麦田沟金针虫种群垂直分布与夏眠的生态特性及其与防治的关系

麦田沟金针虫种群垂直分布与夏眠的生态特性及其与防治的关系罗益镇,牛赡光,龙岩（山东省农科院植保所,济南２５０１００）（山东省膝州市植保站,２７７５００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓｏｆＶｅｒｔｉｃａｌＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄＡｅｓｔ...     

白头翁两新变型

在山东省青石山植被调查中,发现了白头翁的两个新变型,由臧得奎定名为白花白头翁Ｐｕｌｓａｔｉｌｌａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｒｅｇｅｌ．ｆ．ａｌｂａ Ｄ．Ｋ．Ｚａｎｇ和多萼白头翁Ｐｕｌｓａｔｉｌｌａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｒｅｇｅｌ．ｆ．ｐｌｕｒｉｓｅｐａｌａ Ｄ．Ｋ．Ｚａｎｇ．     

山东省蔷薇科植物分布新记录

本文报道了山东省蔷薇科植物分布新记录共３种１变种,即疏毛绣线菊Ｓｐｉｒａｅａｈｉｒｓｕｔａ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｓｃｈｎｅｉｄ、金州绣线菊Ｓ．ｎｉｓｈｉｍｕｒａｅＫｉｔａｇ、庐山石楠Ｐｈｏｔｉｎｉａｖｉｌｏｓａｖａｒ．ｓｉｎｉｃａＲｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．和毛叶欧李Ｃｅｒａｓｕｓｄｉｃｔｙｏｎｅｕｒａ（Ｄｉｅｌｓ．）Ｙǖ．     

Brine Shrimp致死率生物鉴定法对八种民间药活性成分的研究

采用ＴｈｅＢｒｉｎｅＳｈｒｉｍｐＬｃｔａｌｉｔｙＢｉｏａｓｓａｙ法对民间药翼蓼ＰｔｅｒｏｘｙｇｏｎｕｍｇｉｒａｌｄｉｉＤｕｍｍｅｒｅｔＤｉｅｌｓ）,金荞麦（Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍｄｉｂｏｔｒｙｓ（Ｄ．Ｄｏｎ）Ｈａｒａ）,齿果酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓＬ．）巴天酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｐａｔｉｅｎｔｉａＬ．）网果酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｄｉｃｔｙｏｃａｒｐｕｓＢｏｉｓｓｅｔＢｕｈｓｅ）、掌叶大黄（Ｒｈｅｕｍｐａｌ     

部分裸子植物叶片总蛋白分析

采用ＳＤＳ－ ＰＡＧＥ 技术, 分析了红豆杉科（Ｔａｘａｃｅａｅ） 植物南方红豆杉（ Ｔａｘｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ－ ｍａｉｒｅｉ （Ｌｅｍｅｅ ｅｔ Ｌｅｖｌ－） Ｃｈｅｎｇ ｅｔ Ｌ－Ｋ－Ｆｕ） 、穗花杉（ Ａｍｅｎｔｏｔａｘｕｓ ａｒｇｏｔａｅｎｉａ （Ｈａｎｃｅ） Ｐｉｌ ｇｅｒ） 、云南穗花杉（ Ａ－ ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｌｉ） 、白豆杉（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｅｎｉｉ（Ｃｈｅｎｇ） Ｃｈｅｎｇ） 以及三尖杉科（Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘａｃｅａｅ） 、植物三尖杉（ Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ Ｈｏｏｋ－ｆ－） 、粗榧（ Ｃ－ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ （Ｒｅｈｄ－ｅｔＷｉｌｓ－） Ｌｉ） 、海南粗榧（ Ｃ－ｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｌｉ） 、篦子三尖杉（ Ｃ－ｏｌｉｖｅｒｉ Ｍａｓｔ－） 和罗汉松科（Ｐｏｄｏｃａｒｐａｃｅａｅ） 、植 物罗汉松 （ Ｐｏｄｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｍａｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｓ （ Ｔｈｕｎｂ－ ） Ｄ－Ｄｏｎ） 、鸡毛 松（ Ｐ－ｉｍｂｒｉｃａｔｕｓ Ｂｌ－） 、竹柏（ Ｐ－ ｎａｇｉ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ－） Ｚｏｌｌ） 、陆均松（ Ｄａｃｒｙｄｉｕｍ ｐｉｅｒｒｅｉ Ｈｉｃｋｅｌ） 共１２ 种植物的叶片蛋白, 在蛋白质水平上采用     

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

普通小麦基因组最可能的4个供体的ITS1和ITS2序列及其亲缘关系

对普通小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）基因组（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）最可能的供体－Ｔ．ｕｒａｔｒｔｕＴｈｕｍ．（ＡＡ）、Ｔ．ｍｏｎｏｃｃｕｍｖａｒ．ｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ（Ｂｏｉｓｓ．）ＭＫ（ＡＡ）、ＡｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＴａｕｓｃｈ．和Ａｅ．ｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉ（Ｃｏｓｓ．（ＤＤ）的核糖体ＲＮＡ基因ＩＴＳ区进行了ＰＣＲ扩增和克隆,并测定了ＩＴＳ１和ＩＴＳ２的ＤＮＡ序列,讨论和纠正了前人     

山东省杜仲引种适应性分析

山东省杜仲引种适应性分析王华田徐建国（山东农业大学,泰安２７１０１８）（山东省济宁市林业局,２７２１１９）韩峻倪学文（山东省邹城市林业局,２７３５００）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＡｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｕｃｏｍｍｉａｕｌｍｏｉｄｅｓＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄＩ...     

氧化修饰高密度脂蛋白对培养人动脉平滑肌细胞细胞周期蛋白D_1基因表达的影响

动脉平滑肌细胞（ｓｍ ｏｏｔｈ ｍ ｕｓｃｌｅ ｃｅｌｌ,ＳＭＣ）是动脉粥样硬化（ａｔｈｅｒｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ,ＡＳ）斑块中的主要细胞,它的增殖在ＡＳ形成过程中极其重要．利用体外培养的人主动脉ＳＭＣ,观察了天然高密度脂蛋白（ｎａｔｉｖｅ ｈｉｇｈ ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ ｌｉｐｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,Ｎ－ＨＤＬ）及氧化修饰ＨＤＬ（ｏｘｉｄｉｚｅｄ ＨＤＬ,ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ）对培养人主动脉ＳＭＣ ｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１（细胞周期蛋白Ｄ１）基因转录表达的影响．结果表明：（１）Ｎ－ＨＤＬ对ＳＭＣｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１基因表达无影响（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）;（２）ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ使ＳＭＣｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１基因表达显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其表达量随时间（２、１２、２４ ｈ）延长而增加．上述结果表明,ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ的致ＡＳ作用可能与其刺激ＳＭＣｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１基因表达增加有关．     

氮磷钾肥施用对蔬菜中硝酸盐积累的数学模型

氮磷钾肥施用对蔬菜中硝酸盐积累的数学模型段咏新付庭治（徐州师范学院生物系,２２１００９）（南京大学生物系,２１０００８）ＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｏｎＮｉｔｒａｔｅＡｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎＶｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅａｆｔｅｒＡｐｐｌｙｉｎｇＮ,ＰａｎｄＫＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ￥ＤｕａｎＹｏｎｇｘｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＸｕｚｈｏｕＴｅａｃｈｅｒ＇ｓＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,２２１００９）,ＦｕＴｉｎｇｚｈｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,２１０００８）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：３４－３６．ＩｎＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ,ａｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｗｏｄｅｌｏｎｎｉｔｒａｔｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｓｐｉｒａｃｈｉｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｅｄ,ｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｎｉｔｒａｔｅｕｎｄｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｓｏｆＮ,ＰａｎｄＫｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ。Ｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｍｏｄｅｌ,ｔｈｅｎｉｔｒａｔｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎｓｐｉｒａｃｈｃａ     

赤松毛虫越冬幼虫生化物质变化与抗寒性的关系

昆虫的抗寒性与其体内生化物质的种类、含量密切相关。测定了赤松毛虫(Dendrolimusspectabilis)越冬幼虫体内和血淋巴内抗寒物质含量的变化,结果表明,血淋巴内小分子碳水化合物总量1月份为10月份的3.8倍,其中以葡萄糖、海藻糖和山梨醇增加幅度较大,依次为10月份的10.08倍、2.84倍、7.44倍。3月份有较大幅度的下降,虫体内糖原含量下降了56.5%。越冬期苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸增加幅度较大,分别比越冬前增加了493.8%、433.7%、474.2%、21.5%和47.1%,甘氨酸、天门冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸含量则有较大幅度的降低。越冬幼虫体内脂肪含量下降,蛋白质含量上升。应用蛋白质垂直平板电泳法对糖蛋白进行电泳分析发现糖蛋白含量增加,为越冬前的300%。综合分析认为赤松毛虫越冬幼虫体内抗寒物质系统为小分子碳水化合物类(山梨醇、海藻糖、葡萄糖)-糖蛋白-氨基酸类(丙氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸等)。该系统可随生态条件的改变而变化。     

不同松林内马尾松毛虫种群动态的特征

通过对1992-2001年5种不同混交林型的马尾松林内各代幼虫发生量,受害面积和有虫株率的系统调查,研究了各种不同林型的松林对马尾松毛虫种群动态的影响。结果表明,不同树种混交的马尾松林对马尾松毛虫的种群动态有较大的影响。马尾松毛虫在马尾松纯林中发生量多,为害最严重。暴发周期最短;在与杉木等混交的马尾松林中发生次之;而在与阔叶树混交的马尾松林中平均每株虫口数少,发生与危害率及有虫株率均较其它林型小,不易引起松毛虫暴发为害。     

An examination of a compensatory relationship between food limitation and predation in semi-domestic reindeer

A central issue in ecology is to what extent food limitation and predation affect animal populations. We studied how survival and reproductive success was related to the female's size in a population of semi-domesticated reindeer during 2 years where there was a large difference in snowfall during winter. The females were kept within a predator-free enclosure for about 5 weeks during the calving period and thereafter released to their natural summer pastures. Small females were more likely to fail to reproduce and they produced smaller calves than large females. Additionally, small females were more likely to loose their calves due to starvation within the predator-free enclosure and to predators outside the enclosure. Food limitation during the harsh winter appeared to be the major cause of deaths. However, food limitation interacted with predation and led to high calf losses when the females experienced low food availability during the harsh winter. In contrast, predators killed no calves after the mild winter. Apparently, the interaction between predation and food limitation is due to small females favouring their own growth and survival over calf production in summers following harsh winters with food shortage. Our results indicate that a compensatory relationship exists between mortality due food limitation and predation. Thus, the impact of calf predation on reindeer demography and population dynamics may be limited.     

Predation of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. by the Silvereye Zosterops lateralis (Latham)

Predation of cocooned larvae of codling moth Cydia pomonella by silvereyes Zosterops lateralis was studied in an apple orchard in Nelson, New Zealand. Apple logs with known larval densities were made available to the birds for known periods of time, either in cages or exposed in the apple orchard. The numbers of silvereyes and the natural predation of codling moth were recorded in the same orchard. Predation was density dependent. On caged logs with an initial high density of 32 larvae, 1.1 larvae were consumed per bird‐hour; in contrast, one larva was consumed per 34.5 bird‐hours at three larvae per log. A curvilinear relationship was demonstrated between larval density and the bird‐hours required for predation; this relationship was consistent with the known density dependence of silvereye predation of codling moth. A regression of the total annual winter bird predation of larvae in the orchard on bird numbers was significant. However, the density dependence of predation resulted in declining rates of predation over the winter as larval density declined; the first birds to arrive in the orchard benefitted from particularly high predation rates. As a consequence, fluctuations in bird numbers during the winter had only a secondary influence on predation rates. The numbers of silvereyes in the orchard showed no relationship to the density of the codling moth population present. This study confirmed the importance of silvereyes in the predation of codling moth and a functional, not numerical, rseponse of these birds to codling moth density.     

Winter compensatory growth under field conditions partly offsets low energy reserves before winter in a damselfly

Despite the survival value of high energy reserves during winter, animals often face energy deficits when entering winter. Compensatory growth in energy reserves during the winter period to buffer such deficits may increase winter survival and alleviate the need for costly compensatory mechanisms before or after winter when predation risk is much higher. However, such compensatory responses in energy reserves during winter have not been demonstrated under field conditions. We explored if Lestes eurinus damselfly larvae can compensate for suboptimal energy reserves during winter at 4°C when their ponds are covered with ice. In a field enclosure experiment, we demonstrated compensatory growth in terms of body mass and energy reserves in larvae whose energy status was previously manipulated in the laboratory. These results were supported by patterns in body mass and energy reserves over winter in two natural unmanipulated populations. Winter survival was high overall and not affected by compensatory growth. We hypothesize that the observed compensatory growth in energy reserves during winter may shape life history decisions in autumn and spring, and may make resource availability during winter as or more important than energy reserves before winter.     

Ecosystem Scale Declines in Elk Recruitment and Population Growth with Wolf Colonization: A Before-After-Control-Impact Approach

The reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone provided the unusual opportunity for a quasi-experimental test of the effects of wolf predation on their primary prey (elk – Cervus elaphus) in a system where top-down, bottom-up, and abiotic forces on prey population dynamics were closely and consistently monitored before and after reintroduction. Here, we examined data from 33 years for 12 elk population segments spread across southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming in a large scale before-after-control-impact analysis of the effects of wolves on elk recruitment and population dynamics. Recruitment, as measured by the midwinter juvenile∶female ratio, was a strong determinant of elk dynamics, and declined by 35% in elk herds colonized by wolves as annual population growth shifted from increasing to decreasing. Negative effects of population density and winter severity on recruitment, long recognized as important for elk dynamics, were detected in uncolonized elk herds and in wolf-colonized elk herds prior to wolf colonization, but not after wolf colonization. Growing season precipitation and harvest had no detectable effect on recruitment in either wolf treatment or colonization period, although harvest rates of juveniles∶females declined by 37% in wolf-colonized herds. Even if it is assumed that mortality due to predation is completely additive, liberal estimates of wolf predation rates on juvenile elk could explain no more than 52% of the total decline in juvenile∶female ratios in wolf-colonized herds, after accounting for the effects of other limiting factors. Collectively, these long-term, large-scale patterns align well with prior studies that have reported substantial decrease in elk numbers immediately after wolf recolonization, relatively weak additive effects of direct wolf predation on elk survival, and decreased reproduction and recruitment with exposure to predation risk from wolves.     

Seasonal population changes of five parasitoids attacking the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis on the common reed, with special reference to predation by wintering birds

Seasonal changes in the abundance of five species of hymenopterous parasitoids (four species of Encyrtidae and one species of Eulophidae) attacking the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis on the common reed were investigated for 2 years in Lake Biwa, with special reference to predation by the reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus, during winter. The scales settled on reed shoot stems under sheath leaves, passing through three discrete generations per year. The abundance of adult female scales increased exponentially from July (first generation) to December (third generation). Adult female scales of the third generation overwintered on reed shoots. During winter, female scale abundance dramatically declined, whereas the number of predation marks made by reed buntings using their bills on reed sheath leaves increased. The generations of all five parasitoids were synchronized with the host scale generations, and the five parasitoids overwintered as larvae inside the scale bodies. The abundance of parasitized scales and parasitoid adults emerging from the scales also increased from July to December, but greatly decreased during winter. The overall parasitism rate of the female scales remained at relatively low levels (less than 40%) throughout the year, including before and after winter. A bird exclusion experiment revealed that the dramatic winter decrease of the abundance of the scale and its five parasitoids was due to intensive and non‐selective predation by the buntings on unparasitized and parasitized scales. Additionally, the proportion of immature parasitoids removed by birds varied between the five parasitoid species. Thus, seasonal population changes of the five scale parasitoids are considerably affected by bird predation on overwintering immature parasitoids.     

Mothers vigilantly guard nests after partial brood loss: a cue of nest predation risk in a paper wasp

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The feeding ecology of mink (Mustela vison) in coastal habitat

The diet of a coast-living population of mink was investigated from the scats collected over a three-year period, and compared with information on the availability of principal prey species. Lagomorphs were the single most important prey, and predation upon them matched the abundance of rabbits as determined by monthly counts. Aquatic foraging was particularly important, with rockpool-inhabiting fish accounting for 29–1% occurrence of food items. Fish predation was more pronounced during winter months when lagomorph prey was less available. Crustacean prey, particularly the shore crab, Carcinus maenas , occurred frequently in the diet. Seabirds figured regularly in the diet; these were either taken as carrion from the strand-line or through predation on breeding colonies during the summer months.     

广东省草地贪夜蛾种群周年动态及发生特征

为了明确广东省草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)种群周年消长动态及发生特征,根据2020年和2021年广东省草地贪夜蛾性诱监测及田间调查数据,分析不同生态区草地贪夜蛾成虫及幼虫种群周年发生动态。结果表明：(1)草地贪夜蛾在广东省大部分冬种玉米区可以周年繁殖,仅在清远、韶关、河源等地未发现幼虫为害;不同地区之间草地贪夜蛾越冬虫源基数差异较大,粤西发生为害较重,珠三角及粤东地区发生相对较轻;(2)周年繁殖区草地贪夜蛾成虫和幼虫全年均可发生为害,而季节发生区一般于3-4月才零星始见草地贪夜蛾成虫和幼虫,且诱蛾量、幼虫种群数量及为害程度均相对较低;(3)广东省草地贪夜蛾种群消长动态呈多峰型,发生高峰期主要集中于5-10月,期间出现多个大小不等的高峰,但峰期、蛾量和虫量在不同地区之间差异较大。本研究明确了广东省不同生态区草地贪夜蛾种群的周年消长动态及发生特征,为广东省乃至全国草地贪夜蛾的早期预警和精准防控提供重要参考。