Esterase. XXII. Cellular and subcellular localisation of the Es-9 esterase in mouse kidney.

Among the various esterases of the mouse kidney the Es-9 esterase is outstanding in that it is fully repressed in the cortical proximal tubulus in the absence of testosterone but is constitutive in the terminal parts of the proximal tubulus. Thus, this enzyme is regulated in a different way in closely neighboured sections of the tubular system. Comparing the disc electrophoretic patterns of the kidney esterases with the distribution of esterases in ultrathin sections as revealed by electron microscopy it is concluded that the Es-9 esterase is located in the mitochondria.     

Esterase. XXI. Es-9, a possibly new polymorphic esterase in Mus musculus genetically linked to Es-2

A so far undescribed gene controlling zone III esterases has been detected by means of disc gel electrophoresis of kidney homogenates from the two inbred mice strains NMRI and SK/Cam. The gene is tentatively designated Es-9, and the two codominant alleles are designated Es-9a and Es-9b. Es-9 esterases are present in many tissues, but, unlike the other zone III esterase (controlled by Es-5), are not found in the serum. Close linkage with the Es-2 gene leads us to map the Es-9 gene on chromosome 8.     

Genetic characterization of esterase 28 (ES-28) of the house mouse

The genetics of esterase-28, the major esterase of cauda epididymidis of the house mouse, has been studied after separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Four phenotypes are distinguished. Segregation ofEs-28 in two backcross series indicated linkage to Es-1, Es-9, and Es-22. The Es-28 locus was placed into esterase cluster 1 on chromosome 8.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.This is communication No. 69 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Kidney esterases of Mus musculus: Further polymorphism of esterase-6, esterase-9, and a new esterase,esterase-20

The comparison of results obtained by different separation and staining techniques permits the definition of esterase-6 in comparison with esterase-9 and a new esterase, esterase-20. Alleles of Es-6 affect the product's ability to aggregate. Esterase-20 may be an aggregated product of Es-9. The close linkage of Es-6 and Es-9 is confirmed. Homology of esterase-6 with esterases from other mammalian species is also suggested.HRN was supported by the Medical Research Council. This is communication No. 32 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Genetic control of liver esterase forms in chickens

Six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI were resolved from liver extracts of chickens by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. These esterases were further characterized on the basis of their substrate affinities and differential responses to various inhibitors.
Genetic variation was found in esterases of region VI which appeared to be ali-esterase. Four phenotypes, A, B, AB and O, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated Es-3 , with alleles Es-3 ^A, Es-3 ^B and Es-3 ^O. This locus is not closely linked to the blood group loci A and B , serum alkaline phosphatase ( Ap ), liver acid phosphatase ( Acp-2 ) and serum esterase ( Es-1 ) loci.     

Genetic control of the substrate specificity of sheep plasma arylesterase]

By means of starch gel electrophoresis blood plasma esterases in sheep of different breeds were studied. It is shown that the esterase pattern is a poly-enzyme system consisting of at least three enzymes: arylesterase, carboxylesterase and choline esterase. Postnatal changes of esterase pattern in sheep blood plasma were also studied. Polymorphism on substrate specificities is described, which is expressed in the fact that different arylesterase variants have different affinity to alpha- and beta-isomers of carbone ethers of naphtol. The breeding test suggests that two allelic autosomal genes, reffered to as Es-1a and Es-1b, control the substrate specificity of arylesterase in sheep. The data are discussed in connection with Es-1a and Es-1b gene expression in heterozygous sheep, with the effect of (mosaic) dominance.     

Genetic variation of pancreatic esterase isozyme in Japanese quail

A genetic variation was found in pancreatic esterases of Japanese quail which appeared to be arylesterase. It was found on the cathode side in the agar gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes, A, B and AB, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated as Es-4 , with co-dominant alleles Es-4^A and Es-4^B.
Es-4 esterase isozymes were detected in all the individuals from about 4 days of age, but the activity was very weak. However, it gradually increased to reach a level almost the same as that of a mature quail from about 15 days of age.     

Serum esterase genetics in rats: Two new alleles at Es-2, a new esterase regulated by hormonal factors,and linkage of these loci to the Ag-C blood group locus

Two new alleles at the Es-2 locus are described which determine electrophoretic variants of serum esterases of rats. A new esterase protein is described which is detectable in sera of sexually mature females of the appropriate genotype. Evidence is presented for genetic linkage between the Ag-C blood group locus and Es-1, Es-2, and the locus controlling the sex-influenced protein. Since the Ea-1 blood group locus of mice is linked to four esterase loci, it is suggested that Ag-C is the rat homologue of the mouse Ea-1 locus.This work was supported by U.S.P.H.S. Grants AI-09275, CA-15146, and CA-10097.     

Studies on esterase histochemistry of amphibian kidney

Summary In the hope that the histochemical picture of the kidney may help to understand its role in excretion and osmoregulation, an effort is here made to study the distribution of esterases in amphibian kidney.The kidneys of adults and tadpoles of the frog, Rana tigrina and the toad, Bufo melanostictus were used for this study. Some of these animals were subjected to dehydration for 3–4 days and to the effect of 150 mM NaCl for 8–12 days before their kidneys were used. The esterases were visualised using tweens, naphthol esters and 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as substrates. These were accompanied by activator/inhibitor studies.Very interesting results were obtained in the distribution of the esterases. Tween esterase and -naphthyl acetate esterase were found in the proximal tubules of the adult frog kidney only while 5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase was found to be present in all the animals tested. On the other hand, naphthol AS acetate esterase was absent in the tadpole stages of the frog and toad. Further 5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase and naphthol AS acetate esterase were demonstrated in the glomeruli of frogs and toads subjected to NaCl solution. Activator/ inhibitor studies helped in characteristically differentiating these different esterases.There seems to be a relationship between the distribution of the different esterases and the excretory and osmoregulatory adaptations of these animals which differ in the adult and tadpole stages and in the experimental conditions mentioned. The possible implications of the esterase distribution is discussed in considerable details.U.G.C. Research Scholar.     

Heterogeneity of Es-1 esterases in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Analysis of the Es-1 system in the rabbit with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed a high degree of individual variation. In the liver the number of esterase bands found in the Es-1 region of the gels ranged from 2 to 16. The results indicate that one locus with three alleles is responsible for all of the esterase bands in the Es-1 region. The most plausible explanation for the observed heterogeneity is that each of the alleles codes for a protein (MW 65,000±2000) that is changed by posttranslational modifications, thus giving rise to two to five monomeric enzymes with esterase activity. Polymerization of these monomers then results in 1–11 dimers. Based on similarities with mouse Es-9, chromosomal homology between rabbit Es-1 and mouse Es-9 is proposed.     

Biochemical genetics of rat esterases: Polymorphism,tissue expression,and linkage of four loci

Two alleles at each of four esterase loci in Rattus norvegicus are described with regard to tissue expression, electrophoretic characterization, and genetic linkage. A previously described dominant gene for prealbumin serum esterase is demonstrated to exist as two codominant alleles in the genetically determined absence of the characteristic albumin esterase. The allelic composition of 16 inbred strains for four esterase genes is provided, and the heretofore ambiguous nomenclature of rat esterase genetics is standardized. Linkage of Es-1, Es-2, and Es-3 is demonstrated. Es-2 and Es-3 are tightly linked in that no recombination has been observed in 55 offspring. The same offspring demonstrated 9% recombination between Es-1 and the other two loci.This work was supported by a grant from the Brown-Hazen Fund of Research Corporation.     

Esterase 13, a new mouse esterase locus with recessive expression and its genetic location on chromosome 9

A new esterase locus (Es-13) has been identified in Mus musculus. Strains AEJ/GnRk, LG/J, SJL/J, and SWR/J carry a recessive allele, Es-13 ^b, for a locus possibly involved in the posttranslational modification of a kidney esterase. All other strains observed carried the dominant Es-13 ^a allele. Es-13 was mapped on Chr 9 by recombinant inbred lines and by conventional backcrossing experiments. Backcross data produced the following gene order and map distances: Lap-1 (31.6±7.5 cM) Es-13 (2.6±2.6 cM) Mod-1.     

A new variant of the Es-4 locus in the rat

A new variant of kidney esterase in the DK/Nac rat strain is reported. The new esterase was tentatively named ES-4C determined by a third allele of the Es-4 locus of Linkage Group V (LGV). Strain distribution was surveyed using 17 inbred strains, but no strain except for the DK/Nac strain possessed the ES-4C type. Although we surveyed outbred stocks (Jcl: Wistar and Jcl: SD) we could not find rats carrying the ES-4C type. Genetic analysis of the ES-4C type was carried out using mating experiments between DK/Nac and BUF/Nac (ES-4B). The results indicated that the new variant was controlled by the Es-4 locus and it was named the Es-4c allele.     

Biochemical genetics of Es-14 (formerly Es-Si) and a new esterase variation,Es-15, of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus): Biochemistry,tissue expression,and linkage to Es-1 in linkage group V

The segregation of rat esterases controlled by loci residing in linkage group V (LGV) has been studied in two backcross series, (LEW/Han × BN/Han)F₁ × LEW/Han and (LEW/Han × LE/Han)F₁ × LEW/Han. Es-14 (formerly Es-Si) was shown to be closely linked to Es-1. A new esterase locus, Es-15, was described which codes for a liver isozyme. The distribution pattern of three alleles at the Es-15 locus is presented for 52 independent inbred strains. Close linkage of Es-15 to Es-14 and to Es-1 was established, proposing the following gene order: [Es-2, Es-10]—[ES-1, ES-14, ES-15]. The esterase loci on LGV are thus separated into two gene clusters, cluster 1 and cluster 2. These conclusions are supported by the strain distribution patterns of the two RI strain series, LXB and DXE.Otto von Deimling was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (De 315/2-1, communication No. 56).     

Esterase-17 (ES-17): Characterization and genetic location on chromosome 9 of a bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate-resistant esterase of the house mouse (Mus musculus)

Genetic variation of a new codominantly inherited esterase, designated ES-17, has been discovered in the house mouse using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The ES-17 A phenotype (three bands; isoelectric points, betweenpH 5.55 andpH 5.90) was found in C57 BL/10Sn. LP/J possessed the Es-17B phenotype (three bands; isoelectric points,pH 5.05–5.55). ES-17 was present in all tissues examined, except for hemolysate and serum, and was most clearly expressed in the small intestine. Because of its reaction toward various substrates and inhibitors, ES-17 has tentatively been classified as acetyl esterase (EC 3.1.1.6). ES-17 was shown to be controlled by the structural locusEs-17, located on chromosome 9. From test-cross data, a gene order ofEs-17-8.7±2.5 map units-Mpi-1-10.2±2.7 map units-Mod-1 was established. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 46). This is communication No. 35 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution and genetics of nonspecific esterases.     

Genetic control of urea resistant esterase of liver extracts in chicken

Starch gel electrophoresis according to Okada & Sasaki (1970) revealed six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI. Further genetic variation was found in esterase region III in this study. Two phenotypes, A and O, were observed by means of urea denaturation of chicken liver extracts. These were genetically controlled by an autosomal locus, designated as Es-9 , with a completely dominant ( Es-9 ^A) and a completely recessive ( Es-9 °) alleles.
Es-9 ^A was the most frequent allele in White Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire and Australorp strains and rare in White Leghorn strains.     

Esterases of Mus musculus: Substrate and inhibition characteristics,new isozymes,and homologies with man

A wide range of fluorogenic and naphthol esters has been tested as substrates for mouse esterases. New esterases have been identified in liver and kidney extracts with palmityl, oleyl, and elaidyl esters. From substrate, inhibition, and molecular weight studies, three homologies between human and mouse esterases are suggested. A new allele at Es-6 is also described.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council.     

Biochemistry and genetics of esterase-20 (ES-20), a second trimeric carboxylesterase of the house mouse (mus musculus). II. A unique recombination reveals ES-20 as a hybrid enzyme

A unique recombination is described between (Es-1, Es-6) and (Es-9, Es-22) within gene cluster 1 of the esterase gene region on chromosome 8 of the house mouse. This recombination established the gene order Es-1--Es-6--(Es-9, Es-22)--Got-2. A further 73 recombinations, from a total of 911 backcrosses, had taken place between cluster 1 and cluster 2. A distance between the clusters of 8.01 +/- 0.90% was calculated; the genes within the clusters appeared more tightly linked than previously assumed. ES-20 behaved anomalously following the recombination within cluster 1: homozygous descendants of the recombinant expressed a new form of ES-20. In vitro incubation of purified ES-6A3 and ES-9A generated ES-20A, revealing this esterase to be a hybrid of different cluster 1 gene products, Es-9 and possibly Es-6. This result satisfactorily accounted for the genetic finding, as well as a range of biochemical properties of ES-20.     

Re-evaluation of LG V of the rat and assignment of 12 carboxylesterases to two gene clusters

Examining the strain distribution pattern of the recombinant inbred strain series LXB and DXE and of backcross progeny of (LEW X LE)F1 X LEW, (LEW X BN)F1 X LEW, and (LEW X BN)F1 X BN for esterase markers, including three carboxylesterase allozymes (ES-15, ES-16, ES-18), hitherto not studied genetically, revealed the existence of two esterase gene clusters within LG V: cluster 1, containing Es-2, Es-8, Es-10, Es-3, Es-7, Es-9, and separated by 8.8 +/- 1.3 cM from cluster 2, containing Es-1, Es-14 (formerly Es-Si), Es-15, Es-16, and Es-18. Analyses of 93 inbred strains of rats showed only 12 and 6 haplotypes for cluster 1 and cluster 2, respectively, indicating a strong linkage disequilibrium. These data and serotyping results of one backcross population for the RT2 blood group system lead to a re-evaluation of linkage group V. Including literature data the following gene order is suggested: RT2 - (7.1 +/- 1.8) Es-2, Es-4, Es-8, Es-10 (2.7 +/- 0.7) Es-3, Es-7, Es-9 (8.8 +/- 1.3) Es-1, Es-14, Es-15, Es-16, Es-18.     

Es-6, a further polymorphic esterase in the rat

A further polymorphic rat esterase with broad tissue expression and restricted substrate specificity is described and tentatively called Es-6. Inbred rat strains have either fixed allele Es-6^F or fixed allele Es-6^S. Es-6 is not linked to the established esterase cluster consisting of the eight esterase loci Es-1, Es-2, Es-3M, Es-4M, Es-4W, Es-5 (=Es-3W), Es-7, and Es-8 in LG V of the rat or to RT1, Gc, c, a, and h. Esterases with apparently identical biochemical and genetical characteristics are Es-17 of the mouse and Es-A4 of humans.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Be 352/13 and Gu 105).