Morphology, biology and geographical distribution of the mosquito Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sergievi (Diptera, Culicidae)

New data on morphology and differential diagnosis of adults (variability of the pattern of mesonotum and wings, difference from all other species of the cantans group of the Palaearctic fauna by the spot of the scales on the mesepimeron reaching its lower edge, difference of its male genitalia from those of Ae. montchadskyi Dub.), biology (period of activity and predomination indices of the females attacking man, breeding places and period of occurrence of preimaginal phases in the south of the East Transbaikalia and Krasnoyarsk Region), and geographical distribution (from the Tuva ASSR and south of Krasnoyarsk Region in the west to the south of the Chita Region in the east, misidentification in East Kazakhstan, confinement of the range to the Mongolian district of the Kazakhstan-Mongolian province of the Central Asian subregion of the Holarctic that suggests that the main part of its distribution range is situated in Mongolia) are given for the recently described species of mosquitoes, Aedes sergievi Danilov, Markovich et Proskuryakova, 1978 from the south of East Siberia.     

中国白纹伊蚊亚组伊蚊的研究Ⅱ.幼虫

中国白纹伊蚊亚组（Ae.albopictus subgroup）包括的9种蚊虫及其成蚊的校订、检索和记述,已见前文（陆,1982）。本文系对本亚组种类的幼虫,作类似的报告。     

中国受胁鸟类的分布与现状分析

参照《Threatened Birds of Asia》(《亚洲受胁鸟类红皮书》),将其中记载的在中国有分布的物种与《中国濒危动物红皮书·鸟类》的物种进行比较。两者的物种组成有明显差异,仅69种鸟同时出现在两个红皮书中;《亚洲受胁鸟类红皮书》中雀形目鸟类占比例最大,而《中国濒危动物红皮书·鸟类》中鸡形目鸟类占比例最大。两个红皮书中的受胁鸟类均以森林、湿地和灌丛为主要栖息生境,而导致物种受胁的主要原因是人为干扰所造成的栖息地破坏。在地理分布方面,应用Arcview 3.2的数据处理与叠加功能,发现西南山地亚区、东部丘陵平原亚区和黄淮平原亚区以及台湾亚区受胁鸟类物种丰富度较高,其中留鸟在西南山地亚区及其周边地区相对集中,迁徙鸟在东部丘陵平原亚区及其周边地区相对集中。在保护方面,中国的显著重要鸟区中有51个是在自然保护区范围内,但还有6个尚未建立保护区,建议予以保护和重视。作者认为西南山地和台湾、海南地区的受胁鸟类面临更大的灭绝威胁,而恢复和重建退化的生态系统是保护鸟类的重要前提。     

On Distributional Features of the Genus Aconitum in Sino-Himalayan Flora

The geographical distribution of Aconitum in the Sino-Himalayan subregion is analysed in the present paper on the basis of taxonomy and relationship between the infrageneric taxa. Asaresult, some conclusions may be arrived as follows: 1. The Sino-Himalayan subregion is the frequency centre and the diversity centre of the genus. For analysis, the distribution area of the genus are assigned to three floristic regions, viz. 1) the East-Asian floristic region, consisting of the Sino-Himalayan subregion and SinoJapanese subregion, 2) the Euro-Siberian region and 3) the North-American region (Table 1). In the East-Asian floristic region, the Sino-Himalayan subregion comprises 3 subgenera, about 5 sections, about 13 series and nearly 180 species. However, the Sino-Japanese subregion has only 2 subgenera, 2 sections. 6 series and about 50 species. The Euro-Siberian region has 2 subgenera, 2 sections, about 9 series and nearly 70 species. The North-American region has 2 subgenera (one of the 2 subgenera has only 1 species), 1 section, 1-2 series and about 26 species. Obviously, the Sino-Himalayan subregion is the richest in taxa. 2. The Sino-Himalayan subregion is not only the preservation centre of the primitive groups and species, but also an actively differentiating region. Largely in the Sino-Himalayan subregion occurs primitive or more primitive tava in the genus, such as Sect. Fletcherum, Sect. Alatosperum and Sect. Sinaconitum, Ser. Tangutica and Ser. Brunnea etc.: A fletcherianum, A. novoluridum, A. chrysotricum, A. brevicalcaratum, A. polycarpus, A. nagarum, A. tanguti cum, A. hookeri, A. naviculare, A. violaceum, etc. On the other hand, the Sino-Himalayan subregion also has the most or relatively advanced taxa, represented by the annual monotypic subgenus Gymnaconitum, A. spiripetalum, A. hamatipetalum and A. bulbitiferum ect. About 50 infraspecific taxa occur in the subregion. For example, A. hemsleyanum has 8 varities, A. franchetii has varities and A. nagarum 1 varity and 2 forms, ect. 3. In the region under discussion the genus Aconitum shows remarkable endemism. The endemic taxa include 3 sections (Sect. Fletcherum, Sect. Alatosperum and Sect. Sina conitum), 3 series (Ser. Brevicalcarata, Ser. Crassiflora and Ser. Bullatifolia) and nearly 150 species, among which primitive and advanced ones are both present. 4. The pattern of geographical distribution of the genus Aconitum shows remarkable relationship between latitude and altitude. The majority of species of this genus prefer habi tats with a cool and more or less constantly moist climate. In the Sino-Japanese subregion, with a higher latitude, the genus has an altitude range of 500-1500 m, whereas in the Sino-Hima-layan subregion the range is 2900-5000 m. To sum up, the Sino-Himalayan subregion is the diversity centre, the frequency centre, the differentiation centre, the preservation centre of the primitive taxa and the centre of endemism of the genus Aconitum, and its development in this subregion has probably been accelerated by the lift of the Himalayas and the complicated environmental conditions.     

三明格氏栲保护区种子植物区系特点及其地理意义

为弄清广西境内马褂木( Liriodendron chinense)天然群体的遗传多样性及分布情况,该研究运用ISSR分子标记,对广西境内现存的6个野生马褂木种群进行遗传多样性分析及评价。结果表明：广西马褂木群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性,6个参试群体的平均(及总体)有效等位基因数( Ne)、Nei’ s 基因多样度( H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为1.4541(1.6337)、0.2576(0.3633)和0.3786(0.5293);群体间存在基因流动但水平有限( Nm＝1.2184),使群体间存在较高遗传分化( Gst ＝0.2910);聚类分析( UPGMA)将6个天然群体分为东部(全州QZ、资源ZY及融水老堡RS￣L)、西部(融水安太RS￣A、环江HJ及乐业LY)两组,其中东部组具有较低遗传多样性及较高的遗传分化,可能受到较强的人为干扰;Mantel检验表明群体间符合距离隔离模式( R＝0.545, P＝0.043),表明人为破坏导致的生境碎片化是造成广西马褂木天然群体遗传分化的重要原因。针对广西马褂木天然群体较丰富的遗传多样性及较高的遗传分化,除了考虑对遗传多样性较高群体(如RS￣A及HJ)进行原地保护外,宜对各群体采集种子或穗条,统一营建基因资源收集区,以供后续育种及生产利用。     

中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系和分布图(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科)(英文)

在野外调查和过去已发表的所有文献基础上,分析和比较了中国虎隐翅虫亚科的分布图和区域相似性。在中国共记录了虎隐翅虫亚科昆虫291种,分别隶于2属(束毛隐翅虫属98种,虎隐翅虫属193种)。聚类分析结果显示中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系可分成4个区域(A,B,C,D):区域A几乎覆盖整个中国东部地区,它由Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅳ3个亚区组成;区域B包括亚区Ⅲ和Ⅶ;区域C包括亚区Ⅴ;区域D包括亚区Ⅵ。另外,在25°～31°N和海拔601～700m范围内,中国虎隐翅虫亚科物种最丰富。生态环境很大地影响了该类昆虫物种的组成和分布。     

Key to the Middle Eastern species of Uroleucon Mordvilko (Aphididae: Homoptera)

Abstract. Keys are provided to distinguish the winged and wingless viviparous morphs of the thirteen species of Uroleucon (=Dactynotus) known from the Middle East. The host range and geographical distribution of each species is indicated.     

China Subregional Avian Endemism and Biodiversity Conservation

Richness of endemic species is considered important for biodiversity conservation and avifaunal regionalization, but no detailed studies concerning the subregional endemism have yet been done in China. Here we investigate the assemblage of China avian endemics of each avifaunal subregion, and analyze the faunal subregional species diversity, subspecific differentiation, and their relationships. The endemic species richness is found to be the highest in the Southwest Mountainous subregion where 60 species account for 57.1% of China’s 105 endemics. Seventy seven species accounting for 73.3% are monotypic. Twenty eight species (26.7%) occurred in only one subregion; the mean was 3.14±1.929 subregions, while 3 species were found widespread over 8 subregions. The number of species distributed only at one specific subregion (EOSR) is the highest in Taiwan subregion. The Southwest Mountainous subregion has the second highest EOSR and the highest richness of monotypic species, but the ratio of numbers of monotypic species or EOSR to the numbers of its subregional overall endemic species is not high in this subregion (68.3%; 10.0%). On the contrary, Taiwan subregion does not have higher richness of overall endemic species and monotypic species, but the EOSR is the highest, while the ratio of numbers of monotypic species or EOSR to the numbers of its subregional overall endemic species is also the highest among all subregions (76.2%; 71.4%). From the evidence of comparing subregional distribution of overall endemic species, EOSR, monotypic species and subspecific diversification, we may conclude that geographical isolation might be the main effect factor contributing to both subspecific diversification and avian subregional endemism in China. The higher endemic and monotypic richness in the Southwest Mountainous subregion may also indicate that the subregion’s avifaunal evolutionary and ecological isolation results from the highly diversified habitats and geographical environments as well as the historical effects from the primitive avifauna.     

A long-living species of the hydrophiloid beetles: Helophorus sibiricus from the early Miocene deposits of Kartashevo (Siberia, Russia)

The recent hydrophiloid species Helophorus (Gephelophorus) sibiricus (Motschulsky, 1860) is recorded from the early Miocene deposits of Kartashevo assigned to the Ombinsk Formation. A detailed comparison with recent specimens allowed a confident identification of the fossil specimen, which is therefore the oldest record of a recent species for the Hydrophiloidea. The paleodistribution as well as recent distribution of the species is summarized, and the relevance of the fossil is discussed. In addition, the complex geological settings of the Kartashevo area are briefly summarized.     

The first ctenosauriscid (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) from the Lower Triassic Of Eastern Europe

A new Early Triassic thecodont from the Donskaya Luka locality is described. A new species and genus of Rauisuchidae, Bystrowisuchus flerovi gen. et sp. nov., the first East European and earliest known member of the family Ctenosauriscidae is established. The taxonomy and phylogeny of Rauisuchidae and their stratigraphical and geographical distribution in connection with new finds are discussed.     

The Palaearctic centers of taxonomic diversity of fleas (Siphonaptera)

The Palaearctic flea fauna includes 921 species and 479 subspecies from 96 genera of 10 families. Of them, 858 species (94%) from 43 genera are endemic to the Palaearctic; they comprise 40% of the Palaearctic Hystrichopsyllidae, 24% of Ceratophyllidae, and 20% of Leptopsyllidae. Ranges of 581 species (63% of the Palaearctic fauna) are situated within one province or subregion of the Palaearctic. Species with ranges including a part of Asia (592) comprise 87% of the total fauna; 72% of the species (517) are endemic to the Palaearctic. The largest centers of taxonomic diversity of Palaearctic fleas are situated in the East Asian, Central Asian, and Turano-Iranian Subregions: 320 species of fleas (214 of them endemic) from 59 genera (8 endemic) are known from the East Asian Subregion; 270 species (over 120 endemic) from 54 genera (5 endemic) are distributed in the Central Asian Subregion. The Turano-Iranian fauna comprises 213 species (103 endemic) from 47 genera (3 endemic); about 160 species occur in the Turanian Subprovince closest to the Russian borders, one-third of them (52 species, or 33%) are endemic; 69 species more are endemic to the entire Asian part of the Palaearctic. Extra-Asian and extra-Siberian ranges are known in 190 flea species. In the western Palaearctic, 76 species are endemic to the European Province, and 57 species, to the Mediterranean Province; 36 species have Euro-Mediterranean distribution. The fauna of the Saharo-Arabian Subregion comprises 30 species (12 endemic), 6 species have ranges of the Mediterranean-Saharo-Arabian type. Scenarios of the origin of the Siphonaptera at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary are hypothesized. Formation of the Palaearctic flea fauna was mostly supported by the Asian-Indo-Malayan and East Asian-Western American palaeofaunal centers of taxonomic diversity. The long history of faunal exchange between the east Palaearctic and the west Nearctic is manifested by the distribution of the parasites of rodents and insectivores, fleas of the genera Stenoponia, Rhadinopsylla, Nearctopsylla, and Catallagia, belonging to several subfamilies of the Hystrichopsyllidae, as well as members of a number of other flea families. A great number of endemic species in the genera Palaeopsylla and Ctenophthalmus (Hystrichopsyllidae), both in the European and Asian parts of the Palaearctic, can be explained by the junction of the European and Asian continental platforms in the late Cretaceous and their subsequent isolation during the Paleocene. A considerable contribution to the flea fauna in the Russian territory was made by the East Asian-Nearctic center of taxonomic diversity, with a smaller role of the European palaeofauna. Immigration of species of the family Pulicidae from the Afrotropical Region is restricted to the southern territories of Russia.     

Interspecific variation in desiccation survival time of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquito eggs is correlated with habitat and egg size

Summary Survival times of eggs under three humidity conditions (42%, 68%, 88% RH) were investigated among Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes from temperate and tropical zones (5 species and 20 geographical strains). This subgenus tends to occupy small aquatic sites as larvae, where desiccation resistance of eggs is necessary during habitat drought. Interspecific comparison showed that the egg survival time was correlated with egg volume and dryness of source locality, and probably with habitat. Aedes aegypti is associated most with arid climate and human-disturbed habitats — its large eggs survived the longest periods at all humidities. Aedes albopictus ranges from tropics to temperate zones and inhabits both disturbed and forest habitats — its eggs were less desiccation-resistant than A. aegypti eggs. The survival times for forest species eggs (A. riversi, A. galloisi, A. flavopictus) were variable at high humidities but at the lowest humidity were consistently shorter than for eggs of A. aegypti and A. albopictus.     

中国的草蛉及其地理分布（脉翅目：草蛉科）

本文讨论了中国草蛉科已知属种的地理分布及其特点,指出：属的分布以东洋成分比重较大,高山高原属分化明显;种类分布呈现东洋成分由东部沿海向北挺进、古北种类通过西北地区向西南延伸的格局,丰富的高山、高原种类及狭布种类,是我国草蛉区系的一大特点。     

粉条儿菜属(肺筋草科)的地理分布及其物种多样性和分化中心

粉条儿菜属(AletrisL.)隶属于肺筋草科,全世界有23种1变种,东亚有18种1变种,北美东南部有5种,为典型的东亚-北美间断分布的属.本文在种(变种)的水平上,研究了粉条儿菜属的地理分布及其分布中心和多样化中心,并对其起源和分化以及现代洲际间断分布格局的成因进行了分析.结果表明,(1)中国共分布有粉条儿菜属植物15种1变种,而广义的横断山地区集中分布有13种1变种,是东亚粉条儿菜属植物分布最为集中的地区,而且包含该属植物各个进化阶段的代表.因此,广义的横断山地区是粉条儿菜属在东亚的分布中心和多样化中心.(2)根据粉条儿菜属及其近缘属的分布格局推测,该属可能在不晚于第三纪早期,起源于古北大陆.东亚和北美的粉条儿菜属植物形态区别明显,应该是隔离分化的结果.(3)该属植物可能曾经广布于北半球,后来地质、气候以及冰川等因素的变化,导致该属在一些地区灭绝,而仅存于东亚和北美东南部.(4)尽管横断山及其周边地区是东亚粉条儿菜属的多样化中心,但该地区很可能并不是粉条儿菜属最早的分化中心,因横断山地区周边的一些特有种可能是在晚近的时期形成的新特有种;另外,东亚粉条儿菜属一些原始的种类主要分布于我国中东部到日本一带.所以,中国中东部到日本一带可能是粉条儿菜属早期的分化中心.     

扁蚜亚科(同翅目,扁蚜科)蚜虫地理分布格局初探

研究了扁蚜亚科Hormaphidinae(同翅目,扁蚜科)蚜虫的地理分布特点和现代分布格局.同时利用蚜虫与寄主植物的协同进化关系,结合古地理和古生物学等方面的资料,探讨了扁蚜亚科现代分布格局形成的可能原因.现代扁蚜亚科间断分布于欧亚大陆(欧洲与东亚)和北美.造成这种现代分布格局的可能原因是地球的构造运动和第四纪冰川共同作用的结果.     

中国动物地理亚区繁殖鸟类地理分布格局与时空变化

以中国动物地理亚区统计了1976年郑作新出版的《中国鸟类分布名录》和2005年郑光美主编出版的《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》中繁殖鸟类的分布数据,结果显示:在1976年前,中国鸟类丰富度最高的动物地理亚区为西南山地亚区,其次为滇南山地亚区,而以羌塘高原亚区鸟类物种丰富度最低,黄淮平原亚区次差。2005年,鸟类丰富度最高、次高及最低的亚区与1976年相同,次差的亚区为台湾亚区。自1976年至2005年,鸟类物种丰富度在不同亚区出现明显的增加,平均每个亚区分布物种数由1976年的232种增至2005年的281种,而且具有很大的相关性;其中滇南山地亚区增加种类最多,而羌塘高原亚区和东部草原亚区增加的幅度最大;在海南岛和台湾亚区则变化较小。这些可能是由于物种在不同亚区间存在的可能扩散通道和岛屿型稳定气候及地理隔离限制了物种与其它亚区间的扩散等造成的。这些变化不仅与Leietal.(2007)提出的"地理隔离"假设结论比较一致,与雷富民等(2006)提出的西南山地-横断山区为中国鸟类特有种物种多样性中心和西南山地为物种分化中心等观点一致,而且进一步显示西南山地亚区鸟类物种有向滇南山地亚区扩散的现象,并且依然在持续中。用聚类...     

Potential distribution analysis of an invasive alien species Parapediasia teterrella (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) in East Asia

The bluegrass webworm moth Parapediasia teterrella (Zincken, 1821) is a notorious pest that is native to North America. However, it has invaded East Asia and has caused serious economic losses in China and Japan. The objective of this paper is to analyse the potential geographic distribution of P. teterrella in East Asia with MaxEnt, using predictor variables related to temperature and precipitation. It is suggested that this species has potential to establish in Southeast China, most areas of Jeollanam-do, eastern coastal region of South Korea, and most areas of Japan. Furthermore, we applied the Jackknife test to evaluate the significance of climatic variables in modelling the potential distribution of P. teterrella. The result indicates that annual mean temperature (Bio1), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11) and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) mainly affect its geographical distribution. A map showing the potential distribution of P. teterrella in East Asia is provided, and morphological diagnosis of the species is also given.     

中国蚋类区系分布和地理区划(双翅目:蚋科)

报道我国蚋类的区系分布和地理区划,根据代表性类群的界间替代分布,对我国蚋类在东洋,古北两界的分布界限初步划线,分析表明,我国蚋类区系分布具有自北向南减弱,接壤区系的相似性和具有明显的地方性等特点,在区系分析的基础上,对我国蚋类进行三级地理区划。     

青海柳属植物地理分布及其区系特点

通过野外调查和查阅大量标本及文献资料,对青海省柳属(SalixL.)植物地理分布和区系特征进行了研究。青海产柳属植物多达45种(含种以下5变种、1变型),隶属15个组(Sect.),分别占青藏高原组、种的100%、40.9%和我国组、种的40.5%、17.5%,居我国第4位。青海柳属植物主要分布于青海东部,包括祁连山系东段和青南高原东南部,垂直分布集中于海拔2000～4000m,是世界柳属植物海拔分布最高的地区之一。青海柳属植物区系特征表现在:(1)种类丰富;(2)多型性突出;(3)地理成分较复杂,以欧亚大陆温带分布成分和青藏高原分布成分为主,中国特有分布占有一定的地位;(4)特有现象不明显,仅占青海种数的8.9%;(5)两雄蕊或单雄蕊的进化类群占绝对优势,占青海种数的93.3%。青海柳属植物与邻近的东部(甘肃东部、陕西)和东南部(四川西部、西藏东部)地区联系密切。由于第三纪以来喜马拉雅和青藏高原不断抬升,形成了适应高寒和干旱环境的青海柳属植物的分布与区系特征。