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1.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Plant-herbivore interactions mediate the trophic structure of ecosystems. We use a comprehensive data set extracted from the literature to test the relative explanatory power of two contrasting bodies of ecological theory, the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) and ecological stoichiometry (ES), for per-capita and population-level rates of herbivory across ecosystems. We found that ambient temperature and herbivore body size (MTE) as well as stoichiometric mismatch (ES) both constrained herbivory, but at different scales of biological organization. Herbivore body size, which varied over 11 orders of magnitude, was the primary factor explaining variation in per-capita rates of herbivory. Stoichiometric mismatch explained more variation in population-level herbivory rates and also in per-capita rates when we examined data from within functionally similar trophic groups (e.g. zooplankton). Thus, predictions from metabolic and stoichiometric theories offer complementary explanations for patterns of herbivory that operate at different scales of biological organization.  相似文献   

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The seasonal succession of epiphytic communities on Equisetum fluviatile was controlled both directly and indirectly by the macrophyte. Decaying macrophytic material supported rich algal growth and biomass accumulation in spring and early summer. Emergence of the macrophytes severely reduced underwater light availability, and the epiphytic algal biomass declined rapidly as a result of both lower photosynthetic activity of the epiphytic algae, and more intensive grazing by invertebrate herbivores. Epiphytic N: P ratios were lower than those in the water around suggesting that either the water was not the only source of phosphorus for the epiphytic algae or the algae took phosphorus up selectively from the water. Low epiphytic C: N ratios suggested a high potential nutritional value for herbivores.  相似文献   

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在我国南方亚热带湿地松人工林设置了3个水平的野外氮添加控制试验(0、40、120 kg N·hm-2·a-1),于2014和2015年生长季高峰期(7月底)和末期(10月底)采集湿地松成熟绿叶和落叶,分析外源氮添加对湿地松叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铝(Al)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)9种元素浓度及其养分回收的影响.结果表明: N添加显著增加了湿地松绿叶中N、Al、Mn浓度,降低了P和2014年的Ca浓度,而对C、K、Mg、Fe 浓度无显著影响.N添加显著提高了绿叶N/P,且该比值及绿叶养分浓度(N、P、Mn)对N添加的响应依赖于N的剂量(高N条件下响应更强).N添加显著降低了2015年N的回收效率,提高了2014年K的回收效率.相比于养分回收效率,回收能力对增加的可利用氮响应更强.N添加显著降低了N的回收能力,提高了P、K的回收能力,降低了枯叶中的Fe浓度,而对枯叶中Ca、Mg、Al、Mn浓度无显著影响.这表明,N添加对叶片化学计量的影响因不同元素而异,植物会通过调整自身的养分内循环(养分回收)来应对环境变化.N添加提高了绿叶N/P和K/P,说明氮添加条件下植物生长可能由N、P共同限制转变为P限制.氮添加增加了绿叶中Al、Mn浓度,表明N添加下湿地松面临潜在的金属离子毒性风险升高.  相似文献   

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REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF BANKSIA GRANDIS (PROTEACEAE)   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
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不同海拔云南松林土壤养分及其生态化学计量特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以云南东北部不同海拔云南松天然次生林为研究对象,比较不同海拔土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)及其化学计量特征.结果 表明:海拔间土壤C、N、P、K、AN、AP、AK的值分别为7.85~31.61 g·kg-1、1.08~2.11 g·kg-1、0.19...  相似文献   

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  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This study investigated seasonal patterns in stoichiometric ratios, nutrient resorption characteristics, and nutrient use strategies of dominant tree species at three successional stages in subtropical China, which have not been fully understood. Fresh leaf and leaf litterfall samples were collected in growing and nongrowing seasons for determining the concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Then, stoichiometric ratios (i.e., C:N, C:P, N:P, and C:N:P) and resorption parameters were calculated. Our results found that there was no consistent variation in leaf C:N and C:P ratios among different species. However, leaf N:P ratios in late‐successional species became significantly higher, indicating that P limitation increases during successional development. Due to the P limitation in this study area, P resorption efficiency and proficiency were higher than corresponding N resorption parameters. Dominant tree species at early‐successional stage adopted “conservative consumption” nutrient use strategy, whereas the species at late‐successional stage inclined to adopt “resource spending” strategy.  相似文献   

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Ants are effective at moving seeds toward their nests, something that may benefit the seeds. We evaluated whether seed movements that may be useful for the rehabilitation of degraded pastures in Colombia can be enhanced by local ants. An artificial aril was prepared and then evaluated in six open cattle pasture farms. Twenty paper disks (each holding seeds with an artificial aril, honey, tuna oil, and control) were set up along linear transects at each farm, and monitored five times in 48 hours. A total of 340 out of 480 seeds were moved from the experimental units by ants. Seeds with tuna oil and an artificial aril were removed twice as frequently as the control and honey smeared seeds. Ectatomma ruidum, Solenopsis geminata, and Pheidole sp. removed the majority of seeds. Advantages of the artificial aril over tuna oil are discussed. This inexpensive technique can enhance seed movement by generalist ants in degraded pastures, likely contributing to regeneration and ecological rehabilitation.  相似文献   

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阿拉善荒漠典型植物叶片碳、氮、磷化学计量特征   总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27       下载免费PDF全文
荒漠植物在水分限制、营养元素相对匮缺的条件下,经过长期的进化适应形成了自身独特的生理生态和生态化学计量特征。在阿拉善荒漠选择52个典型群落类型,分析和研究了54种荒漠植物叶片的碳、氮和磷的化学计量特征。结果表明:荒漠植物叶片的碳(C mg/g)、氮(N mg/g)和磷(P mg/g)含量变幅较大,分别为(379.01±55.42)mg/g、(10.65±7.91)mg/g和(1.04±0.81)mg/g,变异系数分别为0.15、0.74和0.78;C/N、C/P、和N/P分别为66.70±60.81、683.16±561.94、11.53±5.06。元素间相关性分析表明,叶片的C和N不相关(P0.05),C与P显著正相关(P0.05),N和P极显著正相关(P0.01)。从植物功能型的角度分析发现,灌木和1年生草本植物对C的存储能力较低;占整体67%的灌木叶片的N、P含量最低,导致总体N、P含量较低;多年生草本和1年生草本植物叶N含量与灌木植物叶片和整体N含量无差别,而P含量明显高于灌木植物叶片和整体P含量且N/P明显低于灌木植物叶片和总体N/P,导致总体N/P较低。该研究结果与全球和中国尺度的研究相比发现,荒漠植物叶片C、N、P含量和N/P明显偏低,N/P14说明阿拉善荒漠植物在受N、P共同作用的同时更易受N限制。  相似文献   

11.
互花米草入侵下湿地土壤碳氮磷变化及化学计量学特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为阐明外来物种入侵对生态系统的改变,对闽江河口区本土植物短叶茳芏和不同入侵年限的互花米草湿地土壤总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量进行了测定与分析.结果表明: 互花米草入侵后0~50 cm深度各层土壤TC、TN和TP含量均有不同程度的增加,其中TC、TN的变化比较一致,而TP的变化滞后;TC的增加引起土壤C/N持续增加,而TP是调节互花米草入侵过程中湿地土壤C/P和N/P的关键因子,C/P和N/P的变化基本一致.土壤TC、TN、TP的变化受到土壤盐度、容重、含水量和黏粒组成的影响,而它们之间计量比主要受土壤盐度、粒径组成的影响;C/N和C/P对互花米草湿地的土壤固碳效应具有良好的指示作用.互花米草入侵引起生物量和湿地生境改变,导致土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量比发生显著变化,且随入侵时间延长表现出不同的变化特征.  相似文献   

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 为了解氮素沉降对草地群落的影响, 通过人工氮肥添加模拟试验, 研究了黄土高原天然草地优势植物长芒草(Stipa bungeana)在不同施氮水平下叶片和立枯物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量的变化特征, 探讨了N素增加对N、P重吸收率和C : N : P化学计量比的影响及其内在联系。结果表明: 氮素添加显著增加了长芒草叶片的C、N和立枯物的N、P含量, 对叶片P和立枯物C含量无显著影响; 氮素添加显著降低了长芒草的N、P重吸收率, 对照处理的N、P重吸收率最高, 分别为60.35%和
71.75%, 并且, 在相同氮素处理条件下P的重吸收率显著大于N重吸收率; 随着氮素添加量的增大, 叶片的C : N降低, N : P和C : P增加, N : P为18.25–29.01。研究表明, 黄土高原天然草地群落主要受P限制, 随氮素沉降增加, P限制进一步加剧; 长芒草较高的N、P重吸收率是保证其在贫瘠的土壤中生存的重要机制。  相似文献   

13.
Mutualistic partners derive a benefit from their interaction, but this benefit can come at a cost. This is the case for plant-ant and plant-pollinator mutualistic associations. In exchange for protection from herbivores provided by the resident ants, plants supply various kinds of resources or nests to the ants. Most ant-myrmecophyte mutualisms are horizontally transmitted, and therefore, partners share an interest in growth but not in reproduction. This lack of alignment in fitness interests between plants and ants drives a conflict between them: ants can attack pollinators that cross-fertilize the host plants. Using a mathematical model, we define a threshold in ant aggressiveness determining pollinator survival or elimination on the host plant. In our model we observed that, all else being equal, facultative interactions result in pollinator extinction for lower levels of ant aggressiveness than obligatory interactions. We propose that the capacity to discriminate pollinators from herbivores should not often evolve in ants, and when it does it will be when the plants exhibit limited dispersal in an environment that is not seed saturated so that each seed produced can effectively generate a new offspring or if ants acquire an extra benefit from pollination (e.g. if ants eat fruit). We suggest specific mutualism examples where these hypotheses can be tested empirically.  相似文献   

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为了明确煤矿复垦区植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置,以内蒙古永利露天煤矿复垦区不同植物群落叶片和枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量(质量含量)及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨煤矿复垦区植物养分状况及限制因子,同时研究叶片和枯落物之间的养分循环状况。结果表明:(1)不同植物类型叶片C含量变化较大,表现为乔木(侧柏537.96 g/kg)最大,草本(沙打旺423.73 g/kg)最小;N、P、K含量变化较小。枯落物中沙棘C含量(417.84 g/kg)显著高于沙打旺、柠条;N、P含量差异显著,氮含量表现为沙打旺(20.30 g/kg)最大,柠条最小,磷含量表现为沙打旺(1.57 g/kg)最大,沙棘最小;沙打旺K含量(6.31 g/kg)显著高于沙棘、柠条。叶片C、N、P、K含量高于枯落物。N、P、K的回收率分别为5.17%—50.16%、4.19%—6.41%、11.27%—23.24%,其中P回流率表现为沙打旺(6.41%)最大,柠条最小;K回流率表现为沙棘(23.24%)最大,柠条最小。(2)灌木、草本植物N/P16,乔木类N/P14,灌木类、草本类生长受制于P,乔木类生长受制于N。结合土壤C、N、P含量,建议在植被恢复初期种植豆科等先锋植物,随着土壤肥力的提高再逐步种植灌木、乔木。  相似文献   

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新疆不同棉花品种烟粉虱实验种群   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在实验室条件下[温度(26±1) ℃,相对湿度(75±1)%,光照L∶D=16∶8]研究了烟粉虱在新疆棉田主栽品种新陆早8号、新陆早16号、新陆早17号、中棉35号、抗5和岱80棉花品种上的存活率、产卵量和寿命等,组建了实验种群生命表,估测了种群净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长力(rm)、平均世代周期(T)和周限增长率(λ)等生殖力参数.结果表明:烟粉虱在不同棉花品种上的形态大小、发育历期、存活率及产卵量均存在显著差异.比较烟粉虱种群在6种棉花品种上的世代存活率和繁殖力,其在新陆早16号上发育速度最快、产卵量最高,而在抗5上各种生命参数相对较低.新陆早16号是烟粉虱种群生长发育最适宜的棉花品种,其次为中棉35号,抗5是烟粉虱种群最不适宜的品种.  相似文献   

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1. Anthropogenic activities in prairie streams are increasing nutrient inputs and altering stream communities. Understanding the role of large consumers such as fish in regulating periphyton structure and nutritional content is necessary to predict how changing diversity will interact with nutrient enrichment to regulate stream nutrient processing and retention. 2. We characterised the importance of grazing fish on stream nutrient storage and cycling following a simulated flood under different nutrient regimes by crossing six nutrient concentrations with six densities of a grazing minnow (southern redbelly dace, Phoxinus erythrogaster) in large outdoor mesocosms. We measured the biomass and stoichiometry of overstory and understory periphyton layers, the stoichiometry of fish tissue and excretion, and compared fish diet composition with available algal assemblages in pools and riffles to evaluate whether fish were selectively foraging within or among habitats. 3. Model selection indicated nutrient loading and fish density were important to algal composition and periphyton carbon (C): nitrogen (N). Nutrient loading increased algal biomass, favoured diatom growth over green algae and decreased periphyton C : N. Increasing grazer density did not affect biomass and reduced the C : N of overstory, but not understory periphyton. Algal composition of dace diet was correlated with available algae, but there were proportionately more diatoms present in dace guts. We found no correlation between fish egestion/excretion nutrient ratios and nutrient loading or fish density despite varying N content of periphyton. 4. Large grazers and nutrient availability can have a spatially distinct influence at a microhabitat scale on the nutrient status of primary producers in streams.  相似文献   

19.
程才  李玉杰  张远东  高敏  李晓娜 《生态学报》2020,40(24):9234-9244
苔藓结皮是石漠化生态系统的重要地表覆被物,但其在土壤养分累积和元素循环过程中的作用尚不明确。以我国贵州典型喀斯特高原峡谷石漠化区-花江大峡谷两岸不同等级石漠化生境下的苔藓结皮及其覆被土壤为研究对象,研究了苔藓结皮覆被对土壤养分及生态化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:(1)苔藓结皮层养分含量显著高于下层土壤,结皮覆被土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)平均含量分别为25.95、3.05、1.00、5.10 g/kg和189.61、1.59、275.10 mg/kg,较无结皮覆被的裸土分别增加46.08%、26.50%、53.62%、20.25%、25.24%、110.47%和83.76%。(2)苔藓结皮覆被土壤C/N、C/K、P/K显著高于裸土,且随土层加深而递减;N/P显著低于裸土,且随土层加深而升高。(3)苔藓结皮覆被土壤养分恢复指数为33.16%—72.48%,呈现随石漠化等级升高而增加的趋势,中度和强度石漠化阶段较无石漠化阶段分别增加83.26%和118.58。本研究表明苔藓结皮能有效促进土壤养分累积,加速石漠...  相似文献   

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         下载免费PDF全文
《植物生态学报》2017,41(10):1069
Aims The stoichiometric characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plant organism is vital to understand plant adaptation to environment. In particular, the correlations of elemental stoichiometric characteristics between leaf and fine root could provide insights into the interaction and balance among the plant elements, nutrient use strategies and plant response to global change.Methods We measured C, N, P contents and C:N, C:P, N:P in leaves and fine roots of 60 dominant plants in Horqin sandy land. The 60 plant species were classified into five life forms and two categories such as perennial forb, annual forb, perennial grass, annual grass, shrub, legume, and non-legume. We statistically analyzed the differences and correlations of C, N and P stoichiometry either between fine root and leaf or among five life forms.Important findings The average C, N and P concentrations in leaves of 60 plant species in Horqin sandy land are 424.20 mg·g-1, 25.60 mg·g-1 and 2.10 mg·g-1, respectively. In fine roots, the corresponding element concentrations are 434.03 mg·g-1, 13.54 mg·g-1, 1.13 mg·g-1. N and P concentrations in leaf are approximately twice as high as averages in fine root. Furthermore, similar N:P between leaf and fine root indicates conservative characteristic of elemental stoichiometry in plant organism, suggesting that nutrients distribution is proportional between aboveground and underground of plants. There are significant difference of C, N, P, C:N, C:P and N:P in leaf and root among five life forms. N and P in forb and C:N and C:P in grass are averagely higher than those in other life forms. N:P in annual forb and grass, however, are lower than those in other life forms. C, N in legume are higher than those in non-legume, while C:N in legume is lower than in non-legume. These results imply that nutrient use strategies are significantly different among plant life forms. Correlations analysis showed that N and P in leaf or fine root positively correlated, but C and N, C and P in fine root negatively correlated, suggesting coupling relationship among C, N and P in leaf and fine root. Subsequently, we detected positively significant correlations in C, N, P and their ratios between leaf and fine root, suggesting proportional distribution of photosynthate and nutrient between aboveground and underground during plant growth. Generally, these results supplied fundamental data to understand mass turnover and nutrients cycling of leaves and roots in sand land.  相似文献   

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