小麦—黑麦—中间偃麦草三属杂种F1及其花粉植株的细胞遗传学研究

２个小麦－黑麦－中间偃麦草三属杂种Ｆ１的减数分裂行为复杂,中期Ｉ染色体平均每细胞构型为１９．５３Ｉ＋１３．４７ＩＩ＋０．７０ＩＩＩ＋０．０６１Ⅴ和１９．９９Ｉ＋１３．４２ＩＩ＋０．６５ＩＩＩ和０．０４１Ⅴ＋０．０１Ⅴ,后期Ｉ染色体分配不平衡,单价体并不一定排列在赤道板上,产生各种类型的异常四分体。１８株花粉植株染色体组成类型多样,在２个花粉植株中分别观察到端体和等臂染色体。单倍体花粉植株中期Ｉ染色     

小麦ph 1 b、ph2a,ph2b突变体与粘果山羊草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用小麦品种“中国春”及其phlb, ph2a、ph2b基因突变体与粘果山羊草杂交, 分析了可交配性方面的差异,观察了F,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对,就phlb, Ph2a, ph26 3个基因的作用进行了比较。首次获得了F：回交种子和自交种子,调查了自交、回交一代植株染色体数目,分析了ph基因对配子育性的影响以及回交结实与染色体配对的关系。本文还分析了F：自交结实的可能原因。     

普通小麦与黑麦属间杂种(F_1)育性特点的研究

34个小麦品种(系)与黑麦进行了杂交,结果表明:亲和性在供试材料间存在明显差异,其中12个小麦品种表现了与中国春相似的亲和性;对34个小麦/黑麦属间杂种(F_1)的回交结实率和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率的统计表明,杂种育性普遍较差,但不同组合间存在明显不同,其回交与自交结实率的变异幅度分别为0—4.50%和0—3.087粒/穗;小麦与黑麦属间杂种(F_1)育性与杂交亲和性间存在明显相关,回交和自交结实率以及能够回交和自交结实组合的出现频率均随亲和性的增加而表现增加的趋势;在小麦品种演化过程中,亲和性与杂种育性均表现降低的趋势;小麦/黑麦属间杂种(F_1)PMC MI染色体配对水平普遍较低,平均交叉结仅为0.359,但组合间存在一定差异,变幅为0—1.3;平均99.936%的杂种(F_1)花粉表现败育,仅有0.064%的杂种(F_1)花粉能被KI—I_2正常染色,杂种(F_1)染色体配对水平与正常染色花粉频率、正常染色花粉频率与自交结实率间存在一定程度的相关性,相关系数分别为0.209和0.205。     

小麦与赖草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）和赖草（Ｌｅｙｍ ｕｓｓｅｃａｌｉｎｕｓＴｚｒｅｌ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了观察．赖草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊,在检查过的３１９个小麦子房中,６２个（１９．４４％ ）发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳,但胚乳的发育往往落后于胚的发育;４９个（１５．３６％ ）发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;７个（２．１９％ ）发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚．小麦×赖草虽然总受精率可高达３６．９９％ ,然而由于胚乳的缺乏或发育不完全,致使最后结实率很低．从１５０朵授过赖草花粉的小麦颖花中,只得到１粒种子．表明利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养,可望提高杂种植株的获得率     

小麦ph1b、ph2a、ph2b突变体与粘果山羊草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用小麦品种“中国春”及其ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因突变体与粘果山羊草杂交,分析了可交配性方面的差异,观察了F_1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对,就ph1b、ph2a、ph2b 3个基因的作用进行了比较。首次获得了F_1回交种子和自交种子,调查了自交、回交一代植株染色体数目,分析了ph基因对配子育性的影响以及回交结实与染色体配对的关系。本文还分析了F_1自交结实的可能原因。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)和珍珠栗(Pennisetum glaucum syn.P. americanum)远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的192个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,7.81％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;3.13％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;1.04％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为11.98％,成胚率为10.94％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｎｄｕｒｕｍＤｅｓｆ．）和珍珠栗（Ｐｅｎｎｉｓｅｔｕｍｇｌａｕｃｕｍｓｙｎ．Ｐ．ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｕｍ）远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的１９２个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,７．８１％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;３．１３％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;１．０４％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为１１．９８％,成胚率为１０．９４％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子     

小麦－黑麦－中间偃麦草三属杂种F_1及其花粉植株的细胞遗传学研究

２个小麦－黑麦－中间偃麦草三属杂种Ｆ１的减数分裂方为复杂,中期Ⅰ染色体平均每细胞构型为１９．５３Ⅰ＋１３．４７Ⅱ＋０．７０Ⅲ＋０．０６Ⅳ和１９．９９Ⅰ＋１３．４２Ⅱ＋０．６５Ⅲ＋０．０４Ⅳ＋０．０１Ⅴ,后期Ⅰ染色体分配不平衡,单价体并不一定排列在赤道板上,产生各种类型的异常四分体。１８株花粉植株染色体组成类型多样,在２个花粉植株中分别观察到端体和等臂染色体。单倍体花粉植株中期Ⅰ染色体配对频率较高,交叉值为１．５１－３．８５。本文还讨论了三属杂种和花药培养的结合应用。     

黑麦属植物的遗传学研究与利用

黑麦属植物具有许多有益基因,将其导入普通小麦对于拓宽其遗传基础具有重要作用。概述了黑麦属的分类及分布,分析了黑麦属染色体的C分带核型、DNA重复序列及其与小麦染色体间的部分同源关系,论述了黑麦有益基因导入小麦的途径及其在小麦改良中的应用,阐明了全面挖掘黑麦有益基因是未来努力的方向。     

Origin and genetic structure of feral rye in the western United States

Feral rye (Secale cereale) is a serious, introduced weed of dry land agricultural regions of the western United States. It closely resembles cultivated cereal rye (Secale cereale cereale L.) with the exception of having a shattering seed head. Feral rye may have originated from hybridization of cultivated rye with mountain rye, Secale strictum, as past studies of northern Californian populations suggest, or directly from volunteer cultivated rye. We characterized the genetic structure of feral rye populations across a broad geographical range and reexamined evidence for hybrid origin versus direct evolution from domesticated cultivars. Eighteen feral populations were examined from three climatically distinct regions in the western United States. Seven cultivars, four mountain rye accessions, and one wild annual relative (Secale cereale ancestrale) were included in our analysis as possible progenitors of feral rye. Individual plants were scored for 14 allozyme and three microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic diversity in feral populations were relatively high compared to those of the possible progenitors, suggesting that the weed had not undergone a genetic bottleneck. Weed populations had no geographical structure at either a broad or a local scale, suggesting idiosyncratic colonization and gene-flow histories at each site. Feral rye populations were no more closely related to mountain rye than cultivars were. They were, however, weakly clustered as a distinct lineage relative to cultivars. Our results do not support an interspecific hybrid origin for feral rye, but do suggest that the sampled populations of feral rye share a common ancestry that may explain its weedy nature.     

小麦耐盐种质的筛选鉴定和耐盐基因的标记

通过对 40 0份材料的芽期、苗期鉴定 ,筛选出 11份耐盐性较强的普通小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)、小麦和黑麦 (SecalecerealeL .)、小麦和延安赖草 (Leymuschinensis (Trin .)Tzvel.)杂交后代材料 ,其中耐盐性突出的材料有 :普通小麦品种“红蚂蚱”、“科遗 2 6”、“希望”(Hope) ;小麦与黑麦杂交后代材料 98_46、98_113、98_131;小麦与延安赖草杂交后代材料 98_16 0、98_16 1、98_16 3。耐盐性表现最突出的材料是 98_113和 98_16 0。细胞学鉴定和原位杂交及醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (A_PAGE)分析和低分子量谷蛋白SDS_PAGE分析 ,证明 98_113是稳定的小麦 黑麦二体附加系 ,但具体附加的是黑麦的哪条染色体还不清楚 ;98_131是小麦 黑麦 1B/ 1R易位系。结合其他 1B/ 1R材料的耐盐表现 ,提出了黑麦 1R染色体短臂上存在耐盐基因的可能性。对 (98_16 0×BanacakaMska)F2 代分离群体苗期抗盐鉴定分析 ,表明在这一杂交组合中的耐盐性状可能由一个主效基因控制。应用SSR标记技术 ,筛选到了与 98_16 0耐盐性状连锁的SSR标记WMS6 7和WMS2 13,它们与耐盐基因的遗传距离分别为 13.9cM (centMorgan)和 31.0cM。结合小麦SSR图谱分析 ,将该主效抗性基因定位在 5BL上。     

胞松素B对黑麦花粉母细胞发育的影响

采用花药离体培养研究了胞松素B对黑麦花粉母细胞的发育及显微和亚显微结构的影响。细线期和偶线期接种的花药在含有5—40μmol/L胞松素B的White培养基上培养24小时以后,部分花药不能进一步发育,被抑制在偶线期阶段,并且偶线期花药的百分率随胞松素B浓度的增加而增加。在被抑制的偶线期的花药中,多数花药的花粉母细胞被抑制在细胞融合期或细胞融合前时期。电子显微镜观察发现,相邻花粉母细胞间的胞间连丝通道仍然处于开放状态,内部充满细胞质基质和一些细胞器,细胞核停留在胞间连丝通道口附近,通道内部及附近细胞质内的微管系统依然存在。文章讨论了胞松素B对细胞融合的作用。     

Photoinhibition of isolated mesophyll cells from cold-hardened and non-hardened winter rye

Cold-hardened rye leaves have been shown to be more resistant to low temperature photoinhibition than non-hardened rye leaves. Isolated mesophyll cells from winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Musketeer) were exposed to photoinhibitory light conditions to estimate the importance of leaf morphology and leaf optical properties in the resistance of cold-hardened rye leaves to photoinhibition. Cold-hardened rye cells showed more resistance to photoinhibition than non-hardened rye cells when monitored with chlorophyll a variable to maximal fluorescence ratio (F_v/F_m). Thus, leaf morphology does not contribute to the resistance of cold-hardened rye leaves to low temperature photoinhibition. However, cold-hardened and non-hardened rye cells showed a similar extent of photoinhibition when photsynthetic CO₂ fixation rates were measured. They also showed the same capacity to recover from photoinhibition. During both photoinhibition and recovery, F_v/F_m and light limited CO₂ fixation rates showed different kinetics. We propose that inactivation and subsequent reactivation during recovery of some light activated Calvin cycle enzymes explain the greater extent of photoinhibition of light limited CO₂ fixation and its faster recovery compared to F_v/F_m kinetics during photoinhibition.     

Variation of B Chromosome Associated with Tissue Culture in Wheat-rye Cross

In vitro variation of B chromosomes was studied by examining the callus cells derived from the immature embryos from a cross of Chinese Spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and Fin 7416 rye （Secale cereale L.） carrying two B chromosomes. In 40-d-old callus cells, the numbers of B chromosomes ranged from one to four in 65.6% of the cells observed. The distribution of B chromosome numbers was associated with the ploidy levels of the normal chromosomes （A chromosomes）. The frequency of the cells with high numbers of B chromosomes （i.e., three or four B chromosomes） in the amphiploid cells with 56 A chromosomes was greater than those in the haploid cells with 28 A chromosomes. Although structural changes in the rye A chromosomes were observed, cytological observation and genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that the rye B chromosomes were conserved in morphological appearance following tissue culture.     

黑麦雄性细胞发育过程中细胞器DNA动态的荧光研究

DAPI(4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)是一种DNA特异结合的荧光染料,可以用于在荧光显微镜下观察和检测各种DNA,尤其是细胞内含量甚微的DNA,包括质体DNA和线粒体DNA,其灵敏性和可靠性是被公认的,并得到了越来越多的Southern杂交实验的证明,而且实验操作简便易行。近几年,DAPI荧光技术已在细胞质遗传的研究领域获得了成功的应用。     

黑麦基因组特异DNA片段的分离与SCAR标记的建立

以2个栽培黑麦、2个野生黑麦和4个普通小麦为材料,从200条10碱基RAPD随机引物中筛选出1条引物H11。H11在小麦中有1条低拷贝扩增,而在黑麦中却有极高拷贝的扩增。对H11在黑麦中的高拷贝片段进行克隆、测序,得其全长679 bp,记作OPH11679。根据OPH11679设计特异PCR引物H11-F和H11-R,对小麦族其它物种和含黑麦染色质的物种进行验证,结果发现仅含黑麦染色质的物种能扩增出长为643 bp的片段(命名为pScH643),这表明该片段为黑麦所特有。用H11-F和H11-R对1套中国春-Imperial黑麦附加系等进行扩增,结果显示pScH643片段分布在黑麦整套染色体上,这一结果在小麦-黑麦异源材料的分析中得到进一步验证。即表明pScH643片段可作为SCAR标记用于含黑麦染色质材料的检测。     

Comparative study of symmetric and asymmetric somatic hybridization between common wheat and Haynaldia villosa

Symmetric and asymmetric protoplast fusion between long term cell suspension-derived protoplasts of Triticum aestivum (cv. Jinan 177) and protoplasts of Haynaldia villosa prepared from one-year-old embryogeneric calli was performed by PEG method. In asymmetric fusion, donor calli were treated with gamma ray at a dose of 40, 60, 80 Gy (1.3 Gy/min) respectively and then used to isolate protoplasts. Results of morphological, cytological, biochemical (isozyme) and 5S rDNA spacer sequence analysis revealed that we obtained somatic hybrid lines at high frequency from both symmetric and asymmetric fusion. Hybrid plants were recovered from symmetric and low dose γ-fusion combinations. GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) analysis proved exactly the existence of both parental chromosomes and the common occurrence of several kinds of translocation between them in the hybrid clones regenerated from symmetric and asymmetric fusion. And the elimination of donor DNA in hybrid clones regenerated from asymmetric fusion