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1.
We studied the oviposition performance of Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking eggs of four fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) under laboratory conditions. The complete process of oviposition on an individual egg of Anastrepha ludens (Loew) lasts in average 85.4 ± 2.9 s, including a tremor (25.8 ± 1.03 s) observed in the middle of this process related to
the egg’s descent. The average parasitism of A. ludens egg was 60.9 ± 7.5%, with only 1.2% of superparasitized eggs. During individual acts of oviposition, we noted that F. arisanus possesses a highly flexible ovipositor that curves easily as it searches for additional suitable eggs, which may be of particular
benefit when a female finds large clutches of eggs. The individual oviposition of F. arisanus in host fruits attacked by Anastrepha spp. varies with the egg clutch size of each fruit fly species: A. serpentina laid the biggest egg clutches (21.3 ± 1.4), followed by A. ludens (14.2 ± 0.9), and A. striata (1.0 ± 0.0) (=A. obliqua). The time spent by F. arisanus in individual ovipositions was parallel to these findings, reinforcing the idea that F. arisanus attacks several eggs in each individual insertion of its ovipositor. Neither formal oviposition acts, nor adult emergences
of F. arisanus were registered in A. obliqua. We discuss the potential of F. arisanus as natural enemy of fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha, and explore the eventual developing of its mass rearing.
Handling Editor: Torsten Meiners. 相似文献
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3.
S. E. Dawson 《Kew Bulletin》2008,63(3):517-517
Summary The name Pavetta modesta (Hiern) S. E. Dawson is a later homonym of P. modesta Bremek. Pavetta crystalensis is proposed as a new name. 相似文献
4.
Colleen R. Alma Mark S. Goettel Bernard D. Roitberg David R. Gillespie 《BioControl》2007,52(5):669-681
The effects of intraguild interactions between Dicyphus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka-97 (PFR-97TM) (Wize) Brown and Smith (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations were investigated in tomato greenhouse microcosms. Conditions were established
in which interference or synergy would most likely occur; namely, a high number of available whiteflies were combined with
large numbers of both D. hesperus and PFR-97TM. We measured live whitefly density in a factorial repeated measures experiment where plants were provided or withheld releases
of D. hesperus and/or applications of PFR-97TM for 6 weeks. Releases of D. hesperus were made at a rate of 10 adults/plant during the first and third week and PFR-97TM suspensions were applied with a backpack sprayer at a rate of 18 × 107, 1.3 × 107 and 1.2 × 107 viable blastospores/ml during the first, third and fourth week, respectively. Results revealed a non-significant interaction
effect between D. hesperus and PFR-97TM, indicating that their actions were independent. Individual whitefly reductions of 48% and 35% were achieved by PFR-97TM and D. hesperus, respectively. Collectively, the natural enemies reduced whitefly densities by 62% relative to the controls. The density
of D. hesperus adults was unaffected by multiple applications of PFR-97TM. These results suggest that the combination of generalist entomopathogenic fungi and generalist predators has the potential
to cause increased pest mortality despite evidence of minimal interference. 相似文献
5.
Peter G. Wilson 《Kew Bulletin》2008,63(2):347-349
Summary The type specimen of Metrosideros regelii is discussed. It contains a mixture of two species, representing different genera, and a lectotype is chosen. The generic
position of the species is considered in the light of morphology and recent molecular evidence and the new combination, Mearnsia regelii, made. 相似文献
6.
Dmitar Lakušić 《Biologia》2008,63(5):631-636
The south-European Cardamine plumieri Vill. (sect. Pteroneurum subsect. Cryptopterum) is confirmed for the Flora of Serbia. Several populations were discovered in the central and western part of country, exclusively
on the serpentine bedrocks. Morphological, chorological and ecological characteristics of C. plumieri was studied. 相似文献
7.
Gaye Öngen Gaye Güngör Bahar Kanberoglu 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(4):519-524
Aspergillus section Nigri strains Aspergillus aculeatus Ege-K 258, A.
foeditus var. pallidus Ege-K156, A. niger Ege-K 4 and A. tubingensis Ege-K 265 were used to treat olive mill wastewater (OMW) in an investigation aimed at exploring their dephenolisation and
decolourisation ability and, consequently, the economic feasibility of using any or all of these strains in a pre-treatment
step in the processing of OMW. Of these strains A. tubingensis Ege-K 265 resulted in an 80% decolourisation of twofold-diluted OMW and a 30% decolourisation of undiluted OMW; in addition,
it was able to remove approximately 30% of all phenolic compounds in both twofold-diluted and undiluted OMW. We conclude that
A. tubingensis Ege-K 265 could be effectively used in the pre-treatment step of a combined aerobic-anaerobic process to solve the environmental
problems caused by OMW in Mediterranean countries. 相似文献
8.
S. Kumar Sunil Kumar S. P. Negi J. K. Kanwar 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(6):474-479
Callus cultures derived from leaf segments of chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Snow Ball’ which was susceptible to Septoria obesa were successfully used for in vitro selection for resistance to this pathogenic fungus. Resistant cell lines were selected by culturing callus on growth medium
containing various concentrations of S. obesa filtrate. Resistant calluses obtained after two cycles (30 d each cycle) of selection were used for plant regeneration. About
30% of the plants regenerated from the resistant calluses and 70–80% of the plants raised from cuttings had acquired considerable
resistance against the pathogen in the field. No phenotypic variation was observed in the selected regenerates. 相似文献
9.
R. Ramirez-Malagon I. Aguilar-Ramirez A. Borodanenko L. Perez-Moreno J. L. Barrera-Guerra H. G. Nuñez-Palenius N. Ochoa-Alejo 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2007,43(6):660-665
Mammillaria species are the most numerous within Cactaceae family, and some of them are threatened with extinction as a result of human
activities. In this work, results of in vitro propagation are presented for ten Mammillaria species, testing 20 combinations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin. Best results on shoot formation were obtained
using kinetin at two levels: 27.9 and 46.5 μM. All IAA levels tested were able to induce de novo shoot formation in M. bocasana, M. densispina, M. hahniana, M. hutchisoniana, M. orcutii, M. pectinifera, M. perbella, M. picta, M. rhodantha, and M. zephyranthoides. Depending on the IAA level tested, four responding groups were observed concerning their highest shoot-formation number.
For all species, the highest average of shoot formation was achieved with 5.7:46.5 or 11.4:46.5 μM IAA/kinetin, yielding 4.8
and 4.7 shoots per explant, respectively, in 60 d. Rooting of regenerated shoots was achieved by leaving the explants in their
shoot-induction medium or transferring them to half-strength MS medium. Hardening of regenerated plants was successfully achieved
by planting them in peat moss substrate after a desiccation treatment at room temperature for 3 d. 相似文献
10.
Twelve compound microsatellite loci were isolated from the ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus. Every locus was polymorphic among 50 individuals from two localities, with two to six alleles per locus, without linkage
disequilibrium. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.140 to 0.740 and from 0.255 to 0.731, respectively.
These markers will be available for population genetic studies and parentage analysis of this beetle. 相似文献
11.
The research on incidence of mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis) on silver fir (Abies alba) was carried out in natural fir stands in Croatia. In the area of Gorski Kotar 32.8 % of the examined dominant fir trees
were infected with mistletoe. The mistletoe incidence was presented according to the damage degrees of silver fir from 0 (healthy
trees) to 4 (dead trees), rated by the crown defoliation and needle discoloration. With the increase of incidence, mistletoe
spreads more onto more vital, i.e. less damaged trees. In the Dinaric Alps 28.6% of the examined fir trees were infected,
this percentage amounting to 27.1% for the mountainous regions between the Sava and Drava rivers.
The site and stand parameters (exposure, elevation, site quality, forest community and crown closure) were analysed in order
to establish whether there was a correlation between these parameters and mistletoe incidence. There was a negative correlation
between the elevation and mistletoe incidence. Among the compartments with a closed stands there were considerably less compartments
with higher mistletoe incidence than among compartments with a sparsely closed and understocked stands. The other analysed
site and stand parameters individually had no significant influence on mistletoe incidence.
The correlation of silver fir mortality in 2004 and mistletoe incidence in 2002/03 was analysed, and their strong correlation
was established. Mistletoe could be considered as a bioindicator of silver fir decline, and probably a significant contributor
to that decline. In the areas where mistletoe incidence is great it can be presumed that silver fir is significantly damaged. 相似文献
12.
The architecture of the musculature of the eutardigrade species Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840, Hypsibius sp. and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri (Doyère in Ann Sci Nat Zool Sér 2(14):269–369, 1840) is investigated by phalloidin staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. There are methodological problems in staining
eutardigrades due to physiological alterations under stress (anhydrobiosis) and due to penetration problems of the cuticle.
It is helpful to fix specimens in the state of asphyxy, where animals are stretched following an oxygen shortage in their
environment. The musculatures of all three species correspond in their general architecture, but differ in detail, such as
in the number of muscles. All muscles are isolated muscle strands. There are on each body side two dorsal and one ventral
muscle strands, in addition to a system of dorsoventral, lateral and lateroventral muscles. Seven median ventral attachment
points give rise to dorsoventral, ventrolateral and appendage muscles. The appendages receive several muscles originating
dorsally and ventrally. The number of muscles and the arrangement differ in each appendage. The fourth appendage shows the
greatest differences with a far smaller number of muscles compared to other species. The musculature shows comparably few
strict segmental patterns, for example, the musculature of each appendage differs from the other ones. By comparison with
literature data on the same species and data of Macrobiotus hufelandi it can be shown that eutardigrades have a roughly comparable muscular architecture, but that there are several differences
in detail.
Dedicated to Professor Westheide on the occasion of his 70th birthday. 相似文献
13.
In this study, the Phanerotomini of Turkey collected between July 1959 and July 2004, are listed. A total of thirteen Phanerotomini
species were determined, and six of these are reported for the first time from Turkey. Phanerotoma (Bracotritoma) permixtellae Fischer, 1968 was reared from a new natural host Recurvaria pistaciicola (Danilevskii, 1955) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). With this present study an illustrated identification key for the Phanerotomini
of Turkey is given. The distribution of the Phanerotomini species is discussed according to the phytogeographical provinces
of Turkey. 相似文献
14.
Ryan D. Bickel Wendy S. Schackwitz Len A. Pennacchio Sergey V. Nuzhdin Artyom Kopp 《Journal of molecular evolution》2009,69(2):194-202
Genes with overlapping expression and function may gradually diverge despite retaining some common functions. To test whether
such genes show distinct patterns of molecular evolution within species, we examined sequence variation at the bric à brac (bab) locus of Drosophila melanogaster. This locus is composed of two anciently duplicated paralogs, bab1 and bab2, which are involved in patterning the adult abdomen, legs, and ovaries. We have sequenced the 148 kb genomic region spanning
the bab1 and bab2 genes from 94 inbred lines of D. melanogaster sampled from a single location. Two non-coding regions, one in each paralog, appear to be under selection. The strongest
evidence of directional selection is found in a region of bab2 that has no known functional role. The other region is located in the bab1 paralog and is known to contain a cis-regulatory element that controls sex-specific abdominal pigmentation. The coding region of bab1 appears to be under stronger functional constraint than the bab2 coding sequences. Thus, the two paralogs are evolving under different selective regimes in the same natural population, illuminating
the different evolutionary trajectories of partially redundant duplicate genes. 相似文献
15.
Tarun Kumar Verinder Wahla Piyush Pandey R. C. Dubey D. K. Maheshwari 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(2):277-285
Biological control of the cyst forming nematode Heterodera cajani was studied on sesame using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPT3 and LPT5. Based on plant growth promoting attributes, two fluorescent pseudomonads, LPT3 and LPT5 were evaluated for
their efficacy against cyst forming nematode Heterodera cajani that parasitize Sesamum indicum. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPT5 produced IAA, HCN, chitinase, glucanase and siderophore, and also solubilized inorganic phosphate in vitro. Moreover,
LPT5 resulted in mortality of second stage juveniles of H. cajani, which was 13% higher as compared to P. aeruginosa LPT3. Interestingly, when both strains were inoculated together for the management of H. cajani on Sesamum indicum the population of H. cajani was reduced significantly, in field trial. Approximately 60% reduction in cyst and juveniles population was recorded with
LPT5 coated seeds, while LPT3 resulted in 49% reduction in cyst and juvenile population as compared to control. Plants grown
with seeds bacterized with LPT5 and reduced doses of urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), muriate of potash (K) and gypsum gave
maximum increase in yield, in comparison to that of plants raised under the influence of recommended or full doses of the
chemical fertilizers. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPT5 also showed excellent root colonization. 相似文献
16.
Septobasidium parviflorae sp. nov. on Pinus parviflora is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by its whitish-gray, gray to dark gray-colored fungus body with
an indeterminate margin, hyphal strands, and cylindrical basidia with long sterigmata. This is the first report of Septobasidium occurring on a member of the genus Pinus in Japan. 相似文献
17.
Summary
Psychotria kupensis Cheek is described as a new species in Psychotria sect. Confertiflorae Hiern. Attention is drawn to its monopodial, dwarf, litter-gathering and adventitious root-forming habit and to its anomalous
stipules. The species appears to be endemic to the submontane evergeen forest of Mt Kupe in Cameroon. Its conservation status
is assessed. 相似文献
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19.
Megan N. Hemming Sarah Fieg W. James Peacock Elizabeth S. Dennis Ben Trevaskis 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2009,282(2):107-117
Activity of the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene is required for flowering in temperate cereals such as wheat and barley. In varieties that require prolonged exposure
to cold to flower (vernalization), VRN1 is expressed at low levels and is induced by vernalization to trigger flowering. In other varieties, deletions or insertions
in the first intron of the VRN1 gene are associated with increased VRN1 expression in the absence of cold treatment, reducing or eliminating the requirement for vernalization. To characterize natural
variation in VRN1, the first intron of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) was assayed for deletions or insertions in a collection of 1,000 barleys from diverse geographical regions. Ten alleles of
HvVRN1 containing deletions or insertions in the first intron were identified, including three alleles that have not been described
previously. Different HvVRN1 alleles were associated with differing levels of HvVRN1 expression in non-vernalized plants and with different flowering behaviour. Using overlapping deletions, we delineated regions
in the HvVRN1 first intron that are associated with low levels of HvVRN1 expression in non-vernalized plants. Deletion of these intronic regions does not prevent induction of HvVRN1 by cold or the maintenance of increased HvVRN1 expression following cold treatment. We suggest that regions within the first intron of HvVRN1 are required to maintain low levels of HvVRN1 expression prior to winter but act independently of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate induction of HvVRN1 by cold during winter.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers 1179825, 1179833,
1179836, 1179858. 相似文献