新疆鹅喉羚的种群结构

１９９２年８～９月和１９９３年９月,作者在新疆北部鹅喉羚北疆亚种（ＧａｚｅｌｌａｓｕｂｇｕｔｔｒｏｓａＳａｉｒｅｎｓｉｓ）分布区（天山以北）设置１９条样带,总长８１８ｋｍ,观测点至动物的平均垂直距离２４８．３ｍ,面积４０５．８ｋｍ２的调查统计,见鹅喉羚６２群次,共２２１只。样带中动物的平均密度为０．７１±０．１７只／ｋｍ２。对能判别性别和成幼的１６条样带中的３７群次１１３只统计,雌：雄＝１：１．０５,成：幼＝２．４：１。对８条样带中的１６群次５０只统计,母：仔＝１：１．４。１９９３年２月和１０月,我们还在新疆南部鹅喉羚南疆亚种（Ｇ．ｓ．ｙａｒｋａｎｄｅｎｓｉｓ）分布区（天山以南）,设置８条样带,长２３０ｋｍ,平均垂直距离２９９ｍ,面积１１６ｋｍ２的调查统计,见鹅喉羚１７群次５１只,平均密度０．５７±０．２６只／ｋｍ２。     

A New Journal From China:Genomics ,Proteomics & Bioinformatics

Ｇｅｎｏｍｉｃｓ ,Ｐｒｏｔｅｏｍｉｃｓ＆Ｂｉｏｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｃｓ (ＧＰＢ)ｉｓｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＧｅｎｏｍｉｃｓＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ (ＢＧＩ) ,ｔｈｅＩｎｓｔｉ ｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｎｅｔｉｃｓａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌＢｉｏｌｏｇｙｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ (ＣＡＳ) ,ａｎｄｔｈｅＧｅｎｅｔｉｃｓＳｏｃｉｅｔｙｏｆＣｈｉｎａ ,ａｎｄｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＰｒｅｓｓ ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ .Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｓｓｕｅｏｆｔｈｉｓｑｕａ…     

RGS与G蛋白信号转导的调节

ＲＧＳｓ（ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｓ ｏｆ Ｇ－ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ｓｉｇｎａｌｉｎｇ）是最近发现的Ｇ－蛋白信号转导的负调节子,大部分ＲＧＳｓ通过ＧＡＰｓ（ＧＴＰａｓｅ ａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ）方式发挥作用,ＲＧＳ的作用具有高度特异性,在体内受到严密的调节。对ＲＧＳ的深入研究有利于对信号转导调节的了解。     

兰科盆距兰属（Gastrochilus）植物的修订

本文对盆距兰属（Ｇａｓｔｒｏｃｈｉｌｕｓ）植物作了修订,共分３个组,含４６种和１变种,其中１个组（Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｃａｅｓｐｉｔｏｓｉ）和８个种（Ｇ．ｃａｒｎｓｕｓ,Ｇ．ｇａｒｈｗａｌｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｇ．ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ,Ｇ．ｇｕａｎｇｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｇ．ｓｕｂｐａｐｉｌｌｏｓｕｓ,Ｇ．ｎａｎｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｇ．ｓａｃｃａｔｕｓａｎｄＧ．ｇｏｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）为新的,首次在本文作了描述报导。本属属的形态特征,研究历史和订正后属下的分类群检索表,种的文献引证、简短的特征记要和地理分布以及在属中被排除的分类单位索引均提供在本文。     

Isolation and mapping of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing telomere-associated sequence

Ｔｅｌｏｍｅｒｅｓａｒｅｔｈｅｅｎｄｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｕｋａｒｙｏｔｉｃｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｓａｎｄｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｏｆｔａｎｄｅｍｌｙｓｈｏｒｔｒｅｐｅａｔｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｅｎｓｕｓ[ｄ(Ｔ/Ａ)14ｄＧ18]ｎｉｎｍｏｓｔｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ.ＴｈｅｔｅｌｏｍｅｒｉｃｒｅｐｅａｔｓｏｆＡｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓ,[ＴＴＴＡＧＧＧ]ｎ,ｗｅｒｅｃｌｏｎｅｄｉｎ1988[1].Ｇａｎａｌｅｔａｌ.[2]ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈｅｔｏｍａｔｏｔｅｌｏｍｅｒｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ,[ＴＴ(Ｔ/Ａ…     

鲑鱼促性腺激素释放激素（sGnRH）调节鲤鱼脑垂体生长激素分泌的离体研究

ｓＧｎＲＨ同时刺激离体灌流孵育的鲤鱼脑垂体ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ分泌,ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ对ｓＧｎＲＨ脉冲式刺激的分泌反应的时间进程和剂量依存关系相似。生长抑素显著抑制基础的ｓＧｎＲＨ刺激的ＧＨ分泌,但对ＧｔＨ分泌没有影响。阿扑吗啡以剂量依存方式显著抑制基础的ｓＧｎＲＨ促进的ＧｔＨ分泌,并显著刺激ＧＨ分泌,但对ｓＧｎＲＨ促进的ＧＨ分泌无影响。     

蝰科（Viperidae）蝮亚科（Crotalinae）线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分？…

对蝮亚科（蛇岛蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓｈｅｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ Ｚｈａｏ、黑眉蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、乌苏里蝮（Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｕｓｓｕｒｒｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、竹叶青Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｓｕｒｕｓ ｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒｉ Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ和分别来自不同地区的尖吻蝮Ｄｅｉｎａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ａｃｕｔｕｓ Ｇｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ、短尾蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｂｒｅｉｃａｕ     

不同年龄和性腺发育期鲤鱼不同脑区的sGnRH分布及其变化

在不同年龄和不同性腺发育时期鲤鱼脑ｓＧｎＲＨ总含量和ｓＧｎＲＨ在各脑区的分布都有明显的变化。幼鱼脑ｓＧｎＲＨ的功能还不够成熟,主要表现为脑ｓＧｎＲＨ含量低,各脑区ｓＧｎＲｈ分布的变化不明显。     

Geology Exhibition Hall of Peking University(英汉对照)

ＴｈｅＧｅｏｌｏｇｙＥｘｈｉｂｉｔｉｏｎＨａｌｏｆＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｗａｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９０９．Ｉｎ１９３４,ｉｔｗａｓｍｏｖｅｄｆｒｏｍＥａｓｔＪｉｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔｒｅｅｔｔｏｔｈｅＧｅｏｌｏｇｙＧａｌｅｒｙｏｆＰｅｋｉ...     

中国哑蟋属昆虫三新种记述：直翅目：蟋蟀科

本文记述采自我国四川、江西等地哑蟋属Ｇｏｎｉｏｇｒｙｌｌｕｓ昆虫３新种：重庆哑蟋Ｇ．ｃｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎ八刺哑蟋Ｇ．ｏｃｔｏｓｐｉｎａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎ以及庐山哑蟋Ｇ．ｌｕｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎ。     

The role of phenolic compounds and nutrients in determining food preference in greater snow geese

Summary We tested Buchsbaum's hypothesis that food palatability in geese is determined by a hierarchy of feeding cues among which deterrent secondary metabolites (mostly phenols) have a primary role (Buchsbaum et al. 1984). In preference tests, greater snow goose feeding was slightly depressed when grass was sprayed with ferulic acid but not when grass was sprayed with p-coumaric and tannic acids. Extracts of Timothy grass, red clover or alfalfa sprayed on grass also failed to depress goose feeding. In a multifactor experiment, phenol and protein content and height of grass were manipulated simultaneously. When ferulic acid was sprayed, protein and phenol content interacted in determining goose feeding preferences; protein content had no effect in the absence of phenol but did have an effect when phenol was added. When tannic acid was used in a similar experiment, results were inconclusive because of a significant and complex interaction between protein content and height of grass. Our results generally failed to support Buchsbaum's hypothesis that phenol content of plants has a primary role in determining food preference in geese. Protein content of plants seemed to be a more important factor.     

Feeding by geese on the Filsø Farmland, Denmark, and the effect of grazing on yield structure of spring barley

From the end of August to early May on average 506400 goose days were spent on the farmland of Filsø, 92% by pink-footed geese, 7% by greylag geese and 1% by bean geese. 36% of the goose days were spent on stubbles (autumn), 38% on stubbles with undersown seed grass (autumn-spring), and 21% on new-sown barley fields (spring).
Geese feeding on spring barley consume kernels left on the surface or in the upper surface layers. In 1982 and 1983 trials were set up to quantify the effect of grazing. The effect on yield and plant structure was measured by comparing ungrazed (exclosures) and grazed plots. Grazing by geese significantly reduced the grain yield (7-20%), but the reduction was not proportional to goose usage. The maximum reduction in sprout density was observed in 1982 in an area with heavy goose usage; sprout density was reduced by 72%, but the subsequent yield in the same area was only reduced by 8%. Plants on grazed plots compensated for the reduced sprout density by having more tillers with ears and grains of higher weight. The effect of grazing on stubble, seed grass, and winter cereals on Filsø is discussed.     

Soil physical properties and carbon/nitrogen relationships in stable aggregates under legume and grass fallow

Short-season fallow with legumes and/or grasses can restore the soil organic C and nitrogen (N) and improve soil structure. In this study, we accessed the effects of 2-season legume and grass fallow on structural properties and C/N relationships in aggregates of a sandy loam soil. Two legumes (Calopogonium mucunoides and Centrosema pubescens), and two grasses (Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and goose grass (Eleusine indica) were used. Results showed that Calopogonium and Centrosema increased soil total porosity and reduced soil bulk densities, while goose grass increased bulk density and reduced total porosity of the soils at 0–15 and 15–30?cm depths. Guinea grass significantly increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity (50.4?cm?h^?1) and water holding capacity of the soils. Aggregates, 4.75 to 0.5?mm were greater in Guinea grass and least in goose grass fallowed soils. Calopogonium increased macro-aggregates at 0–15?cm soils by 48%, and mean weight diameter (MWD) by 44%. Organic carbon in 0.5–0.25?mm and <0.25?mm aggregate sizes was higher in Guinea grass soils. Generally, grasses had 4-fold increases of C:N contents in dry aggregates. In conclusion, short-season fallow with Guinea grass, Calopogonium and Centrosema, increased soil C and N and protected them from losses in stable aggregates.     

Host Status of Five Weed Species and Their Effects on Pratylenchus zeae Infestation of Maize

The host suitability of five of the most common weed species occurring in maize (Zea mays L.) fields in South Africa to Pratylenchus zeae was tested. Based on the number of nematodes per root unit, mealie crotalaria (Crotalaria sphaerocarpa) was a good host; goose grass (Eleusine indica), common pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), and thorn apple (Datura stramonium) were moderate hosts; and khaki weed (Tagetes minuta) was a poor host. Only the root residues of khaki weed suppressed the P. zeae infestation of subsequently grown maize. When goose grass, khaki weed, and mealie crotalaria were grown in association with maize in soil infested with P. zeae, goose grass and khaki weed severely suppressed maize root development; this resulted in a low number of nematodes per maize root system and a high number of nematodes per maize root unit. Mealie crotalaria did not restrict maize root growth and did not affect nematode densities per maize root system or maize root unit. Special attention should be given to the control of mealie crotalaria, which is a good host for P. zeae, and goose grass, which, in addition to its ability to compete with maize, is also a suitable host for P. zeae.     

Possible effects of local enrichment by gulls on feeding-site selection by wintering Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis

The selection of salt-marsh feeding sites by wintering Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis was investigated on Schiermonnikoog, The Netherlands. Use of sites by geese was estimated by counts of goose droppings. Geese spent significantly more time grazing in sites with evidence of Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull Lfuscus breeding activity than in nearby non-gull sites. The nitrogen content of red fescue grass Festuca rubra was significantly greater in gull sites. We suggest that the geese preferred to feed in these locations because of the improved nutritional value of the grass. The higher nitrogen content of F. rubra in gull sites was most likely the result of nutrient inputs from gull droppings rather than goose droppings.     

Spatial and temporal feeding segregation of two Icelandic goose species during the spring pre-nesting period

The pre-nesting feeding behaviour of greylag Anser anser and pink-footed geese A brachyrhynchus was studied on agricultural land at low altitude in southern Iceland from 10 April to 8 May 1990 Greylag geese were already present on 12 April increased to 4580 birds by 24 April, but declined to 1300 by 3 May Pink-footed geese arrived around 20 April and numbers continued to increase to a peak count of 11340 on 3 May Over 60% of greylag geese initially used stubble fields on the coast where this habitat was most frequent, but increasingly resorted to grassland and wetland habitats during late April Later-arriving pink-feet predominantly used managed grassland, away from coastal areas At inland grassland sites, greylag numbers peaked on 20 April, pink-feet m early May The early exploitation by greylags was associated with grass growth initiated under protective snow-patches Greylags spent 90 times more time feeding within 1 m of snow patches with enhanced grass growth than expected by chance and their feeding rates near snow patches were faster and their step rates slower than further away By early May, grass growth was uniform and, although snow-patches persisted, no difference in forage quality, goose feeding rates or step rates could be detected It is concluded that, in spring 1990 at least, habitat segregation during spring migration in southern Iceland minimised competition between these two closely related goose species within the same geographical area In areas where both species exploit the same habitat, a two week difference m timing of breeding (and hence phenology of migration) further assures minimal overlap in feeding exploitation     

Effects of Mowing on Anthraquinone for Deterrence of Canada Geese

ABSTRACT Anthraquinone (AQ)-based repellents have been shown to reduce Canada goose (Branta canadensis) use of turfgrass; however, impacts of frequent mowing on efficacy of AQ have not been studied. Our objective was to determine efficacy and longevity of a rain-fast AQ-based avian repellent, FlightControl® PLUS (FCP), as a deterrent of free-ranging resident Canada geese under 2 mowing frequencies. We conducted the study at 8 sites in the Triangle region (Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill) of North Carolina, USA. We arranged our experiment in a randomized complete block design, with each of 8 sites containing 4 0.1-ha treatment combinations: 1) treated with FCP and mowed every 4 days (T4), 2) treated with FCP and mowed every 8 days (T8), 3) untreated and mowed every 4 days, and 4) untreated and mowed every 8 days. We conducted 4 37-day field sessions (Jun-Jul 2007, Sep-Oct 2007, Jun-Jul 2008, and Sep-Oct 2008), representing the summer molting phase and the full-plumage phase. Resident goose use (measured by daily no. of droppings) was 41–70% lower on treated plots than on untreated plots, but use was similar between T4 and T8. Average FCP coverage on grass blades decreased in coverage from approximately 95% to 10% over the 30-day posttreatment phase. Results indicate that resident Canada goose use of FCP-treated turfgrass areas was lower than untreated areas even when chemical coverage on grass was 10%. Further, mowing frequency did not have a clear impact on the efficacy of FCP as a Canada goose repellent.     

Trees improve grass quality for herbivores in African savannas

The tree–grass interactions of African savannas are mainly determined by varying rainfall patterns and soil fertility. Large savanna trees are known to modify soil nutrient conditions, but whether this has an impact on the quality of herbaceous vegetation is unclear. However, if this were the case, then the removal of trees might also affect the structure and quality of the grass layer. We studied the impact of large nitrogen- and non-nitrogen fixing trees on the sub-canopy (SC) grass layer in low- and high-rainfall areas of differing soil fertility in eastern and southern Africa. We compared the structure and nutrient levels of SC grasses with those outside the canopy. Grass leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents beneath tree canopies were elevated at all study sites and were up to 25% higher than those outside the canopy in the site of lowest rainfall and soil fertility. Grass leaf fibre and organic matter (OM) contents were slightly enhanced beneath tree canopies. At the site of highest rainfall and soil fertility, grasses beneath the canopy had significantly lower ratios of stem:leaf biomass and dead:living leaf material. Grass species composition differed significantly, with the highly nutritious Panicum spp. being most abundant underneath tree crowns. In the two drier study sites, soil nitrogen and OM contents were enhanced by 30% beneath trees. N-fixation capacity of trees did not contribute to the improved quality of grass under the canopy. We conclude that trees improve grass quality, especially in dry savannas. In otherwise nutrient-poor savanna grasslands, the greater abundance of high-quality grass species with higher contents of N and P and favourable grass structure beneath trees could attract grazing ungulates. As these benefits may be lost with tree clearance, trees should be protected in low fertility savannas and their benefits for grazing wildlife recognised in conservation strategies.     

Diurnal patterns of abundance of aphidophagous lady beetle species on chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

The influence of temperature on the diurnal activity of five species of aphidophagous lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was investigated between 0700 and 1900 h in chili (Capsicum annuum L.) agroecosystems and neighboring vegetation (goose grass, Eleusine indica L.). The lady beetle species observed were Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius, Coelophora inaequalis F., Coccinella transversalis F., Harmonia octomaculata F. and Coelophora bissellata Mulsant. More lady beetles (of all species) were found during cooler periods (at 0700, 0900, 1100, and 1900 h). The diurnal pattern of lady beetle adult was temperature dependent. On chili plants, numbers were higher at temperatures between 22 to 30 °C (at 0700, 0900, 1100 and 1900 h) and numbers decreased when temperatures were above 30 °C. When temperature was above 30 °C under the chili plant canopy, numbers were higher in neighboring goose grass, where temperatures were cooler (< 30 °C). Numbers of all species were negative correlated between chili plant and goose grass.     

Feeding patch selection by herbivorous Anatidae: the influence of body size, and of plant quantity and quality

Recent findings suggest that herbivores select feeding sites of intermediate biomass in order to maximise their digestible nutrient intake as the result of the trade-off between forage quality and quantity ('forage maturation hypothesis'). We propose a reformulation of this hypothesis which recognises this trade-off, but also underlines that constraints due to body mass (i.e. metabolism and digestive constraints, size of the feeding apparatus) can lead to variations in grazing patterns. We tested this latter hypothesis experimentally in three species of herbivorous Anatidae of different body mass: the wigeon Anas penelope (in our study c. 620 g), the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis (c. 2000 g), and the greylag goose Anser anser (c. 3500 g). Each species was tested separately from 0600 to 0930 hours, in an enclosure with a mosaic of patches of grass of three different heights: short, medium and tall. The behaviour, and the location (i.e. patch) of each individual were recorded every 5 minutes. Our results show important interspecific differences in intake rates resulting in different feeding site selection: wigeon and barnacle goose fed fastest on the shortest swards, and selected short grass which was also of higher quality. Tall grass provided the highest dry matter intake rate and digestible protein intake for greylag geese, and they preferred these swards. These choices allowed the birds to maximise their digestible nitrogen intake rate rather than dry matter intake rate and our results thus underline the importance of nitrogen as a major currency for foraging decisions in herbivorous Anatidae. Since the birds selected the two extreme sward heights (instead of the medium one), the results give support to our hypothesis and underline the role of body size as an important cause of variations in patch selection in herbivorous Anatidae.