灵芝栽培培养基筛选试验

以灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)之赤芝(Ganoderma lucidum Karst)、韩芝(Ganoderma luci- dum H.G)为试验品种,培养基以棉壳98%、石膏1%、蔗糖1%为对照,另外以棉壳、麸皮、木屑、氨基酸不同含量配制4种培养基作比较栽培试验。结果表明:2号培养基出菇产量高、菇形好,对赤芝、韩芝都适宜;赤芝、韩芝对培养基的要求略有差异,韩芝在含麸皮量高的基质上栽培更为适合。     

贵州灵芝科Ⅱ.

本文是作者贵州灵芝科研究的第二报。报道4个种,其中3个是新种。它们及其特征是:白边灵芝Ganoderma albimarginatum He,该种的菌盖红褐色至褐色,边缘白色,菌肉上层木材色,近菌管层淡褐色,菌管表面淡黄色,孢子较大(9.5—13.4×6.7—8.8μm)。它与闽南灵芝(G.austrofujia-nense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)的区别为后者菌盖乌黑色或黑褐色,具污白色和褐色相间的环带,菌肉褐色,管面污白色,孢子较小(5.7—10.4×3.4—5.2μm)。它与黄边灵芝(G.luteomarginatum Zhao,Xu et Zhang)的区别为后者菌盖黑褐色到暗褐色,边缘黄褐色,孢子较小(8.7—10.4×5.2—7μm)o兴义灵芝Ganoderma xingyiense He,该种的特征是菌盖近肾形,锈红色,似漆样光泽弱,有显著的辐射状纵皱,边缘稍钝,不整齐,波状;菌柄偏生到侧生,紫褐色,有强烈的似漆样光泽。尚未见有类似种类。拟层状灵芝Ganoderma strato-ideum He,该种的特征是子实体有柄,菌盖近漏斗状,表面乌红黑色,拟层状,具有光泽和无光泽相间的同心环带,菌肉厚达1cm,上层木材色,近菌管层淡褐色。它近于中国灵芝(G.sinense Zhao.Xu et Zhang),但后者菌盖非漏斗状,表面紫褐色并且非拟层状,菌肉均匀褐色,菌柄紫褐色。以上所引证的标本保藏于贵州科学院生物研究所真菌标本室。     

贵州灵芝科II

本文是作者贵州灵芝科研究的第二报。报道4个种,其中3个是新种。它们及其特征是：白边灵芝Ganoderma alblmarglnatum He,该种的菌盖红褐色至褐色,边缘白色,菌肉上层木材色,近菌管层淡褐色,菌管表面淡黄色,孢子较大(9.5一13.4×6.7—8.8μm)。它与闽南灵芝(G．Austrofujia-nense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)的区别为后者菌盖乌黑色或黑褐色,具污白色和褐色相间的环带,菌肉褐色,管面污白色,孢子较小(5．7—10．4×3.4—5.2μm)。它与黄边灵芝(G．Luteomarginatum Zhao,Xu et Zhang)的区别为后者菌盖黑褐色到暗褐色,边缘黄褐色,孢子较小(8.7一10.4×5.2—7μm)。兴义灵芝Ganoderma xingyiense He,该种的特征是菌盖近肾形,锈红色,似漆样光泽弱,有显著的辐射状纵皱,边缘稍钝,不整齐,波状;菌柄偏生到侧生,紫褐色,有强烈的似漆样光泽。尚未见有类似种类。拟层状灵芝 Ganoderma stroto-ideum He,该种的特征是子实体有柄,菌盖近漏斗状,表面乌红黑色,拟层状,具有光泽和无光泽相间的同心环带,菌肉厚达1cm,上层木材色,近菌管层淡褐色。它近于中国灵芝(G. sinense Zhao．Xu et Zhang),但后者菌盖非漏状,表面紫褐色并且非拟层状,菌肉均匀褐色,菌柄紫褐色。 以上所引证的标本保藏于贵州科学院生物研究所真菌标本室。     

11个灵芝菌株的分子ID构建

[目的]收集11株灵芝菌种为材料,在分子水平上对其进行分类鉴定,并构建分子ID.[方法]采用ITS和SSR分子标记技术,对11株灵芝进行分子鉴定分析.[结果]通过内转录间隔区(ITS)序列测定分析表明,与GenBank上登录的灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)菌株ITS序列相似度达到99％,在种的水平上证明实验所采用的供试菌株均属灵芝种(Ganoderma lucidum).利用SSR分子标记技术对菌株进行引物扩增,综合多态性条带,用NTSYS软件进行聚类分析,相似度在0.62水平上,1 1个灵芝菌种被分成4个类群,其中GL-2与GL-4各自聚为一类.用ID Analysis 1.0软件进行数据分析表明,用5对SSR引物可将11株灵芝供试菌种完全区分开,并构建其分子身份证.[结论]基于SSR分子标记构建灵芝菌属的分子ID是可行的.     

双单杂交技术选育亮盖灵芝与白肉灵芝优良性状杂交子

以亮盖灵芝Ganoderma lucidum和白肉灵芝G. leucocontextum为亲本,采用亮盖灵芝异核体双核菌丝与通过原生质体单核化获得的白肉灵芝单核体进行双单杂交,最终获得34株杂交子。采用ISSR技术对34株杂交子及亲本进行DNA多态性聚类分析,杂交子主要分为两个类群。对杂交子进行生长速度和灵芝酸含量对比,筛选到4株优质杂交子。进一步进行杂交子及亲本间HPLC指纹图谱对比,发现4株杂交子中有3株HPLC指纹图谱在具备两个亲本特征灵芝酸的同时,还有低极性灵芝酸的产生。     

真菌免疫调节蛋白基因LZ-8过表达载体的构建及转化灵芝原生质体的研究

灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi是我国著名的药用真菌。但是,作为一种营养和保健价值都非常高的大型担子菌,灵芝还缺乏完善的转基因方法和安全转基因体系。本研究建立了免疫调节蛋白基因的过表达系统,并利用真菌特异性启动子GPD、终止子NOS和目的基因LZ-8构建真菌特异性双T-DNA表达载体p SB130NG-LZ8;利用溶壁酶提取灵芝原生质体,并用FDA染色法检测灵芝原生质体活性,原生质体成活率约为80%。通过PEG转化法对灵芝原生质体成功进行了转化,转化得到的原生质体在带有潮霉素抗性平板上长出,转化率为3–4/μgpSB130NG-LZ8+107个原生质体。转化子通过PCR检测和荧光定量PCR检测,获得LZ-8在灵芝中的过表达。     

中国灵芝科的分类研究X．灵芝亚属紫芝组

紫芝是中国的特有种类。自古以来有关紫芝的记载很多,民间传说也很丰富。但,过去一直与日本灵芝(Ganoderma japonicum (Fr．) Lloyd) 相混淆。 作者于1979年澄清了这种混淆,并建立了紫芝(Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)新种。同时,根据菌肉颜色的不同,作者等将 Ganoderma亚属区分为两个组(灵芝组,紫芝组)。 紫芝组在中国已记载了23个种。本文只报道其中的3个新种。它们是华中灵芝Ganoderma mediosinense Zhao,奇绒毛灵芝G．Mirivelutinum Zhao以及思茅灵芝 G．Mraaoense Zhao。以上引证的标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

栽培灵芝不同生长阶段多糖和 三萜类化合物的含量测定

将灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum）生长过程分为6个阶段,分别对其不同体积分数乙醇沉淀的多糖和三萜类化合物的含量进行了测定.结果表明:灵芝总多糖、40％和80％体积分数乙醇沉淀多耱含量均在菌蕾期最高;65％乙醇沉淀多耱含量以子实体成熟期最高;三萜类化合物的含量在菌盖分化期最高.     

中国灵芝科的分类研究Ⅳ

灵芝科(Ganodermataceae)的种类在中国是很丰富的,分布也很广。著者除已报道64种1变型外,本文继续报道中国灵芝3个新种。它们是密环树舌(Ganoderma densizonatumZhao et X.Q.Zhang),小马蹄灵芝(G.parviungulatum Zhao et X. Q.Zhang),山东灵芝(G.shandongense Zhao et Xu)。本文所研究的全部标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

中国灵芝科的分类研究 Ⅺ.灵芝亚属灵芝组

灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)远在东汉(纪元102—200)年间的《神农本草经》中就有记载。中国劳动人民认识它远在此之前。国外最早的记载是1781年W.Curtis的“Boletus lucidus W.Curt.,t.no.224”.此种模式标本已不存在。Karsten(1881)在赫尔辛基植物博物馆留下一号标本作为新模式(neoty pc)。不同的分类学家认为在同一种不同的标本上皮壳构造可能有变化,甚致在同一号标本中也有变化。菌肉的颜色也有变化。或许菌肉颜色变暗是由于纬度和海拔高度的不同,平均温度渐渐增加所致(steyaert,1972)。有些分类学家认为菌柄的有无不能作分类的依据。Steyaert(1975)证明甚致硬皮灵芝(Ganoderma tornatum coinplex)的孢子因纬度和海拔高度的不同有改变。总而言之,我们可以说灵芝复合种(Ganoderma complex)在自然界的存在是不稳定的。诚然,这是一条自然规律。在自然界每一个生物种都是连续不断的变化着。但也相对的稳定。它们在自然界的矛盾中生长和发育。本文作者同意其他分类学家的意见,即在灵芝属中孢子诸性状是唯一地分类根据。种与种之间孢子的性状是清楚的不同。同时他建议应用每一个种的综合性状作分类依据或许是正确的。因为不同的分类学家对灵芝有人持广义的概念,也有人持狭义的概念。对它的亲缘种自然也有不同。下列种类现作者认为可能是它的亲缘种类。它们是:无柄灵芝;弱光泽灵芝;四川灵芝;紫芝以及松杉树芝。现作者假定灵芝在本组中是一个中心种。其它亲缘种围绕它而诞生。于是形成一个较大的种群。也有分类学家称之为灵芝复合种。长期以来灵芝复合种已经成为分类上的困难问题。有人认为成了本组分类的绊脚石。作者研究本组真菌已有多年。根据他的经验认为持种的狭义概念大概更合乎自然规律。对于以上观点作者拟在另文中阐述。本文因限于篇幅,只报道4个新种。其中1新种应隶属紫芝组。它们是:大青山灵芝(Ganoderma daiqingshanense Zhao),昆明灵芝(G.kunmingense Zhao),多分枝灵芝(G.ramosissimum),澄海灵芝(G.chenghaiense Zhao)。以上所有引证标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418