趋磁细菌WD-1同工酶分析

趋磁细菌在微好氧和好氧条件下生长时,它们在酯酶、乙醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶等同工酶中具有明显不同的酶带或酶活性,呈现酶的多分子形态。     

Analysis of hopanoids in bacteria involved in food technology and food contamination

Hopanoids are pentacyclic triterpenoids which are believed to act as reinforcers of membranes in certain prokaryotic microorganisms. A rapid and sensitive method for their screening in bacteria was elaborated, involving extraction of non-saponifiable lipids and the analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, selectively monitoring the ion of m/z=191. Using the method, hopanoids were detected in strains of Acetobacter pasteurianus, but were found to be absent in lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp.) and in food-contaminating bacteria (Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Yersinia spp. and others).     

Isolation and characterisation of a novel extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic eubacterium

Abstract A new, extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic bacterium was isolated from intertidal habitats where seepage of geothermally heated water occurs. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern and the presence of muramic acid strongly suggest an eubacterial nature of the novel isolate. Growth was measured between pH 4.8–8.2 (optimal pH 7.0) and at temperatures up to 90°C with a doubling time of 50 min at optimal temperatures of 80–85°C. This is the highest optimal growth temperature for an eubacterium described so far.
The Gram-negative, non-motile, non-sporulating, short rod to coccal shaped cells were enclosed in a sphere-like cell envelope protruding from either end. A wide range of carbohydrates, including xylose, glucose, fructose, maltose, starch, carboxymethylcellulose, and amylopectin were used in an obligately fermentative metabolism.
Morphological, physiological and molecular properties (mol% G + C = 46) are distinct from other known extremely thermophilic eubacterial genera.     

Isolation and characterization of Deinococcus geothermalis T27, a slightly thermophilic and organic solvent-tolerant bacterium able to survive in the presence of high concentrations of ethyl acetate

A solvent-tolerant, slightly thermophilic bacterium was isolated at 45 degrees C in the presence of toluene vapor provided as the sole carbon source. Strain T27 was identified as Deinococcus geothermalis T27. It could tolerate high concentrations of solvent provided as a nonaqueous layer (5% and 20%, v/v) to a cell suspension and had a remarkable ability to tolerate a broad range of solvents having log P(ow) values ranging from 5.6 of n-decane to as low as 0.7 of ethyl acetate. It was also able to utilize some of the solvents tested as a growth substrate at 45 degrees C. The addition of Ca(2+) ion, glucose and fructose partially promoted solvent tolerance. Cells exposed to ethyl acetate appeared to have a smaller size; however, the cell structure was not altered and was apparently well defined even after solvent shock. The tolerance of D. geothermalis T27 in the presence of high levels of toxic solvent stress at a comparatively high temperature indicated its potential use in biotechnological applications as well as bioremediation of xenobiotics.     

一种短杆状耐辐射菌的分离与鉴定

从北京地区公园湖岸土壤中分离到一株橙红色杆状耐辐射菌,细胞壁革兰氏染色为阴性,电镜显示菌体大小为06μm～16μm,略大于日本学者报道的Deinobacter grandis菌,过氧化氢酶的含量和分子量不同于D.radiodurans R1菌,分离菌的(G+C)mol%含量为707%, 16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离到的杆状耐辐射菌(RR5332)16S rRNA基因序列与Deinobacter grandis菌高度同源,提示RR5332归于Deinobacter菌属,并可能是该菌属中的一个新种。     

Microbial removal of halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes in an aerobic soil exposed to methane

Abstract Contamination of ground water with halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons threatens this source of drinking water. In order to study microbial processes that may enhance the removal of these compounds, Lincoln fine sand was exposed to an atmosphere containing methane (4%) to enrich microorganisms capable of growth on this gaseous hydrocarbon. The methane-enriched soil was then tested to determine whether the enriched microbes could remove seven halocarbons from aqueous solution. Removal of dichloromethane. trans -1,2-dichloroethylene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane was significantly different in methane-enriched soil compared to non-enriched soil (ANOVA, 95% significance level). Tetrachloroethylene was not removed. Autoclaving the methane-enriched soil inhibited completely the removal of all the compounds. Once the soil was enriched with methane, its presence in the headspace was not required for removal of several of the compounds but methane was required for their complete removal. These results suggest that methane stimulation of microbial communities may be an alternative treatment technology for bioremediation of contaminated subsurface soils and ground water.     

Presence of 16S rRNA genes in multiple replicons in Azospirillum brasilense

Rhizosphere and endophytic Azospirillum brasilense isolates recovered from sugarcane plants and the reference strains Sp7 and Cd were analyzed for plasmid occurrence. All of the 26 A. brasilense isolates analyzed harbored from five to eight replicons. Several strains contained small plasmids from 45 to 70 kb, but all of the isolates harbored other plasmids ranging from 100 to 290 kb and two megareplicons of approximately 1700 and over 1800 kb. Most of the strains contained a replicon with a size of either 570 or 630 kb, and another large 910- or 980-kb replicon. The 1700-kb megareplicon and some others around 600 kb strongly hybridized to 16S rDNA genes, while the 910- or 980-kb replicons hybridized only slightly. This suggests that the A. brasilense genome is composed of multiple minichromosomes instead of a single circular chromosome. The apparent genome complexity of A. brasilense deserves to eventually be resolved by complete genome sequencing.     

Magnetotactic bacteria are widely distributed in sediments in the U.K.

Abstract Magnetotactic bacteria, in particular 2 morphological forms of magnetococci, are of common occurrence at the sediment/water interface of ponds, lakes and estuaries in the U.K. Photomicrography has demonstrated that the organisms have a highly ordered, helical flight path when exposed to the magnetic field of a bar magnet. In the earth's magnetic field, the helical characteristic of the flight path was evident, but the organisms failed to move in a straight path.     

Characterization of exoglucanase and synergistic hydrolysis of cellulose in Clostridium stercorarium

Abstract A cellobiohydrolase component was isolated from an anaerobic thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium, Clostridium stercorarium . When acting alone, the enzyme showed minimal activity towards ordered substrates such as cellulose and filter paper but it has been shown to attack phosphoric-acid swollen cellulose giving cellobiose as principal product. When recombined with endoglucanase it did allow an extensive hydrolysis demonstrating a marked synergism in the action of those two components; the addition of β-glucosidase resulted in a further increase in activity.     

麻鸭肠道无芽胞厌氧菌定性、定量和定位研究

本研究采用气、液相色谱分析法(Gas-Liquid Chromatography,GLC)分析细菌代谢产物,结合微生物学鉴定和微量快速生化反应,在我国首次定量测定了麻鸭小肠、大肠每克内容物4种厌氧菌的菌数,初次确定在小肠有卵形类杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌4个种;在大肠有卵形类杆菌、多形类杆菌、解脲类杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、短双歧杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌和粪弯曲杆菌9个种。类杆菌和乳杆菌等是麻鸭肠道正常微生物群。     

Pigments, light penetration, and photosynthetic activity in the multi-layered microbial mats of Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Massachusetts

The multi-layered microbial mats in the sand flats of Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh were found to have five distinct layers of phototrophic organisms. The top 1–3 mm contained oxygenic phototrophs. The lower 3–4 mm contained anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. The uppermost gold layer contained diatoms and cyanobacteria, and chlorophyll a was the major chlorophyll. The next layer down was green and was composed of primarily filamentous cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll a. This was followed by a bright pink layer of bacteriochlorophyll b-containing purple sulfur bacteria. The lowest layer was a thin dull green layer of green sulfur bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll c. The distribution of the chlorophylls with depth revealed that two-thirds of the total chlorophyll in the mat was composed of bacteriochlorophylls present in the anoxygenic phototrophys. The cyanobacterial layers and both purple sulfur bacterial layers had photoautotrophic activity. Light was attenuated in the uppermost layers so that less than 5% of the total radiation at the surface penetrated to the layers of anoxygenic phototrophys.     

一株耐盐反硝化细菌的筛选、鉴定和特性及其产物四氢嘧啶的检测

【背景】石化工业废水具有高盐含氮的特点,高盐度会对微生物代谢造成抑制,导致普通反硝化微生物难以在高盐环境下有效脱氮。【目的】筛选在高盐条件下仍能保持反硝化能力的菌株并研究其特性。【方法】富集筛选出一株耐盐反硝化细菌,对其进行生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,对其生长条件进行优化并测定该菌株反硝化能力,对菌株在高盐环境下的产物进行定性定量分析。【结果】经鉴定菌株YA16-1为表皮短杆菌(Brevibacterium epidermidis),可对硝态氮进行反硝化作用,在盐度为3%、初始氮浓度为55 mg/L的条件下,18 h的硝态氮转化率达到97%;初始硝态氮浓度为250 mg/L时,24 h内硝态氮转化率达到100%。该菌株的最适生长条件为：2% NaCl,碳源为玉米芯粉,氮源为酵母粉,pH值为6.0,培养温度为30 ℃。菌株在盐度为2%-15%的培养基内生长良好。在15%盐度下,菌株通过产四氢嘧啶维持渗透压,产量为0.89 mg/mL。【结论】菌株YA16-1具有良好的耐盐能力和反硝化能力,在高盐废水处理、保护生态环境和四氢嘧啶的制备具有潜在的应用价值。     

Relative abundance of denitrifying and dinitrogen-fixing bacteria in layers of a forest soil

The populations of N(2)-fixing and denitrifying bacteria in an acid forest soil near Cologne were characterized by gene probing. The DNA isolated from the soil for this purpose was suitable for DNA-DNA hybridization using 0.4-0.7-kb probes targeting denitrification enzymes, dinitrogenase reductase (nifH) and eubacterial 16S rRNA. The densitometrical comparison of band intensities obtained in these Southern hybridizations indicated that the highest number of total bacteria, of denitrifying and N(2)-fixing microorganisms always occurred in the upper ( approximately 5 cm) soil layer. The concentration of all these organisms decreased in parallel with the soil depth. The soil investigated was rich in nitrate in all layers, and the availability of nitrate apparently did not govern the distribution of denitrifying and N(2)-fixing bacteria in this soil. Soil cores investigated in the laboratory formed N(2)O on addition of nitrate irrespective of the presence of C(2)H(2). Hybridization intensities, with a gene probe for the 16S rRNA, and MPN numbers were generally higher in soil samples taken from the roots of plants than in the bulk soil. There was no selective enrichment of denitrifying or N(2)-fixing bacteria at the roots. The data obtained by hybridizing isolated soil DNA generally matched previous results obtained with culturable bacteria.     

一株高乙醇耐受的嗜热细菌Anoxybacillus sp. WP06的性质研究

厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)的菌株WP06是一株兼性厌氧的嗜热细菌, 能利用木糖、阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖等产生乙醇。不像绝大多数嗜热细菌, WP06菌株在高温下表现出极高的乙醇耐受力, 60oC时在8%的乙醇胁迫下才出现生长抑制现象, 15%的乙醇胁迫下仍能生长, 是目前已知的乙醇耐受力最高的嗜热细菌。WP06菌株突破了人们对高温下细菌耐受乙醇浓度的极限认识, 是研究高温下乙醇耐受机制的良好出发菌株。     

一株高乙醇耐受的嗜热细菌Anoxybacillus sp. WP06的性质研究

厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)的菌株WP06是一株兼性厌氧的嗜热细菌, 能利用木糖、阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖等产生乙醇。不像绝大多数嗜热细菌, WP06菌株在高温下表现出极高的乙醇耐受力, 60oC时在8%的乙醇胁迫下才出现生长抑制现象, 15%的乙醇胁迫下仍能生长, 是目前已知的乙醇耐受力最高的嗜热细菌。WP06菌株突破了人们对高温下细菌耐受乙醇浓度的极限认识, 是研究高温下乙醇耐受机制的良好出发菌株。     

乳酸杆菌对攻毒小鼠的保护作用和对肠道菌群的影响

将含有乳酸杆菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang的悬浮液分组饲喂小鼠,然后分别用E.coliO157和K88攻毒观察发病情况。攻毒4d后取对照组和喂菌组未死亡小鼠的肠内容物,用选择性培养基分离纯化大肠杆菌和乳酸菌,提取分离到菌株的总DNA,进行ERIC-PCR扩增分析。发现灌服L.casei Zhang可以降低攻毒后小鼠的死亡率,在停止饲喂乳酸菌的第4d从小鼠肠道内分离到L.casei Zhang,从饲喂组未分离到E.coliO157和K88,喂L.casei Zhang使小鼠肠道中大肠杆菌总数极显著低于对照组。表明所饲喂的乳杆菌可以在小鼠肠道内定殖并对小鼠起到保护作用。     

大熊猫粪便乳酸菌的分离鉴定

大熊猫作为国家保护动物,其健康问题备受瞩目。为了维护大熊猫的肠道健康,本研究从大熊猫肠道内分离出适宜于大熊猫肠道环境的乳酸菌菌株,有望将其制成熊猫肠道微生物制剂,从而改善大熊猫肠道菌群环境。从雅安市宝兴县蜂桶寨自然保护区选取圈养与野生大熊猫的粪便,通过体外培养分离出9个菌株。分离菌株经过革兰氏染色镜检、过氧化氢产气、菌落形态观察等方法与技术初步鉴定为乳酸菌。对这9株乳酸菌进行耐酸试验、耐胆盐试验、抑菌能力试验和产酸能力等测试,筛选出了3个适应性较强,有望制成调节大熊猫肠道内环境平衡作用的微生态菌剂的菌株。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明:分离菌株J1、J2和J4分别为融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confusa）,海氏肠球菌（Enterococcus heynei）和非解乳糖链球菌（Streptococcus alactolyticus）,有望被应用于大熊猫肠道微生态制剂的研究。