Malonate-Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Strium Depends on Dopamine Release but Not on NMDA Receptor Activation

Intrastriatal injection of the reversible succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor malonate produces both energy depletion and striatal lesions similar to that seen in cerebral ischemia and Huntington's disease. The mechanisms of neuronal cell death involve secondary excitotoxicity and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we investigated the effects of dopamine on malonate-induced generation of hydroxyl radicals and striatal lesion volumes. Using in vivo microdialysis, we found that malonate induced a 94-fold increase in extracellular striatal dopamine concentrations. This was paralleled by an increase in the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Prior unilateral lesioning of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway by focal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine blocked the malonate-induced increase in dopamine concentrations and the generation of hydroxyl radicals and attenuated the lesion volume. In contrast, the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 attenuated malonate-induced lesion volumes but did not block the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways are essential in the pathogenesis of malonate-induced striatal lesions. Our results suggest that the malonate-induced release of dopamine but not NMDA receptor activation mediates hydroxyl radical formation.     

The Molecular Mechanism Underlying Morphine-Induced Akt Activation: Roles of Protein Phosphatases and Reactive Oxygen Species

Although Akt is reported to play a role in morphine’s cardioprotection, little is known about the mechanism underlying morphine-induced Akt activation. This study aimed to define the molecular mechanism underlying morphine-induced Akt activation and to determine if the mechanism contributes to the protective effect of morphine on ischemia/reperfusion injury. In cardiac H9c2 cells, morphine increased Akt phosphorylation at Ser⁴⁷³, indicating that morphine upregulates Akt activity. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a major regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, was not involved in the action of morphine on Akt activity. Morphine decreased the activity of PP2A, a major protein Ser/Thr phosphatase, and inhibition of PP2A with okadaic acid (OA) mimicked the effect of morphine on Akt activity. The effects of morphine on PP2A and Akt activities were inhibited by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (MPG) and the mitochondrial K_ATP channel closer 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD). In support, morphine could produce ROS and this was reversed by 5HD. Finally, the cardioprotective effect of morphine on ischemia–reperfusion injury was mimicked by OA but was suppressed by 5HD or MPG, indicating that protein phosphatases and ROS are involved in morphine’s protection. In conclusion, morphine upregulates Akt activity by inactivating protein Ser/Thr phosphatases via ROS, which may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of morphine.     

自噬发生中的ROS调节机制

活性氧是细胞代谢中产生的有很强反应活性的分子,易将邻近分子氧化,并参与细胞内多种信号转导途径,对相关生理过程进行调控．自噬是真核细胞通过溶酶体机制对自身组分进行降解再利用的过程,在细胞应激及疾病发生等过程中发挥重要作用．本文对活性氧和自噬相关调节进行分类介绍,根据新近研究进展,从活性氧参与的自噬性死亡、自噬性存活以及线粒体自噬3方面探讨了相关信号转导机制,对活性氧作为信号分子参与的自噬调控途径做一总结和介绍．     

Modification of Dopamine Transporter Function: Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species and Dopamine

Abstract: Dopamine can oxidize to form reactive oxygen species and quinones, and we have previously shown that dopamine quinones bind covalently to cysteinyl residues on striatal proteins. The dopamine transporter is one of the proteins at risk for this modification, because it has a high affinity for dopamine and contains several cysteinyl residues. Therefore, we tested whether dopamine transport in rat striatal synaptosomes could be affected by generators of reactive oxygen species, including dopamine. Uptake of [³H]dopamine (250 n M ) was inhibited by ascorbate (0.85 m M ; −44%), and this inhibition was prevented by the iron chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (1 m M ), suggesting that ascorbate was acting as a prooxidant in the presence of iron. Preincubation with xanthine (500 µ M ) and xanthine oxidase (50 mU/ml) also reduced [³H]dopamine uptake (−76%). Preincubation with dopamine (100 µ M ) caused a 60% inhibition of subsequent [³H]dopamine uptake. This dopamine-induced inhibition was attenuated by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (1 m M ), which can prevent iron-catalyzed oxidation of dopamine during the preincubation, but was unaffected by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (10 µ M ). None of these incubations caused a loss of membrane integrity as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase release. These findings suggest that reactive oxygen species and possibly dopamine quinones can modify dopamine transport function.     

植物胁迫信号转导过程中活性氧和促细胞分裂原活化蛋白激酶的调节作用

以H2O2为代表的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和以促细胞分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)为代表的蛋白激酶广泛存在于植物细胞并参与各种生理反应过程.生物胁迫条件下,一些MAP激酶特异性地调节氧化猝发(oxidative burst,OXB)和过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR),水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)诱导的MAP激酶(SA-induced protein kinase,SIPK)和ROS共同参与系统获得性抗性(systemic acquired resistance,SAR)的建立;SIPK、P38 MAPK等分别与H2O2共同调节臭氧、受伤和渗透胁迫等多种非生物胁迫生理反应.ROS和MAP激酶共同调节植物胁迫信号转导,但其机制尚需进一步的研究.     

活性氧的信号分子作用

活性氧 (ＲＯＳ)包括过氧化氢 (Ｈ2 Ｏ2 )、超氧阴离子 (Ｏ·-2 )、羟自由基 (·ＯＨ)等。过量的活性氧可引起细胞大分子的氧化损伤。另外 ,微量活性氧在某些生理现象的调控中也发挥重要的作用 ,特别是在细胞内信号转导方面。在配体与受体的相互作用及激动剂处理细胞的过程中 ,发现酶及转录因子的激活 ,基因的表达 ,细胞凋亡等过程的发生均与活性氧有一定关系。因此 ,活性氧被认为是一种新的第二信使。1 .酶的激活酶的活化是信号转导过程中的重要环节。最近几年的研究表明 ,某些酶的活化与ＲＯＳ参与有密切关系。当血小板源生长因子(ＰＤＧ…     

Role of Auxin-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species in Root Gravitropism

We report our studies on root gravitropism indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may function as a downstream component in auxin-mediated signal transduction. A transient increase in the intracellular concentration of ROS in the convex endodermis resulted from either gravistimulation or unilateral application of auxin to vertical roots. Root bending was also brought about by unilateral application of ROS to vertical roots pretreated with the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid. Furthermore, the scavenging of ROS by antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, and Trolox) inhibited root gravitropism. These results indicate that the generation of ROS plays a role in root gravitropism.     

ROS 的信息分子功能

ROS在机体内主要由NADPH氧化酶系统产生,ROS作为信息分子对细胞功能如细胞生长,转化,凋亡,转录和衰老的调节及相关信息传递等方面的研究,在90年代后期有了明显的进展。并从细胞内环境的氧化还原状态变化和蛋白质的氧化修饰角度初步探讨了ROS参与信息传递的机理。     

Reactive Oxygen Species Play a Role in the Infection of the Necrotrophic Fungi,Rhizoctonia solani in Wheat

Rhizoctonia solani is a nectrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes billions of dollars of damage to agriculture worldwide and infects a broad host range including wheat, rice, potato and legumes. In this study we identify wheat genes that are differentially expressed in response to the R. solani isolate, AG8, using microarray technology. A significant number of wheat genes identified in this screen were involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and redox regulation. Levels of ROS species were increased in wheat root tissue following R. solani infection as determined by Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT), 3,3''-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and titanium sulphate measurements. Pathogen/ROS related genes from R. solani were also tested for expression patterns upon wheat infection. TmpL, a R. solani gene homologous to a gene associated with ROS regulation in Alternaria brassicicola, and OAH, a R. solani gene homologous to oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase which has been shown to produce oxalic acid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, were highly induced in R. solani when infecting wheat. We speculate that the interplay between the wheat and R. solani ROS generating proteins may be important for determining the outcome of the wheat/R. solani interaction.     

Inhibition of Glutamate Transport in Synaptosomes by Dopamine Oxidation and Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract: Dopamine can form reactive oxygen species and other reactive metabolites that can modify proteins and other cellular constituents. In this study, we tested the effect of dopamine oxidation products, other generators of reactive oxygen species, and a sulfhydryl modifier on the function of glutamate transporter proteins. We also compared any effects with those on the dopamine transporter, a protein whose function we had previously shown to be inhibited by dopamine oxidation. Preincubation with the generators of reactive oxygen species, ascorbate (0.85 m M ) or xanthine (500 µ M ) plus xanthine oxidase (25 mU/ml), inhibited the uptake of [³H]glutamate (10 µ M ) into rat striatal synaptosomes (−54 and −74%, respectively). The sulfhydryl-modifying agent N -ethylmaleimide (50–500 µ M ) also led to a dose-dependent inhibition of [³H]glutamate uptake. Preincubation with dopamine (100 µ M ) under oxidizing conditions inhibited [³H]glutamate uptake by 25%. Exposure of synaptosomes to increasing amounts of dopamine quinone by enzymatically oxidizing dopamine with tyrosinase (2–50 U/ml) further inhibited [³H]glutamate uptake, an effect prevented by the addition of glutathione. The effects of free radical generators and dopamine oxidation on [³H]glutamate uptake were similar to the effects on [³H]dopamine uptake (250 n M ). Our findings suggest that reactive oxygen species and dopamine oxidation products can modify glutamate transport function, which may have implications for neurodegenerative processes such as ischemia, methamphetamine-induced toxicity, and Parkinson's disease.     

The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mitochondrial Permeability Transition

We have provided evidence that mitochondrial membrane permeability transition induced by inorganic phosphate, uncouplers or prooxidants such as t-butyl hydroperoxide and diamide is caused by a Ca²⁺-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the respiratory chain, at the level of the coenzyme Q. The ROS attack to membrane protein thiols produces cross-linkage reactions, that may open membrane pores upon Ca²⁺ binding. Studies with submitochondrial particles have demonstrated that the binding of Ca²⁺ to these particles (possibly to cardiolipin) induces lipid lateral phase separation detected by electron paramagnetic resonance experiments exploying stearic acids spin labels. This condition leads to a disorganization of respiratory chain components, favoring ROS production and consequent protein and lipid oxidation.     

植物防御反应中活性氧的产生和作用

活性氧在植物抗病性中起着重要的作用。本文将对其在防御反应中的产生和作用进行简要的论述。     

活性氧在创伤愈合中作用的研究

：创伤愈合是一个复杂的生物学过程,包括出血与凝血、炎症渗出、血管和肉芽组织的形成、再上皮化、纤维化和瘢痕改建等,在这一系列的生物学活动过程中都需要能量支持;高等动物使用氧气作为终端氧化剂,通过对碳水化合物的氧化作用为愈合过程中的各种生命活动提供能量,但该过程却可以产生大量的活性氧,这些活性氧在创伤愈合的过程中扮演着重要的角色,在低浓度情况下可以促进伤口的愈合,而在高浓度时会抑制伤口愈合,而活性量浓度的过高过低都会影响创口的正常愈合过程。     

植物乙烯生物合成过程中活性氧的作用

大量的研究结果表明,活性氧参与植物乙烯生物合成过程具有明显的普遍性,超氧阴离子自由基是参与乙烯生物合成过程的主要活性氧。近年来研究的焦点主要从乙烯生物合成的关键调控酶ACC合酶及ACC氧化酶的酶活性、酶动力学特性、酶蛋白空间结构、酶基因表达水平等方面来阐明活性氧调控植物乙烯生物合成的机制。最新的研究表明：植物在各种正常或应激的生长条件下首先诱导了活性氧产生水平的变化,活性氧在基因或蛋白质水平上影响ACC合酶和ACC氧化酶的活性水平,从而调节乙烯的生物合成。本文首次综述了活性氧影响植物乙烯生物合成过程的最新研究进展,并对活性氧在植物乙烯生物合成中具有诱导与抑制并存的“双重性”作用进行了探讨。     

气孔运动中的活性氧信号

大量研究证明活性氧(ROS)在气孔运动中起信号分子的作用。保卫细胞中ROS的产生依赖于特定的酶, 其中NADPH氧化酶组分RBOH已得到深入研究, 并已证实其参与生物与非生物胁迫反应。植物激素包括脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯、生长素及细胞分裂素等, 它们均通过ROS的介导来调控气孔运动。生物胁迫(如毒性细菌和真菌)也会调控气孔运动。ROS参与这些调控过程。保卫细胞中存在多层次对ROS产生及其作用的调节, 抗氧化活性物质和ROS敏感蛋白(如蛋白激酶和磷酸酶)均可传递ROS信号并调节气孔运动。ROS对离子通道调节的证据也越来越多。保卫细胞由于可通过ROS整合复杂的信号途径, 已成为研究植物ROS信号转导过程的良好模式系统。     

The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Antitumor Activity of Bleomycin

Calf thymus DNA was incubated with bleomycin and FeCl₃, in the presence of isolated rat liver microsomal NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase, cytochrome b₅ and NADH which catalyze redox cycling of the bleomycin-Fe-complex. Furthermore, isolated rat liver nuclei were incubated with bleomycin, FeCl₃ and NADH, a system in which redox cycling of bleomycin-Fe leads to DNA damage. In both systems free bases from DNA were released. Furthermore, 8-hydroxy-guanine was also found in the supernatant. On the other hand, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine was detected in DNA of cell nuclei indicating that hydroxylation of the guanine molecule occurred in intact DNA. The release of bases correlated with the release of malondialydehyde as well as with NADH and oxygen consumption. These results indicate that NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase catalyzes redox cycling of the bleomycin-Fe-complex which results in the formation of reactive oxygen species which oxidize deoxyribose as well as bases of DNA. Both mechanisms may contribute to the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of bleomycin observed in intact cells.     

Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Initiation of Plant Retrograde Signaling

The interaction between the nucleus and the different organelles is important in the physiology of the plant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of the oxidation of organic molecules to obtain energy by the need to carry out the electron transfer between the different enzymatic complexes. However, they also have a role in the generation of what is known as retrograde signaling. This signal comes from the different organelles in which the oxidation of molecules or the electron transference is taking place such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Furthermore, ROS can also induce the release of signals from the apoplast. It seems that these signals plays a role communicating to the nucleus the current status of the different parts of the plant cell to induce a changes in gene expression. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ROS retrograde signaling is described.

     

气孔运动中的活性氧信号

大量研究证明活性氧(ROS)在气孔运动中起信号分子的作用。保卫细胞中ROS的产生依赖于特定的酶,其中NADPH氧化酶组分RBOH已得到深入研究,并已证实其参与生物与非生物胁迫反应。植物激素包括脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯、生长素及细胞分裂素等,它们均通过ROS的介导来调控气孔运动。生物胁迫(如毒性细菌和真菌)也会调控气孔运动。ROS参与这些调控过程。保卫细胞中存在多层次对ROS产生及其作用的调节,抗氧化活性物质和ROS敏感蛋白(如蛋白激酶和磷酸酶)均可传递ROS信号并调节气孔运动。ROS对离子通道调节的证据也越来越多。保卫细胞由于可通过ROS整合复杂的信号途径,已成为研究植物ROS信号转导过程的良好模式系统。