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1.
诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治   总被引:24,自引:1,他引:24  
诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治王春裕(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,110015)DiscusiononEcologicalControlofSoilSalinization.WangChunyu(InstituteofAppliedEcology,Aca...  相似文献   

2.
人类生产活动对土壤生态系统的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
人类生产活动对土壤生态系统的影响武志杰(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,110015)InfluenceofHumanActivityonSoilEcosystem¥.WuZhijie(InslituteofAppliedEcology,AcademiaSini-ca,Shenyang110015).ChineseJournalofEcology,1993,12(4):47-51.Therelationshipbetweenhurnanactivityandsoilecosytemisanalysed.Soilecologicalstructureanditsfunctionaregreatlyinfluencedbyhumanactivities,suchasfarming,fertilization,irrigationandpollution.Soilecosystemurgentlyneedstobeprotected.Keywords:soilecology,humanactivity,soilecosystem.1总论土壤生态系统是一种人工干预最多的生态系统。对于土壤生态系统,人类首要的企图是维持  相似文献   

3.
贵州省西北部“百里杜鹃林”的土壤生态条件   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
贵州省西北部“百里杜鹃林”的土壤生态条件庞纯焘,宋铭荷,田光普(贵州教育学院,贵阳550003)(贵州农学院,贵阳550006)SoilEcologicalConditionsinthe"HundredLi(500m)AzaleaForcst"inNorthwestGuizhouProvince¥PangChuntao;SongMinghe(GuizhouEducationCollege,Guiyang550003),TianGuangpu(GuizhouAgriculturalCollege,Guiyang550006).ChineseJournalofEcology,1993,12(1):49-52。Thereisavastareaofazalea(Rhododendronspp.)forestinNorthwestGuizhouProvince,Atfloweringseasoninsummer,itbecomesaregionoftouristattraction.Thisregionissofascinatingthatpeoplecallit"HundredLi(500m)AzaleaFores  相似文献   

4.
污染土壤的植物修复   总被引:44,自引:4,他引:40  
污染土壤的植物修复沈德中(中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100094)PhytoremediationofContaminatedSoil.ShenDezhong(ColegeofResourcesandEnvironment,ChinaAgric...  相似文献   

5.
庐山土壤微生物类群及酶活特性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
庐山土壤微生物类群及酶活特性陆杨森,熊金莲,张明(安徽农学院,合肥230036)MicrobialGroupsandEnzymeActivityinSoilofLushanMountain¥LuYangsen;XiongJinlian;ZhangMing(AnhuiAgriculturalCollege,Hefei230036).ChineseJournalofEcology1993,12(5):25-28。ThetotalnumberofmicrobesvariesindifferentsoiltypesofLushanMountain,beingthehighest(1.2×10 ̄9numbersgdrysoil)inmountainousyellowbrownsoil.Theecologialdistributionofvariousmicrobialgroupsindifferentsoiltypesissimllar。Bacteriaismorethanactinomycesandfungi.Nonitrifyingbacte-riacanbefoundInsollsofLushanMountai  相似文献   

6.
鼎湖山土壤的微生物及其对酸度的适应特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
鼎湖山土壤的微生物及其对酸度的适应特征葛荣盛(广东省土壤研究所广州510650)SoilMicrobcsatDinghushanNaturalReserveandTheirAdaptabilitytoAcidity¥.GeRongsheng(Guang-dongInstituteofSoilSciences,Guangzhou510650).ChineseJournalofEcology,1993,12(3):11-18.ThispaperdiscussesthemicrofloraeinsoilsunderdifferentforesttypesatDinghusannaturalreserveandtheiradaptabilitytoacidity:1.Undermixedforest,ammonifyingBacteria,cellulose-decomposingbacteriaandOligonitrophilesaredominant;underbroadleavedforest,ceIlulose-decomposingfungiaremore;andlittledifferencecanb  相似文献   

7.
浸润垄作稻田土壤生态系统的研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
浸润垄作稻田土壤生态系统的研究魏朝富,高明,车福才,邓春(西南农业大学土化系重庆630716)AStudyonInfiltrated-RidgedPaddySoilEcosystem¥.WeiChaofu;GaoMing,CheFuchai;DengChun(SouthwestAgriculluralUniversity,).ChineseJournalofEcology,1993,12(3):26-30;Thispaperdealswichaninfiltrated-ridgedpaddysoilecosystemwhichisconstructedbyridgingandcon-tinuousfurrowinfiItratiOnirrigation,ComparingwithlevelinfiItratedpaddysoilecosystem,thisecosys-temhascoexistedgas-liquid,gas-solidandliquid-solidinterfaces,enlargessoilsurfaceby38%andincreasescuItivatedlayerby5-10cm.  相似文献   

8.
土壤微生物生物量周转的估算   总被引:44,自引:5,他引:39  
土壤微生物生物量周转的估算高云超,朱文珊,陈文新(北京农业大学生物学院,100094)EstimationforBiomassandTurnoverofSoilMicroorganisms¥GaoYunchao;ZhuWenshan;ChenWenxin(CollegeofBiologicalSciences,BeijingAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100094).ChineseJour-nalofEcology,1993,12(6):6-10。Toobtainsomeinformationabouttransformationofmineralnutrientsbysoilmicroorganisms,wehavemeasuredtheamountandturnoverrateofsoilrnicrobialbiomassinno-tillage,directdrillingandplow-ingsoils.Microbialbiornassinno-tillagetopsoilis51.7%and26.0%higherthanthoseinplowinganddirec  相似文献   

9.
集约高产过程中土壤有机质动态初探   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
集约高产过程中土壤有机质动态初探崔玉亭,韩纯儒(北京农业大学,100094)DynamicsofSoilOrganicMatter(SOM)intheProcessofAgriculturalIntensification¥.CuiYuting;HanChunru(BeijingAgriculturalUniversity,100094).ChineseJournalofEcology,1993,12(2):37—38.Inthispaper,thebalanceofsoilorganicmatter(SOM)intheprocessofagriculturalintensificationinChangzhouregionisstudiedandamedium-andlong-termpredictionofitsdynamicsismade。There-sultsshowthatduringthisprocess,thebalanceofSOMisgettingbetter,andafteramediumorlongpe-riod(e.g,10—20yeats),theSOMcontentcangett  相似文献   

10.
水稻内生联合固氮细菌的筛选,鉴定及其分布特性   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
利用乙炔还原法和固定15N2 活性测定法对分离自水稻( Oryza sativa L.)“越富”种子、根、茎和叶的内生细菌进行了筛选,获得29 株具有体外固氮能力的水稻内生联合固氮细菌。鉴定结果表明它们分属于根癌土壤杆菌( Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn) ,放射土壤杆菌( A. radiobacter (Beijerinck et van Delden) Conn) ;阴沟肠杆菌( Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche et Edwards) ,成团肠杆菌( E. agglomerans (Beijerinck) Ewing et Fife) ,坂崎肠杆菌( E. sakazakii Famer et al.) ;皮氏产碱菌( Alcaligenes piechaudii Kiredjian et al.) ,反硝化产碱菌( A. denitrificans (Leifson et Hugh) Ruger et Tan) ;类产碱假单胞菌( Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes Stanier) ,产碱假单胞菌( P. alcal  相似文献   

11.
不同pH低磷土壤上的水稻生物学性状   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过盆栽试验,研究了6个水稻材料(4个耐低磷水稻99011、580、508、99112和2个磷敏感水稻99012、99056)在3种不同pH低磷土壤上的生物学性状.结果表明:580、508和99112的生物学性状在3种土壤上均无明显差异,表现出耐低磷特性;99011在石灰性土壤上的耐低磷能力低于中性和酸性土壤,其相对经济产量比酸性和中性土壤分别降低11.9%和10.4%;99012在石灰性土壤上的耐低磷能力相对较强,其相对经济产量比酸性和中性土壤分别提高19.6%和22.2%;99056在酸性土壤上的耐低磷能力相对较强,其相对经济产量比石灰性和中性土壤分别提高25.0%和19.6%.磷营养水平及土壤类型对水稻产量的影响主要体现在对有效穗的影响上.此外,99011、580、508和99112在3种土壤上的剑叶磷浓度及其相对值均显著高于99012和99056.这也是前四者具有较强耐低磷能力的原因之一.  相似文献   

12.
碱(化)土是指土壤胶体中含交换性钠较多(碱化度>15%)、呈强碱性反应(pH>8.5)、土壤结构性差、含盐量不高的一类土壤,常与盐土相伴存在,两者统称为盐碱土。与盐土中中性盐(NaCl)对作物造成的胁迫不同的是,碱土中碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)对作物造成的胁迫不仅包括离子毒害和渗透胁迫,更严重的是根外高pH值对作物的伤害。利用"以稻治碱"的传统方法可以大规模改良碱(化)土壤,增加农业耕地面积。因此,了解和掌握水稻对碱胁迫的适应性,创建碱地水稻高效栽培技术,培育水稻耐碱新品种,对提高碱(化)土地利用率,保障区域粮食安全具有重要的现实意义。本文基于近年来国内外研究报道,从水稻耐碱形态和生理特性、耐碱基因定位与克隆、耐碱种质鉴定筛选以及水稻耐碱性遗传改良等4个方面进行综述,并对未来水稻耐碱性研究进行展望,以期为"以稻治碱"、改土增粮提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

13.
模拟酸雨对不同土壤有机碳和作物秸秆分解的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
为研究酸雨对不同pH值水稻土中有机碳分解的影响,选择酸性(pH 5.48)、碱性(pH 8.18)和中性(pH 6.70)水稻土(分别设置施用秸秆0、15 g·kg-1土处理)在20 ℃条件下进行40 d的培养试验,各土壤组分别用pH值为6.0、4.5、3.0的模拟雨水将土壤含水量调为400 g·kg-1(以风干土计).结果表明:秸秆、酸雨和土壤共同对土壤系统CO2释放产生影响,秸秆的添加可显著提高土壤CO2释放速率.培养期间,酸雨未显著影响土壤有机碳分解,但对土壤中作物秸秆的分解影响显著. pH 3.0酸雨处理下酸性和碱性土壤中秸秆40 d总分解量比pH 6.0处理高8%;酸雨抑制了中性水稻土中秸秆的分解,pH 3.0酸雨处理下秸秆40 d总分解量比pH 6.0处理低15%.pH 3.0酸雨处理下,酸性水稻土有机碳分解速率分别比中性和碱性水稻土高43%和50%(P<0.05),秸秆在中性水稻土中分解量分别比其在酸性和碱性水稻土中低17%和16%(P<0.05).  相似文献   

14.
Lee H  Ha HS  Lee CH  Lee YB  Kim PJ 《Bioresource technology》2006,97(13):1490-1497
Paddy soils in Korea generally require the addition of Si to enhance rice productivity. Coal combustion fly ash, which has a high available Si content and alkaline pH, was selected as a potential source of Si in this study. Two field experiments were carried out to evaluate rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in silt loam and loamy sand soils to which 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha(-1) of fly ash were added with 2 Mg ha(-1) Si as a control. Fly ash increased the soil pH and available Si and P contents of both soils. The amount of available B increased to a maximum of 2.57 mg kg(-1), and the B content of the rice plants increased to a maximum of 52-53 mg kg(-1) following the addition of 120 Mg ha(-1) fly ash. The rice plants did not show toxicity effects. The highest rice yields were achieved following the addition of around 90 Mg ha(-1) fly ash. The application of fly ash increased Si, P and K uptake by the rice plants, but did not result in an excessive uptake of heavy metals in the submerged paddy soil. In conclusion, fly ash could be a good supplement to other inorganic soil amendments to improve the nutrient balance in paddy soils.  相似文献   

15.
湖南稻田土壤固定态铵含量的季节变化及生物有效性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以湖南省3种固定态铵含量较高的稻田土壤为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,研究了稻田土壤固定态铵在植稻期间的动态变化及其生物有效性。结果表明,稻田土壤的固定态铵含量处于不断的变化之中,施氮肥和有机肥使土壤固定态铵含量升高,而水稻吸收氮则使土壤固定态铵含量降低,其变化趋势与土壤碱解氮含量变化相似。“新固定的”固定态铵基本对当季水稻全部有效。而“原有的”固定态铵对当季作物和后季作物部分有效,就供试土壤而言,在水稻生育期间,土壤固定态铵的释放量是潮沙泥>紫泥田>河沙泥;就不同水稻而言,早稻生育期间土壤固定态铵的释放量大于晚稻生育期间土壤固定态铵的释放量。  相似文献   

16.
有机酸对土壤无机态磷转化和速效磷的影响   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
土壤有效磷含量低是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一.作物根分泌活化难溶性磷的有机酸对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义.采用张守敬和Jackson无机磷分级方法,以湖北省3种pH值土壤为材料,加入不同磷源和有机酸,经过室温培养后,测定速效磷含量和无机磷组分的变化.结果表明:施磷显著提高了土壤中速效磷含量,中性土、酸性土Fe-P和Al-P含量大幅上升, Fe-P占增加量的50%以上,而碱性土Ca-P含量显著增加.加施有机酸使中性土速效磷含量增多,除苹果酸处理的变幅较小外,草酸和柠檬酸的加入速效磷显著增加.由于有机酸的作用,中性土Al-P含量下降,Ca-P含量上升,变幅大小依次为草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸;酸性土中Al-P含量呈下降趋势,碱性土中Ca-P含量有不同程度的减少,3种土壤中O-P含量均有所增加.说明有机酸活化的磷主要来源于中性土和酸性土Al-P、Fe-P及碱性土Ca-P中的磷,同时有机酸能够促进土壤中闭蓄态磷(O-P)的形成与积累.  相似文献   

17.
为了探究不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区果园土壤理化性质的影响,在‘寒富’苹果园设置了杂草、稻草、玉米秸秆、粉碎枝条4个覆盖处理,对比分析了各处理果园土壤水分、养分等指标的变化.结果表明: 有机物覆盖增加了土壤含水量,以干旱季节最为明显;减缓了春季土壤温度上升速度,不利于果树前期生长,但降低了夏季土壤的最高温,提高了秋冬季土壤的最低温;提高了土壤的pH值,以玉米秸秆覆盖处理最为明显,减轻了土壤酸化,使土壤pH接近中性;不同程度提高了土壤有机质含量,以杂草覆盖处理最为明显.覆盖还增加了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但稻草覆盖处理碱解氮含量低于对照.  相似文献   

18.
碱性肥料对稻田土壤和稻米镉含量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以碱性复合肥为材料,在湖南郴州松柏村进行大田小区试验,研究了碱性复合肥及其与微生物菌剂配合施用对稻田土壤和稻米镉含量的影响.结果表明: 水稻分蘖期、灌浆期和收获期碱性肥料处理的土壤有效镉含量较常规肥料处理分别降低8.3%、6.7%和16.4%.收获期碱性肥料处理土壤有效镉含量较插秧前降低了7.2%,而常规肥料处理却增加了11.0%.配施微生物菌剂使土壤有效镉增加了1.2%~23.3%.与常规肥料处理相比,碱性肥料处理根系、茎鞘、叶片、籽粒、稻米镉含量显著降低,分别降低了54.9%、56.6%、41.8%、62.7%、67.6%.与微生物菌剂配施时,碱性肥料处理稻米镉含量却增加63.2%.表明施用碱性肥料可显著降低土壤中镉的有效性及水稻各器官和稻米镉含量,而碱性肥料与微生物菌剂配施则削弱了其对稻米镉含量的降低效果.  相似文献   

19.
The present study examines the effects of 30 mg/kg butachlor on the cyanobacterial diversity of rice fields in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Western Bihar in India. A total of 40 samples were grouped into three classes [(i) acidic, (ii) neutral, and (iii) alkaline soils], based on physicochemical and principle component analyses. Acidic soils mainly harbored Westillopsis, Trichormus, Anabaenopsis, and unicellular cyanobacteria; whereas Nostoc, Anabaena, Calothrix, Tolypothrix, and Aulosira were found in neutral and alkaline soils. Molecular characterization using 16S rRNA PCR and DGGE revealed the presence of 13 different phylotypes of cyanobacteria in these samples. Butachlor treatment of the soil samples led to the disappearance of 5 and the emergence of 2 additional phylotypes. A total of 40 DGGE bands showed significant reproducible changes upon treatment with butachlor. Phylogenetic analyses divided the phylotypes into five major clusters exhibiting interesting links with soil pH. Aulosira, Anabaena, Trichormus, and Anabaenopsis were sensitive to butachlor treatment, whereas uncultured cyanobacteria, a chroococcalean member, Westillopsis, Nostoc, Calothrix, Tolypothrix, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia, Fischerella, Leptolyngbya, and Cylindrospermum, appeared to be tolerant against butachlor at their native soil pH. Butachlor-induced inhibition of nitrogen fixation was found to be 65% (maximum) and 33% (minimum) in the soil samples of pH 9.23 and 5.20, respectively. In conclusion, low butachlor doses may prove beneficial in paddy fields having a neutral to alkaline soil pH.  相似文献   

20.
Summary The electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of six California rice soils were significantly influenced by the presence of salts up to an EC of 9 mmhos/cm in saturation extract (ECe). Subsamples of each soil salinity treatment were incubated for periods up to 10 weeks after flooding. Most of the changes in Eh and pH values took place in the first 3–4 weeks after submergence. Salinity decreased pH values, but slightly increased the redox-potential. Both ammonification and nitrate reduction were significantly decreased, by increasing soil salinity. Salinity up to 9 mmhos/cm did not affect levels of Bray and Kurtz extractable P, but increased the water extractable Ca, Mg, K and Mn. In DTPA extract, salinity in incubated soils had no effect on Zn in 4 soils, but it decreased Fe in acid and neutral soils. Possible explanations for the electro-chemical and chemical kinetic changes due to flooding and salinity are discussed.  相似文献   

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