｉｔｅｌｌｏｇｅｎｉｃｓｔａｇｅ）、卵黄发生期（ｖｉｔｅｌｌｏｇｅｎｉｃｓｔａ...     

天津东郊盐碱土微生物分布及土壤酶活性

天津东郊盐碱土微生物分布及土壤酶活性靳素英,崔明学,蔺继尚（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｉｎｓａｌｉｎｅ－ａｌｋａｌｉｓｏｉｌａｔｃａｓｔｅｒｎｓｕｂｕｒｂｓｏｆＴｉａｎｊｉ...     

高效液相色谱法快速分析红松,云杉针叶中的维生素C

高效液相色谱法快速分析红松、云杉针叶中的维生素Ｃ刘海玲,杜英君,杨志勇（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究,沈阳１１００１５）ＨｉｇｈｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｉｑｕｉｄｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｖｉｔａｍｉｎＣｉｎＰｉｎｕｓｋｏｒａｉｅｎ...     

Evaluating quantum yield and ultraviolet–visible reflectance in baby pumpkins: Implications for oviposition behavior of pumpkin fruit flies

Frugivorous insects utilize both olfactory and visual cues to locate their host plants. Although volatiles have been extensively studied for detecting infested fruits, the role of visual cues in oviposition site selection remains mostly unknown among frugivorous insects. To investigate physiological changes in a host plant, we measured the quantum yield and reflectance of three wavelengths of light (350, 450 and 520 nm) after puncturing the surfaces of commercially grown pumpkins using insect pins during two different seasons outdoors. Quantum yields did not show significant differences between undamaged and simulated oviposition sites. Two wavelengths within the visual spectrum were similar between the two treatments. However, photon counts at 350 nm, in the ultraviolet range, were 1.76 fold higher in simulated oviposition sites than in undamaged sites, which was consistently observed across three field seasons. Considering that frugivorous insects and other phytophagous insects recognize the 350 nm wavelength for host identification and oviposition, we conclude that the disparities in ultraviolet reflectance can serve as a baseline for assessing the actual oviposition response of fruit flies. This finding contributes to the role of visual cues in the oviposition behavior of frugivorous insects and the development of a nondestructive detection method for pumpkin fruit flies.     

Intermittent character of adult diapause in Aelia acuminata (Heteroptera)

The response to photoperiod of field-collected Aelia acuminata was studied by exposing insects to three photoperiodic regimes. After the completion of diapause the insects do not respond to photoperiod: in mid-February the length of the pre-oviposition period is the same under both long and short photoperiods. After the onset of oviposition, insects again become responsive to photoperiod regardless of the time of year: under long day, oviposition lasts until death, whereas under short day the females cease oviposition after about 3 weeks. After a further 2 or 3 months without ovipositing, these females which are still experiencing short-day conditions resume reproduction for a further 4–7 weeks and long-lived individuals have three oviposition periods. A regulatory mechanism is suggested for the alternation between oviposition and diapause.     

昆虫产卵抑制素的研究及应用孟国玲

昆虫在选择合适的产卵场所时会受到许多因素的影响 ,产卵抑制素 (ｏｖｉｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｄｅｔｅｒ ｒｅｎｔ,ＯＶＤ)就是其中的一个重要因素[1] 。ＯＶＤ可以产自昆虫自身 ,以避免同种个体在有限的食物和空间资源上开展竞争 ,同时具有抑制有相近生态位的他种个体在同一场所产卵 ,以减少种间竞争的作用。ＯＶＤ也存在于植物中 ,它可以阻止植食性昆虫在植物上产卵 ,从而使植物免遭为害。从ＯＶＤ的特点可以看出 ,它在调节昆虫产卵行为及种群分布 ,协调昆虫与寄主植物的关系具有重要作用。因此 ,深入开展ＯＶＤ的研究 ,对于揭示昆虫的产卵行…     

Characterization of chemoreceptive protein binding to an oviposition stimulant using a fluorescent micro-binding assay in a butterfly

A native female-specific chemoreceptive protein of a swallowtail butterfly [oviposition stimulant binding protein (OSBP)] was shown to specifically bind to aristolochic acid, a main stimulant for oviposition from its host plant. Oviposition stimulants are recognized by chemoreceptive organs of insects. OSBP isolated previously from the chemoreceptive organs was assumed to bind to an oviposition stimulant. Using a highly sensitive fluorescent micro-binding assay, we clarified OSBP bound to aristolochic acid. Three-dimensional molecular modeling revealed the structure of the OSBP-aristolochic acid complex. This is the first report of a native chemoreceptive protein binding to an oviposition stimulant as a ligand in insects.     

Integrating optimal foraging and optimal oviposition theory in plant–insect research

The current approach for studying host selection by phytophagous insects is mainly based on optimal oviposition theory, i.e. the preference–performance hypothesis. Almost no attention has been given to optimal foraging theory. However, recent papers and additional evidence given in this work illustrate that also optimal foraging may shape host preference patterns of phytophagous insects. Therefore and because optimal foraging and optimal oviposition may oppose conflicting needs to phytophagous insects, we plea for an integration of optimal foraging and optimal oviposition in plant–insect research. We argue how this may improve our understanding of plant–insect interactions.     

广聚萤叶甲成虫取食经历对后续 产卵寄主选择的影响

【背景】取食经历对植食性昆虫的寄主选择行为具有较大影响,影响天敌昆虫寄主专一性测定的设计和结果解释。【方法】采用选择性试验,观察了入侵豚草的重要天敌——广聚萤叶甲成虫羽化后取食不同植物对其后续产卵寄主选择的影响。【结果】与取食豚草的试虫相比,有取食三裂叶豚草、苍耳或菊芋经历的成虫选择苍耳产卵的频次增加,不再对豚草表现出明显的选择偏好性。对产卵识别期的Cox模型分析结果表明,成虫早期取食不同植物,对后续产卵选择有显著影响,成虫羽化后如果先取食豚草或三裂叶豚草,则选择苍耳产卵的倾向显著低于豚草;但如果先取食苍耳、菊芋和农家向日葵,则选择苍耳产卵的倾向与豚草无显著差异。【结论与意义】由此推测,广聚萤叶甲初羽化成虫取食的植物对其后续产卵选择具有较大影响,因而在寄主专一性测定中应关注测试前饲喂的植物种类。     

Neighbourhood of host plants influences oviposition decisions of a stem-boring weevil

The spatial arrangement of suitable host plants in the field may significantly constrain insects to find optimal hosts. Plant neighbours around a focal host plant can either lead to lower (associational resistance) or higher (associational susceptibility) herbivore loads. We tested whether the spatial arrangement of hosts of different suitability for the larval development of the shoot-base boring weevil Apion onopordi affects oviposition decisions in the field. Host plants in our study were healthy creeping thistles (Cirsium arvense; suboptimal hosts) and thistles infected by a rust pathogen (Puccinia punctiformis; optimal hosts). For analysis, we used nearest neighbour methods that disentangle the spatial distribution of organisms that are dependent on the position of other species (e.g. phytophagous insects and their host plants). Although theory predicts that the small-scale spatial infestation pattern can have major consequences for the population dynamics in insect–plant systems, field studies quantifying spatial pattern of phytophagous insects are rare.

The spatial arrangement of host plants clearly influenced oviposition pattern in A. onopordi. In contrast to previous studies, we demonstrated that not the rust infection itself determined if a plant was infested by weevils, but rather the density of rusted shoots within a certain neighbourhood. We found strong indications for associational susceptibility of healthy thistle shoots to weevil oviposition when growing in the neighbourhood of rusted thistles. Weevil-infested plants were spatially aggregated, indicating that A. onopordi is limited in its dispersal ability within patches. Other stem-boring insects on creeping thistle were affected in their oviposition decisions by other factors than A. onopordi. Thus, it may be difficult to find general rules for oviposition choice in phytophagous insects.

Our study showed that the spatial arrangement of host plants in the field critically determines oviposition choice and should thus be included as constraint in theories of optimal host selection.     

Egg maturation, egg resorption and the costliness of transient egg limitation in insects

Although there is widespread agreement that the cost of oviposition underlies selective oviposition in insects, there is no consensus regarding which factors mediate the cost of oviposition. Models have suggested that egg costs are often paramount in those insects that do not continue to mature eggs during the adult stage (pro-ovigenic insects). Here we address the hypothesis that egg costs are generally less significant in synovigenic insects, which can replenish oocyte supplies through continuous egg maturation. A dynamic optimization model based on the biology of a highly synovigenic parasitoid, Aphytis aonidiae, suggests that the maximum rate of egg maturation is insufficient to balance the depletion of eggs when opportunities to oviposit are abundant. Transient egg limitation therefore occurs, which imposes opportunity costs on reproducing females. Thus, whereas the most fundamental constraint acting on the lifetime reproductive success of pro-ovigenic species is the fixed total number of eggs that they carry at eclosion, the most fundamental constraint acting on a synovigenic species is the maximum rate of oocyte maturation. Furthermore, the ability of synovigenic species to reverse the flow of nutrients from the soma to oocytes (i.e. egg resorption) has a dramatic influence on the cost of oviposition. Whereas females in hostrich environments may experience oviposition-mediated egg limitation, females in host-poor environments may experience oosorption-mediated egg limitation. Both forms of egg limitation are costly. Contrary to initial expectations, the flexibility of resource allocation that typifies synovigenic reproduction actually appears to broaden the range of conditions under which costly egg limitation occurs. Egg costs appear to be fundamental in mediating the trade-off between current and future reproduction, and therefore are an important factor favouring selective insect oviposition.     

Importance of flavonoids in insect--plant interactions: feeding and oviposition

Jeffrey Harborne and colleagues have been responsible for collating the majority of data on the role of flavonoids in insect plant interactions. This article examines some of this information and assesses our knowledge about the role flavonoids play in insect feeding and oviposition behaviour. It is clear that insects can discriminate among flavonoids and that these compounds can modulate the feeding and oviposition behaviour of insects, but further work is required to understand the neural mechanisms associated with these behavioural responses. Despite the wealth of data about the diversity of flavonoids in plants, very few of these compounds have been tested against insects and their role in the evolution of host range in insect--plant interactions has yet to be determined.     

Why resource history matters: age and oviposition history affect oviposition behaviour in exploiters of a mutualism

1. Acceptance of hosts for oviposition is often hardwired in short‐lived insects, but can be dynamic at the individual level due to variation in physiological state determinants such as ageing and prior oviposition. However, the effect of the oviposition history of resources together with time taken to accept less preferred hosts in ageing insects has rarely been investigated. 2. The time taken by parasitic fig wasps to accept resources with different oviposition histories was recorded in order to investigate the effect of wasp physiological state and resource oviposition history on oviposition behaviour. These wasps, which differ in life‐history traits, oviposit at specific developmental stages of enclosed fig inflorescences called syconia. 3. Behavioural assays were performed with naive wasps and wasps aged with and without prior oviposition experience. Syconia at the same developmental stage but differing in oviposition history were offered in no‐choice assays and the time taken to first oviposition attempt was recorded. 4. One short‐lived pro‐ovigenic galler species exhibited a decline with age in time taken to accept a syconium for oviposition. The exact timing of the transition from non‐acceptance to acceptance of less preferred syconia was determined in terms of the proportion of elapsed life span at the transition; this occurred at 25% of elapsed life span. 5. Longer‐lived parasitoids did not show any decline in specificity despite being aged for 50% of their life span. Therefore, host quality, trophic position, egg load and age may individually affect oviposition decisions or have interaction effects.