Dependence of Soil Respiration on Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture in Successional Forests in Southern China

The spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration and its relationship with biophysical factors In forests near the Tropic of Cancer remain highly uncertain. To contribute towards an Improvement of actual estimates, soil respiration rates, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured In three successional subtropical forests at the Dlnghuahan Nature Reserve （DNR） In southern China from March 2003 to February 2005. The overall objective of the present study was to analyze the temporal variations of soil respiration and Its biophysical dependence in these forests. The relationships between biophysical factors and soil respiration rates were compared In successional forests to test the hypothesis that these forests responded similarly to biophysical factors. The seasonality of soil respiration coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high respiration rates in the hot humid season （April-September） and with low rates In the cool dry season （October-March）. Soil respiration measured at these forests showed a clear Increasing trend with the progressive succession. Annual mean （± SD） soil respiration rate In the DNR forests was （9.0 ± 4.6） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year, ranging from （6.1 ± 3.2） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in early successional forests to （10.7 ± 4.9） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in advanced successional forests. Soil respiration was correlated with both soil temperature and moisture. The T/M model, where the two biophysical variables are driving factors, accounted for 74%-82% of soil respiration variation In DNR forests. Temperature sensitivity decreased along progressive succession stages, suggesting that advanced-successional forests have a good ability to adjust to temperature. In contrast, moisture Increased with progressive succession processes. This increase is caused, in part, by abundant respirators In advanced-successional forest, where more soil moisture is needed to maintain their activities.     

Precipitation variability and fire influence the temporal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in an arid grassland

Climate models suggest that extreme rainfall events will become more common with increased atmospheric warming. Consequently, changes in the size and frequency of rainfall will influence biophysical drivers that regulate the strength and timing of soil CO₂ efflux – a major source of terrestrial carbon flux. We used a rainfall manipulation experiment during the summer monsoon season (July–September) to vary both the size and frequency of precipitation in an arid grassland 2 years before and 2 years after a lightning‐caused wildfire. Soil CO₂ efflux rates were always higher under increased rainfall event size than under increased rainfall event frequency, or ambient precipitation. Although fire reduced soil CO₂ efflux rates by nearly 70%, the overall responses to rainfall variability were consistent before and after the fire. The overall sensitivity of soil CO₂ efflux to temperature (Q₁₀) converged to 1.4, but this value differed somewhat among treatments especially before the fire. Changes in rainfall patterns resulted in differences in the periodicity of soil CO₂ efflux with strong signals at 1, 8, and 30 days. Increased rainfall event size enhanced the synchrony between photosynthetically active radiation and soil CO₂ efflux over the growing season before and after fire, suggesting a change in the temporal availability of substrate pools that regulate the temporal dynamics and magnitude of soil CO₂ efflux. We conclude that arid grasslands are capable of rapidly increasing and maintaining high soil CO₂ efflux rates in response to increased rainfall event size more than increased rainfall event frequency both before and after a fire. Therefore, the amount and pattern of multiple rain pulses over the growing season are crucial for understanding CO₂ dynamics in burned and unburned water‐limited ecosystems.     

Soil Respiration along Environmental Gradients in Olympic National Park

Although mountainous landscapes dominate large areas of the Earth, our understanding of how elevation and aspect influence soil respiration in complex mountainous terrain is very limited. Therefore, we measured soil respiration throughout the growing season in 1999 and 2000 at 11 forested sites in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA along elevation-climatic gradients. The study sites ranged from temperate rain forest to alpine forests near tree line. Soil temperature was a significant predictor of soil respiration at all sites, and soil moisture explained additional variability at three sites (R2 from 0.42 to 0.90, P ≤ 0.01). Soil temperatures at the highest-elevation sites were 4.5°C cooler than those at the lowest elevation, but there were no relationships between soil respiration rates at a given temperature and elevation or mean annual temperature that would indicate acclimation of soil respiration to the cooler temperatures at high-elevation sites. Experimental urea additions (1.0 and 2.0 g N m-2 y-1) made at seven of the sites had no consistent effect on soil respiration. Total soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux during the growing season (May-September) varied from 0.34 to 0.75 kg C/m2 and was greater at low-elevation sites with warmer soil temperatures and longer growing seasons. Elevation and the length of the frost-free season could both be used to predict growing season (r2 = 0.53) and annual (r2 = 0.81) soil CO2 efflux for the 10 sites located in steep mountainous terrain. Significant correlations also existed with mean annual temperature. These results suggest that warmer soils and a longer snow-free season associated with climatic warming could cause the mountainous ecosystems of the Olympic peninsula to evolve increasing amounts of CO2 from all elevations and aspects.     

Are ecosystem carbon inputs and outputs coupled at short time scales? A case study from adjacent pine and hardwood forests using impulse–response analysis

A number of recent studies have attributed a large proportion of soil respiration (R(soil)) to recently photoassimilated carbon (C). Time lags (tau(PR)) associated with these pulses of photosynthesis and responses of R(soil) have been found on time scales of hours to weeks for different ecosystems, but most studies find evidence for tau(PR) on the order of 1-5 d. We showed that such time scales are commensurate with CO(2) diffusion time scales from the roots to the soil surface, and may thus be independent from photosynthetic pulses. To further quantify the role of physical (i.e. edaphic) and biological (i.e. vegetative) controls on such lags, we investigated tau(PR) at adjacent planted pine (PP) and hardwood (HW) forest ecosystems over six and four measurement years, respectively, using both autocorrelation analysis on automated soil surface flux measurements and their lagged cross-correlations with drivers for and surrogates of photosynthesis. Evidence for tau(PR) on the order of 1-3 d was identified in both ecosystems and using both analyses, but this lag could not be attributed to recently photoassimilated C because the same analysis yielded comparable lags at HW during leaf-off periods. Future efforts to model ecosystem C inputs and outputs in a pulse-response framework must combine measurements of transport in the physical and biological components of terrestrial ecosystems.     

High temporal resolution tracing of photosynthate carbon from the tree canopy to forest soil microorganisms

Half of the biological activity in forest soils is supported by recent tree photosynthate, but no study has traced in detail this flux of carbon from the canopy to soil microorganisms in the field. Using (13)CO(2), we pulse-labelled over 1.5 h a 50-m(2) patch of 4-m-tall boreal Pinus sylvestris forest in a 200-m(3) chamber. Tracer levels peaked after 24 h in soluble carbohydrates in the phloem at a height of 0.3 m, after 2-4 d in soil respiratory efflux, after 4-7 d in ectomycorrhizal roots, and after 2-4 d in soil microbial cytoplasm. Carbon in the active pool in needles, in soluble carbohydrates in phloem and in soil respiratory efflux had half-lives of 22, 17 and 35 h, respectively. Carbon in soil microbial cytoplasm had a half-life of 280 h, while the carbon in ectomycorrhizal root tips turned over much more slowly. Simultaneous labelling of the soil with (15)NH(+)(4) showed that the ectomycorrhizal roots, which were the strongest sinks for photosynthate, were also the most active sinks for soil nitrogen. These observations highlight the close temporal coupling between tree canopy photosynthesis and a significant fraction of soil activity in forests.     

Do dynamic global vegetation models capture the seasonality of carbon fluxes in the Amazon basin? A data‐model intercomparison

To predict forest response to long‐term climate change with high confidence requires that dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) be successfully tested against ecosystem response to short‐term variations in environmental drivers, including regular seasonal patterns. Here, we used an integrated dataset from four forests in the Brasil flux network, spanning a range of dry‐season intensities and lengths, to determine how well four state‐of‐the‐art models (IBIS, ED2, JULES, and CLM3.5) simulated the seasonality of carbon exchanges in Amazonian tropical forests. We found that most DGVMs poorly represented the annual cycle of gross primary productivity (GPP), of photosynthetic capacity (Pc), and of other fluxes and pools. Models simulated consistent dry‐season declines in GPP in the equatorial Amazon (Manaus K34, Santarem K67, and Caxiuanã CAX); a contrast to observed GPP increases. Model simulated dry‐season GPP reductions were driven by an external environmental factor, ‘soil water stress’ and consequently by a constant or decreasing photosynthetic infrastructure (Pc), while observed dry‐season GPP resulted from a combination of internal biological (leaf‐flush and abscission and increased Pc) and environmental (incoming radiation) causes. Moreover, we found models generally overestimated observed seasonal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and respiration (R_e) at equatorial locations. In contrast, a southern Amazon forest (Jarú RJA) exhibited dry‐season declines in GPP and R_e consistent with most DGVMs simulations. While water limitation was represented in models and the primary driver of seasonal photosynthesis in southern Amazonia, changes in internal biophysical processes, light‐harvesting adaptations (e.g., variations in leaf area index (LAI) and increasing leaf‐level assimilation rate related to leaf demography), and allocation lags between leaf and wood, dominated equatorial Amazon carbon flux dynamics and were deficient or absent from current model formulations. Correctly simulating flux seasonality at tropical forests requires a greater understanding and the incorporation of internal biophysical mechanisms in future model developments.     

Patterns and drivers of Araucaria araucana forest growth along a biophysical gradient in the northern Patagonian Andes: Linking tree rings with satellite observations of soil moisture

Araucaria araucana (Araucaria) is a long‐lived conifer growing along a sharp west–east biophysical gradient in the Patagonian Andes. The patterns and climate drivers of Araucaria growth have typically been documented on the driest part of the gradient relying on correlations with meteorological records, but the lack of in situ soil moisture observations has precluded an assessment of the growth responses to soil moisture variability. Here, we use a network of 21 tree‐ring width chronologies to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of tree growth through the entire gradient and evaluate their linkages with regional climate and satellite‐observed surface soil moisture variability. We found that temporal variations in tree growth are remarkably similar throughout the gradient and largely driven by soil moisture variability. The regional spatiotemporal pattern of tree growth was positively correlated with precipitation (r = 0.35 for January 1920–1974; P < 0.01) and predominantly negatively correlated with temperature (r = ?0.38 for January–March 1920–1974; P < 0.01) during the previous growing season. These correlations suggest a temporally lagged growth response to summer moisture that could be associated with known physiological carry‐over processes in conifers and to a response to moisture variability at deeper layers of the rooting zone. Notably, satellite observations revealed a previously unobserved response of Araucaria growth to summer surface soil moisture during the current rather than the previous growing season (r = 0.65 for 1979–2000; P < 0.05). This new response has a large spatial footprint across the mid‐latitudes of the South American continent (35°–45°S) and highlights the potential of Araucaria tree rings for palaeoclimatic applications. The strong moisture constraint on tree growth revealed by satellite observations suggests that projected summer drying during the coming decades may result in regional growth declines in Araucaria forests and other water‐limited ecosystems in the Patagonian Andes.     

Rodents, plants, and precipitation: spatial and temporal dynamics of consumers and resources

Resource/consumer dynamics are potentially mediated by both limiting resources and biotic interactions. We examined temporal correlations between precipitation, plant cover, and rodent density, with varying time lags using long-term data from two sites in the Chihuahuan desert of North America: the Sevilleta Long-term Ecological Research site (LTER), New Mexico, USA and a site near Portal, Arizona, USA. We also calculated the spatial correlations in precipitation, plant cover, and rodent dynamics among six sites, five at Sevilleta and one at Portal. At Sevilleta, all three variables were temporally correlated, with plant cover responding to precipitation during the same growing season and rodent populations lagging at least one season behind. At Portal, plant stem count was also correlated with precipitation during the same growing season, but there was no significant correlation between rodents and either precipitation or plant growth. Spatial correlations in plant cover and rodent populations between sites reflected the localized nature of summer rainfall, so that sites with highly correlated summer precipitation exhibited higher correlations in plant cover and rodent populations. In general, our results indicate that limiting resources influence consumer dynamics, but these dynamics also depend crucially on the biotic interactions in the system.     

锡林河流域两类植物群落土壤呼吸特征的比较

采用碱液吸收法对锡林河流域一个半干旱典型草原群落的土壤呼吸进行了5个月的野外测定,并对其与气候因子和生物量之间的关系进行了分析.另选择了锡林河岸边的一个沼泽化草甸群落作为对比来研究土壤湿度和植被类型对土壤呼吸的影响.主要结果包括:1)两个群落土壤呼吸的季节动态基本一致,均出现了两个峰值,其中草原群落和草甸群落土壤呼吸速率的变化范围分别为312.8～1 738.9mgC@m-2@d-1和354.6～2 235.6 mg C@m -2@d-1.草甸群落的土壤呼吸速率明显高于草原群落,它们的日平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1 349.6 mg C@m-2@d-1和785.9mg C@m-2@d1;2)在草原群落中,土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度的相关性比其与温度的关系更加显著,而在草甸群落正好相反,反映出这两种气候因子在不同生境中起着不同的作用.根据土壤呼吸与气温之间的同归关系外推出2001年生长季草原群落和草甸群落的土壤呼吸量分别为142.4 g C/m2和236.1 g C/m2;3)在草甸群落中,地上总生物量与土壤呼吸速率之间没有显著的相关关系,而地上部活体生物量与土壤呼吸速率之间则存有很显著的幂函数关系.在草原群落中,土壤呼吸速率与地上活体生物量或地上总生物量的相关性均很弱.     

4种温带森林非生长季土壤二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮通量

中高纬度森林土壤在漫长的非生长季中对重要温室气体——二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的释放或吸收在碳氮年收支中作用很大,但目前研究甚少。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,比较研究东北东部4种典型温带森林土壤表面CO2、CH4和N2O通量在非生长季中的时间动态及其影响因子。结果表明:4种森林土壤在非生长季中整体上均表现为CO2源、N2O源和CH4汇的功能。红松林、落叶松林、蒙古栎林、硬阔叶林的非生长季平均土壤表面CO2通量分别为(65.5±8.1)mgm-2h-1(平均值±标准差)、(70.5±10.2)mgm-2h-1、(77.1±8.0)mgm-2h-1、(80.5±23.5)mgm-2h-1;CH4通量分别为(-17.2±4.6)μgm-2h-1、(-15.4±4.2)μgm-2h-1、(-31.5±4.5)μgm-2h-1、(-23.6±4.1)μgm-2h-1;N2O通量分别为(19.3±5.1)μgm-2h-1、(11.5±2.5)μgm-2h-1、(16.4±4.0)μgm-2h-1、(14.4±5.4)μgm-2h-1;其中非生长季土壤表面CO2总排放量分别为143.4gm-2、162.8gm-2、189.9gm-2、252.7gm-2,分别占其年通量的7.3%、10.6%、8.4%和8.5%。所有林型非生长季土壤表面CO2通量在春季土壤解冻前均维持在较低水平;在解冻进程中随温度升高而增大。土壤表面CO2通量与5cm深土壤温度(T5)呈极显著的指数函数关系。在隆冬时节出现CH4净释放现象,但释放强度及其出现时间因林型而异,其中以红松林的释放强度较大,高达43.6μgm-2h-1。土壤表面CH4通量与T5呈显著的负相关。土壤表面N2O通量的时间动态格局在林型间的分异较大,但在春季土壤解冻阶段均释放出N2O,而释放峰值和出现时间因林型而异。土壤表面N2O通量与0—10cm深土壤含水量呈显著的正相关(红松林除外)。研究展示了不同温带森林类型的土壤水热条件对其非生长季土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量的重要影响,但这3种温室气体的林型间分异的生物学机理尚需进一步研究。     

Seasonal and annual stem respiration of Scots pine trees under boreal conditions

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Stem respiration of trees is a major, but poorly assessed component of the carbon balance of forests, and important for geo-chemistry. Measurements are required under naturally changing seasonal conditions in different years. Therefore, intra- and inter-annual carbon fluxes of stems in forests were measured continuously from April to November in three consecutive years. METHODS: Stem respiratory CO2 fluxes of 50-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees were continuously measured with a CO2 analyser, and, concomitantly, stem circumference, stem and air temperature and other environmental factors and photosynthesis, were also measured automatically. KEY RESULTS: There were diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual changes in stem respiration, which peaked at 1600 h during the day and was highest in July. The temperature coefficient of stem respiration (Q10) was greater during the growing season than when growth was slow or had stopped, and more sensitive to temperature in the growing season. The annual Q10 remained relatively constant at about 2 over the three years, while respiration at a reference temperature of 15 degrees C (R15) was higher in the growing than in the non-growing season (1.09 compared with 0.78 micromol m(-2) stem surface s(-1)), but was similar between the years. Maintenance respiration was 76 %, 82 % and 80 % of the total respiration of 17.46, 17.26 and 19.35 mol m2 stem surface in 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively. The annual total stem respiration of the stand per unit ground area was 75.97 gC m(-2) in 2001 and 74.28 gC m(-2) in 2002. CONCLUSIONS: Stem respiration is an important component in the annual carbon balance of a Scots pine stand, contributing 9 % to total carbon loss from the ecosystem and consuming about 8 % of the carbon of the ecosystem gross primary production. Stem (or air) temperature was the most important predictor of stem carbon flux. The magnitude of stem respiration is modified by photosynthesis and tree growth. Solar radiation indirectly affects stem respiration through its effect on photosynthesis.     

小兴安岭5种林型土壤呼吸时空变异

原始阔叶红松林、谷地云冷杉林、阔叶红松择伐林、次生白桦林、人工落叶松林是小兴安岭乃至东北地区的重要森林类型。采用红外气体分析法比较测定了这几种森林类型的土壤呼吸及其相关环境因子,分析探讨了这几种森林类型土壤呼吸的时空变异。结果表明:各林型土壤呼吸与5 cm深土壤温度(T5)呈显著的指数相关,并且土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度及其相互作用的回归模型可以解释各林型土壤呼吸约71%的季节变异。生长季平均土壤呼吸速率为次生白桦林(3.59μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>谷地云冷杉林(3.52μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>阔叶红松择伐林(3.44μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>原始阔叶红松林(2.58μmolCO.2m-.2s-1)>人工落叶松林(2.29μmolCO.2m-.2s-1),说明土壤呼吸对原始阔叶红松林人为干扰的响应是不同的。各林型Q10值介于1.84(人工落叶松林)—2.32(次生白桦林)之间。在整个生长季,各林型之间土壤呼吸的变异系数变化幅度为19.74%—37.39%,而各林型内土壤环间其变化幅度为32.13%—60.20%,显著大于样地间的变化幅度14.28%—35.70%(P<0.001),说明土壤呼吸在细微尺度上的差异更大。土壤湿度可以解释各林型(阔叶红松林除外)内部土壤呼吸15.8%—33.5%的空间异质性。     

Snow distribution, soil temperature and late winter CO2 efflux from soils near the Arctic treeline in northwest Alaska

The Arctic treeline is advancing in many areas and changes in carbon (C) cycling are anticipated. Differences in CO₂ exchange between adjacent forest and tundra are not well known and contrasting conclusions have been drawn about the effects of forest advance on ecosystem C stocks. Measurements of CO₂ exchange in tundra and adjacent forest showed the forest was a greater C sink during the growing season in northern Canada. There is, however, reason to expect that forests lose more C than tundra during the wintertime, as forests may accumulate and retain more snow. Deeper snow insulates the soil and warmer soils should lead to greater rates of belowground respiration and CO₂ efflux. In this study, I tested the hypotheses that forests maintain a deeper snowpack, have warmer soils and lose more C during winter than adjacent tundra near the Arctic treeline in northwest Alaska. Measurements of snow depth, soil temperature and CO₂ efflux were made at five forest and two treeline sites in late winter of three consecutive years. Snow depth and soil temperature were greater in forest than treeline sites, particularly in years with higher snowfall. There was a close exponential correlation between soil temperature and CO₂ efflux across sites and years. The temperature-efflux model was driven using hourly soil temperatures from all the sites to provide a first approximation of the difference in winter C loss between treeline and forest sites. Results showed that greater wintertime C loss from forests could offset greater summertime C gain.     

Ecosystem Carbon Remains Low for Three Decades Following Fire and Constrains Soil CO2 Responses to Precipitation in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests

The fire regime of ponderosa pine forests in the southwestern United States has shifted over the past century from historically frequent, low-intensity surface fires to infrequent, stand-replacing crown fires. We quantified plant and soil carbon (C) responses to this new fire regime and assessed interactions between changes in fire regime and changes in precipitation regime predicted by some climate models (specifically, an earlier monsoon rain season). We hypothesized that soil C pools and carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux rates would decrease initially following stand-replacing fires (due to low plant C inputs and the loss of the soil surficial organic (O) horizon), but then increase with time-after-fire (as plant C inputs increase). Water availability often limits soil biological activity in these forests, but we predicted that low soil C availability following fire would constrain soil CO₂ efflux responses to precipitation. In a series of sites with histories of stand-replacing fires that burned between 2 and 34?years prior to sampling, burned patches had lower soil C pools and fluxes than adjacent unburned patches, but there was no evidence of a trend with time-after-fire. Burned forests had 7,500?g C m^?2 less live plant biomass C (P?<?0.001), 1,600?g C m^?2 less soil total C (P?<?0.001) and 90?g C m^?2 less soil labile C (P?<?0.001) than unburned forests. Lower soil labile C in burned patches was due to both a loss of O horizon mass with fire and lower labile C concentrations (g labile C kg^?1 soil total C) in the mineral soil. During the annual drought that precedes summer monsoon rains, both burned and unburned patches had soil CO₂ efflux rates ranging from 0.9 to 1.1?g CO₂-C m^?2 day^?1. During the monsoon season, soil CO₂ efflux in unburned patches increased to approximately 4.8?g CO₂-C m^?2 day^?1 and rates in paired burned patches (3.4?g CO₂-C m^?2 day^?1) were lower (P?<?0.001). We also used field irrigation to experimentally create an earlier and longer monsoon season, and soil CO₂ efflux rates at both burned and unburned plots increased initially in response to watering, but decreased to below control (plots without irrigation) rates within weeks. Watering did not significantly change cumulative growing season soil CO₂ efflux, supporting our prediction that C availability constrains soil CO₂ efflux responses to precipitation. This research advances our understanding of interactions among climate, fire, and C in southwestern forests, suggesting that climate-induced shifts toward more stand-replacing fires will decrease soil C for decades, such that a single fire can constrain future soil biological responses to precipitation regime changes.     

Variation in below-ground carbon fluxes along a Populus hybridization gradient

Here, soil CO(2) efflux, minirhizotron fine root production (FRP), and estimated total below-ground carbon allocation (TBCA) were examined along an elevation and hybridization gradient between two cottonwood species. FRP was 72% greater under high-elevation Populus angustifolia, but soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA were 62% and 94% greater, respectively, under low-elevation stands dominated by Populus fremontii, with a hybrid stand showing intermediate values. Differences between the responses of FRP, soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA may potentially be explained in terms of genetic controls; while plant species and hybridization explained variance in carbon flux, we found only weak correlations of FRP and TBCA with soil moisture, and no correlations with soil temperature or nitrogen availability. Soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA were uncorrelated with FRP, suggesting that, although below-ground carbon fluxes may change along environmental and genetic gradients, major components of below-ground carbon flux may be decoupled.     

北方典型农牧交错带草地开垦对地表辐射收支与水热平衡的影响

以北方典型农牧交错带草原和农田生态系统的涡度相关数据为基础,对比分析了生长季两种不同土地利用类型的辐射和水热通量之异同,揭示了草地开垦影响地表辐射收支与水热平衡的机制。结果表明:在植被生长季(5月—9月),草地开垦引起太阳总辐射增加了10.74%,短波反射辐射减少了14.20%,净辐射增加了35.16%;在水热通量方面,草地开垦引起潜热通量日积分平均值增加了0.20MJ/m~2,同时显热通量减少了0.09 MJ/m~2;生长季内地表反照率减小,表征地表吸收太阳辐射增加,有升高气温的趋势;非生长季内地表反照率增加,有降低气温趋势,此外地表反照率与土壤湿度存在负指数关系;波文比在植被生长早期和末期增加,生长旺期减小,说明草地开垦与影响着近地表大气状态,从而改变了区域气候。     

避灾露营对城市公共绿地土壤呼吸的短期影响

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生里氏8．0级大地震后,城市居民大规模在公共绿地上露宿避灾,而这些强人为干扰活动对绿地植被和土壤影响的科学研究却十分少。选择不同时间露营点和出入帐棚必经的践踏区域,测量土壤CO2通量的变化及相关环境因子（空气温湿度、土壤容重、孔隙度和微生物生物量等）。结果发现土壤CO2通量明显地受露营和人为践踏的影响,露营和人为践踏区土壤CO2通量明显地低于对照区。随着露营的增加,土壤CO2通量呈现先降低（大约10d后）后略有增加（大约20d后）,后期又下降的趋势（大约25d后）。在露营区,土壤紧实和遮荫是土壤CO2通量减少的两个主要过程,在早期,严重遮荫后引起根系呼吸下降是主要过程,而在后期,随着人入睡帐棚次数的增加,土壤紧实是控制土壤CO2通量的主要过程;而在践踏区,踩踏引起土壤紧实是土壤呼吸下降的主要原因。因此地震露营避灾后退化草坪恢复的一个关键措施是松土改善土壤的物理状况。     

Influence and predictive capacity of climate anomalies on daily to decadal extremes in canopy photosynthesis

Significant advances have been made over the past decades in capabilities to simulate diurnal and seasonal variation of leaf-level and canopy-scale photosynthesis in temperate and boreal forests. However, long-term prediction of future forest productivity in a changing climate may be more dependent on how climate and biological anomalies influence extremes in interannual to decadal variability of canopy ecosystem carbon exchanges. These exchanges can differ markedly from leaf level responses, especially owing to the prevalence of long lags in nutrient and water cycling. Until recently, multiple long-term (10+ year) high temporal frequency (daily) observations of canopy exchange were not available to reliably assess this claim. An analysis of one of the longest running North American eddy covariance flux towers reveals that single climate variables do not adequately explain carbon exchange anomalies beyond the seasonal timescale. Daily to weekly lagged anomalies of photosynthesis positively autocorrelate with daily photosynthesis. This effect suggests a negative feedback in photosynthetic response to climate extremes, such as anomalies in evapotranspiration and maximum temperature. Moisture stress in the prior season did inhibit photosynthesis, but mechanisms are difficult to assess. A complex interplay of integrated and lagged productivity and moisture-limiting factors indicate a critical role of seasonal thresholds that limit growing season length and peak productivity. These results lead toward a new conceptual framework for improving earth system models with long-term flux tower observations.     

山杨白桦混交次生林与原始阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用比较

 比较利用静态箱式法测定长白山原始阔叶红松林(Pinus koraiensis)和次生杨桦混交林的土壤呼吸作用表明,两者土壤呼吸作用的日动态均主要受温度影响,次生林土壤呼吸作用的日变化极值出现时间较原始林提前1～2 h;两者具有明显的季节动态,其中8月土壤呼吸速率最大;在生长季,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量关系不显著,而与土壤5 cm温度呈显著的指数关系;生长季(5～9月)次生林土壤释放CO₂量(3 449.4 g·m^－2)约为原始林(2 674.4 g·m^－2)的1.3倍,这可能是由于次生林内具有比原始林较高的温度和较低的土壤含水量,更有利于根系生长代谢和土壤微生物的活动引起的。     

Soil‐surface CO2 efflux and its spatial and temporal variations in a young ponderosa pine plantation in northern California

Soil‐surface CO₂ efflux and its spatial and temporal variations were examined in an 8‐y‐old ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California from June 1998 to August 1999. Continuous measurements of soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperatures and moisture were conducted on two 20 × 20 m sampling plots. Microbial biomass, fine root biomass, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil were also measured at each of the 18 sampling locations on the plots. It was found that the mean soil CO₂ efflux in the plantation was 4.43 µmol m^?2 s^?1 in the growing season and 3.12 µmol m^?2 s^?1 in the nongrowing season. These values are in the upper part of the range of published soil‐surface CO₂ efflux data. The annual maximum and minimum CO₂ efflux were 5.87 and 1.67 µmol m^?2 s^?1, respectively, with the maximum occurring between the end of May and early June and the minimum in December. The diurnal fluctuation of CO₂ efflux was relatively small (< 20%) with the minimum appearing around 09.00 hours and the maximum around 14.00 hours. Using daytime measurements of soil CO₂ efflux tends to overestimate the daily mean soil CO₂ efflux by 4–6%. The measurements taken between 09.00 and 11.00 hours (local time) seem to better represent the daily mean with a reduced sampling error of 0.9–1.5%. The spatial variation of soil CO₂ efflux among the 18 sampling points was high, with a coefficient of variation of approximately 30%. Most (84%) of the spatial variation was explained by fine root biomass, microbial biomass, and soil physical and chemical properties. Although soil temperature and moisture explained most of the temporal variations (76–95%) of soil CO₂ efflux, the two variables together explained less than 34% of the spatial variation. Microbial biomass, fine root biomass, soil nitrogen content, organic matter content, and magnesium content were significantly and positively correlated with soil CO₂ efflux, whereas bulk density and pH value were negatively correlated with CO₂ efflux. The relationship between soil CO₂ efflux and soil temperature was significantly controlled by soil moisture with a Q₁₀ value of 1.4 when soil moisture was <14% and 1.8 when soil moisture was >14%. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations is essential to accurately assessment of carbon budget at whole ecosystem and landscape scales. Thus, this study bears important implications for the study of large‐scale ecosystem dynamics, particularly in response to climatic variations and management regimes.