Changes in Photosynthesis and Fruit Characteristics in Olive in Response to Assimilate Availability

The source level in the olive cultivar Leccino was varied by girdling at different stages of fruit growth. Afterwards, the effects on gas exchange, fruit growth, and ripening and blooming were studied. Girdling during fruit growth did not significantly influence net photosynthetic rate (P _N) except in the last phase of fruit growth when the P _N was reduced. In the girdled branch, P _N began to decrease at the onset of starch accumulation because fruit growth ceased. In mid-November stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) were also reduced by girdling, whereas sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) increased in leaves from the girdled branches. The total chlorophyll content (Chl) tended to decrease in parallel with the reduced P _N. Girdling did not substantially influence the leaf and shoot water contents. The large availability of assimilates seems to cause an earlier fruit ripening. In general, girdling increased fruit dry mass. Healing before the time when the majority of pulp growth occurs reduced the effect of girdling. June girdling increased the pit dry mass. Girdling at the beginning of August and September, compared to the control, increased the pulp dry mass, but the pit dry mass did not differ with respect to the control. The percentage of oil in the fruit, on a dry mass basis, increased with August and September girdlings, but the percentage of oil in the pulp did not change. Girdling reduced shoot growth, but the internode length was unchanged. Girdling slightly stimulated differentiation of flower buds.     

Lipid components of olive oil from Tunisian Cv. Sayali: Characterization and authenticity

The analysis of the total lipid fraction from the Sayali variety of olive oil was accomplished in the present investigation. Glyceridic, unsaponifiable and flavour fractions of the oil were isolated and identified using several analytical methods. Chromatographic techniques have proven to be suitable for these determinations, especially capillary gas chromatography. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was successfully used to identify sterols, triterpenes alcohols, 4-monomethylsterols, aliphatic alcohols and aroma compounds in our samples. Furthermore, solid phase microextraction was used to isolate volatiles from the total lipid fraction. Results from the quantitative characterization of Sayali olive oil showed that oleic acid (77.4%) and triolein (47.4%) were the dominant glyceridic components. However, the main compounds of the unsaponifiable fraction were β-sitosterol (147.5 mg/100 g oil), 24-methylene cycloartenol (146.4 mg/100 g oil) and hexacosanol (49.3 mg/100 g oil). Moreover, results showed that the aldehydic compounds were the major flavours present in Sayali olive oil.     

酸枣果抗菌增敏活性成分的提取及生物学活性研究

采用不同极性的溶剂,从野生酸枣果和木枣果中由低极性到高极性依次提取获得不同极性范围的提取物,通过检测其抗菌作用和提取物与抗生素的协同抗菌作用,从中筛选具有抗菌增敏作用的活性提取物,并经活性追踪的柱层析分离纯化进一步得到活性精提物,通过GC-MS分析确定其组成成分,最后检测了该活性精提物的生物学活性。结果表明:(1)在所有的枣果提取物中仅酸枣果氯仿提取物具有广谱的抗菌作用,并能显著增强铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄青霉素的敏感性,而其他提取物均无相应的生物学活性。(2)由酸枣果氯仿提取物进一步精制得到的Fr.2a组分,经GC-MS初步分析显示它包含49.59%1,3-二氯丙醇、5.49%1,1-二氯甲醚、0.96%六氯乙烷、7.81%1,1,2,3-四氯-2-丙烯、1.33%月桂酸、1.34%十四酸、0.87%棕榈油酸、7.37%棕榈酸、9.75%邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、2.02%反式-13-十八碳烯酸、1.88%油酸酰胺、3.06%β-香树精、0.93%α-菖蒲醇、6.20%羽扇豆醇和1.42%乌索醛等成分。(3)酸枣活性提取物Fr.2a与多种抗生素联用显示出广泛的协同抗菌作用,同时Fr.2a呈剂量依赖性地促进微生物生物膜的形成,降低微生物的运动性和显著抑制牛奶中微生物的生长。该研究结果为酸枣果的药用产品和天然防腐剂的开发奠定了基础。     

Development of an Optimized Method to Obtain a Limonene-Rich Concentrate from the Discarded Lemon Peels

In this study, lemon peels were used as volatile component source. Automatic solvent extraction has been used for the recovery of limonene rich citrus volatile extract for the first time. The process parameters (amount of raw material, immersion time and washing time) were analyzed to optimize the process by means of Box-Behnken design via response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were achieved by ~10 g fresh lemon peel, and ~15 min immersion time and ~13 min washing time. The difference between the actual (89.37 mg/g limonene) and predicted (90.85 mg/g limonene) results was satisfactory (<2 %). α-Terpinene, β-pinene, citral, ɣ-terpinene and linalool were determined as other major volatiles in the peel extract. FT-IR and ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies were applied to verify the identified volatile compounds.     

河南栽培罗勒和丁香罗勒的香气成分差异分析

目的:分析河南栽培罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L.)和丁香罗勒(Ocimum gratissimum L.)成龄叶香气成分的差异。方法:于2015年7月在云南师范大学呈贡校区随机采取长势健壮、无病虫害的河南栽培罗勒和丁香罗勒的成龄叶(自下而上第5、6片叶),采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)进行检测;根据峰面积归一化法测定各个组分的相对百分含量。结果:河南栽培罗勒中检出24种香气物质,丁香罗勒中有26种。其中,1,3-二甲氧基苯、石竹烯、乙苯等是2种罗勒共有的主要香气成分。香叶醛、β-蒎烯、薄荷二烯是河南罗勒的主要特有香味成分;蒿脑、桉树脑及异龙脑是丁香罗勒的特有成分。结论:河南栽培罗勒和丁香罗勒种的叶片中香气成分的种类和含量存在明显差异。     

Two Medicinal Plants (Alkanna trichophila and Convolvulus galaticus) from Turkey: Chemical Characterization and Biological Perspectives

The aim of the present study was to quantify selected phenolic compounds, determine antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects of the aerial parts of Alkanna trichophylla Hub.-Mor. (A. trichophylla) and Convolvulus galaticus Rost.ex Choisy (C. galaticus) extracts prepared by homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC) and infusion techniques. This is the first time such study has been designed to validate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of these plants. Multivariate analysis was conducted on collected data. Rutin and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the most significant compounds in A. trichophylla and C. galaticus, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity of A. trichophylla was mostly exhibited by HAE/methanolic extracts as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP (51.39, 112.70 and 145.73 mg TE/g, respectively) and phosphomolybdenum (2.05 mmol TE/g) assays. However, significant antioxidant activities varied within the extracts of C. galaticus. HAE/methanolic extract of A. trichophylla significantly depressed AChE (2.70 mg GALAE/g), BChE (5.53 mg GALAE/g) and tyrosinase (26.34 mg KAE/g) activities and that of C. galaticus inhibited AChE (2.04 mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (31.25 mg KAE/g) and α-amylase (0.53 mmol ACAE/g) activities significantly. We concluded that HAE was the most efficient extraction technique as high yield of compounds and promising bioactivities were recorded from extracts prepared. Multivariate analysis showed that types of solvents influenced recovery of compounds and biological activities. This research study can be used as one methodological starting point for further investigation on these plants as all results are clearly promising and open the door to further research challenges such as cytotoxicity evaluation, molecular docking analysis, and more screening of pharmacological actions.     

The Fragrance Components of the Jasrninnm sambac (L.) Alton collected by Simultaneous Steam Distillation and Solvent Extraction

The volatile fragrance components of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton flower were collected by a modified simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction apparatus (SDE). The obtained extract was concentrated to 100 μL by the gas entrainment method in which the extract was distilled under reduced pressure with the influence of a steam of nitrogen. The concentrate was analyzed by GC-MS with PEG-20 M capillary column, and the Kovats indexes were determined at the same time whereby the nalkanes were added into extract. 28 compounds were identified. The major components were: linalool, benzyl acetate, ciscaryophyllene, cis-3-benzyl benzoate, methyl anthranilate and indole. These results show the components of the extract have no qualitative difference from absolute oil. The advantages of the above procedure were discussed in detail.     

甘肃岷县当归不同药用部位挥发油的提取及其成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取产于甘肃岷县道地产区当归的当归身、当归尾、当归头中的挥发油,使用气相-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析其挥发油的化学组分.在相同提取测定条件下,当归不同部位提取的挥发油中各化学成分含量存在差异性,当归身、当归尾、当归头在保持较多藁本内酯的同时,均含有其他有效成分,且这些有效成分种类与含量不尽相同.提示当归不同药用部位的挥发油化学成分含量具有一定的差异,药理作用的物质基础不同,探寻当归不同部位的挥发油的化学成分变化规律,为中药当归的加工及临床应用提供科学依据.     

响应面法优化乌骨藤中白桦脂酸提取工艺

为优化乌骨藤(Marsdenia tenacissima)中白桦脂酸的提取工艺,在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计方法,研究超声功率、提取时间、料液比及提取次数等因素及其交互作用对白桦脂酸提取率的影响。利用Design Expert 8.06软件对数据进行回归分析,得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,并通过响应曲面优化方法得到白桦脂酸最佳提取工艺。结果表明,乌骨藤中白桦脂酸的最佳提取工艺为超声功率150 W,提取时间20 min,料液比(g/mL)为1:25,提取2次,白桦脂酸提取率预测值为0.314%,验证值为0.311%。     

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Distillates Purified by Means of Molecular Distillation from Ginger Extract Obtained with Supercritical CO2 Fluid

The ginger extract obtained with supercritical CO₂ fluid was purified by molecular distillation (MD), and the chemical compositions, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ginger extract and its distillates were investigated. Analysis revealed that the ginger extract was rich in terpene hydrocarbons, along with oxygenated terpenes and other non‐volatile compounds. The MD distillates were prepared in a series of stages and the active compounds like terpenes and gingerols could be separated by MD. The major compounds of the distillates purified by MD at 40 °C, 80 Pa and 60 °C, 80 Pa were terpene hydrocarbons. Additional distillates obtained by MD at 80 °C, 80 Pa and 100 °C, 60 Pa were predominated by terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes. Until the operating conditions of MD reached 150 °C and 2 Pa, some non‐volatile compounds were concentrated in the final distillate. Moreover, antioxidant activities and the cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cells in final MD distillate were superior to other extracts, and this phenomenon could be mainly supported by the phenols. The MD could be used to prepare ginger distillates with better antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.     

负压空化法提取五倍子单宁酸的响应面法优化

本文将负压空化提取与响应曲面设计相结合的方法应用于五倍子单宁酸的提取中,利用中心组合(Box-Behnken)实验设计原理研究了提取温度、液固比、提取时间3个自变量对响应值单宁酸提取得率的影响.结果表明,负压法提取五倍子单宁的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度55℃、液固比24∶1 (mL∶g)、提取时间30 min,在此条件下单宁酸提取率为66.56％,与模型预测值(67.353％)相对误差为1.18％＜5％,证明响应面回归方程的预测值与试验值之间具有较高的拟合度.     

工业生产ABA发酵液中脂溶性成分的GC/MS分析

利用气相色谱质谱联用技术,首次对工业生产脱落酸的发酵液中脂溶性成分进行分析,经气相色谱分离出了55个峰,共鉴定了其中的36种化学成分,占总成分的72.80%。分析鉴定结果表明,发酵液的脂溶性成分中主要化学成分为饱和烃类,如十四碳烷至三十一碳烷,占总脂溶性成分的27.49%;其次是脂肪酸酯,如十五碳酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、油酸乙酯与亚油酸乙酯等,占总脂溶性成分的19.02%。     

Phytochemical Fingerprints and Bioactivities of Ripe Disseminules (Fruit-Seeds) of Seventeen Gundelia (Kenger-Kereng Dikeni) Species from Anatolia with Chemometric Approach

Gundelia species are known as “Kenger-kereng dikeni” in Anatolia, and their aerial parts are consumed as food. Also, roots and seeds (disseminules) of the Gundelia species are used to prepare gum and coffee. The chemical contents of ethanol and hexane extracts of disseminules of 17 Gundelia species, 13 of them are endemic, were studied using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Additionally, their antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory capacity against acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase were determined. The unsaturated fatty acid ratios of Gundelia species were higher than their saturated fatty acid ratio. The highest sum of oleic and linoleic acid was detected in G. tournefortii var. tenuisecta (70.42 %). β-Sitosterol, α-amyrin, 3-acetyllupeol were identified in 17 Gundelia species by GC/MS, while chlorogenic acid and luteolin by LC/MS/MS as major compounds. The ethanol and hexane extracts of G. siirtica, G. rosea, and G. mesopotamica indicated good cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among all species, ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis exhibited the best activity in ABTS (IC₅₀: 32.30±0.98 μg/mL), DPPH (IC₅₀: 59.91±0.89 μg/mL), and CUPRAC (A_0.5: 57.41±1.03 μg/mL) assays. Ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis also displayed the highest inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase (51.14±0.25 % at 200 μg/mL), urease (51.71±1.75 % at 200 μg/mL), and tyrosinase (39.50±0.85 % at 200 μg/mL) enzymes. According to the chemometric analysis of fatty acids, four groups were observed. Therefore, it is suggested that G. colemerikensis can be used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties.     

Removal and determination of trimethylsilanol from the landfill gas

The removal and determination of trimethylsilanol (TMSOH) in landfill gas has been studied before and after the special E3000-ITC System. The system works according to principle of temperature swing. The performance of TMSOH and humidity removal was 20% and more than 90%, respectively. The six of active carbons and impinger method were tested on the full-scale landfill in Poland for TMSOH and siloxanes determination. The extraction method and absorption in acetone were used. The concentration of TMSOH and siloxanes were found in range from 23.6 to 29.2 mg/m³ and from 18.0 to 38.9 mg/m³, respectively. The content of TMSOH in biogas originating from landfill was 41% out of all siloxanes. Moreover, the used system is alternative to other existing technique of landfill gas purification.     

Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to GC/MS for the Analysis of Volatiles of Honeys from Arid and Mediterranean Areas of Algeria

The volatile composition of seven honey samples collected from various regions of Algeria and feeding on different plants have been determined. The Headspace Solid‐Phase MicroExtraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to achieve the purpose. In this work, different parameters of the HS‐SPME analytical method were investigated in order to reach maximal sensitivity, and thus to obtain maximum information about the volatile profile of Algerian honey. These parameters include saline medium, HS extraction temperature, and the nature of the fiber used. The results showed a great diversity in the chemical composition, in total 124 compounds from different chemical classes were identified, including compounds found for the first time in honey. The Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) demonstrated the importance of choosing SPME extraction conditions to find volatile compounds, which could be as specific markers of the floral or geographical origin of honey, the latter was optimized in the parameter PDMS‐55 °C.     

Gibberellin A58 and ent-6α,7α,12α-trihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid from seeds of cucurbita maxima

The isolation of gibberellin A₅₈ and ent-6α,7α,12α-trihydroxykaurenoic acid from a cellulase-hydrolysed extract of endosperm ofCucurbita maxima is described. The two compounds are characterized by their MS,¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.     

Purification, Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Acid Invertases from Apple Fruit

The soluble acid invertase (SAI) and cell wall-bound invertase (CWI) were purified from apple fruit to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. Based on sequencing, substrate specificity, and immunoblotting assay, the purified enzymes were identified to be two isoforms of acid invertase (β-fructosidase; EC 3.2.1.26). The SAI and CWI have the same apparent molecular mass with a holoenzyme of molecular mass of 220 kDa composed of 50 kDa subunits. The SAI has a lower Km value for sucrose and higher Km for raffinose compared with CWI. These acid invertases differ from those in other plants in some of their biochemical properties, such as the extremely high Km value for raffinose, no hydrolytic activity for stachyose, and a mixed form of inhibition by fructose to their activity. The antibodies directed against the SAI and CWI recognized, from the crude extract, three polypeptides with a molecular mass of 50, 68, and 30 kDa, respectively.These results provide a substantial basis for the further studies of the acid invertases in apple fruit.     

Purification, Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Acid Invertases from Apple Fruit

The soluble acid invertase (SAI) and cell wall-bound invertase (CWI) were purified from apple fruit to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. Based on sequencing, substrate specificity, and immunoblotting assay, the purified enzymes were identified to be two isoforms of acid invertase (β-fructosidase; EC 3.2.1.26). The SAI and CWI have the same apparent molecular mass with a holoenzyme of molecular mass of 220 kDa composed of 50 kDa subunits. The SAI has a lower Km value for sucrose and higher Km for raffinose compared with CWI. These acid invertases differ from those in other plants in some of their biochemical properties, such as the extremely high Km value for raffinose, no hydrolytic activity for stachyose, and a mixed form of inhibition by fructose to their activity. The antibodies directed against the SAI and CWI recognized, from the crude extract, three polypeptides with a molecular mass of 50, 68, and 30 kDa, respectively.These results provide a substantial basis for the further studies of the acid invertases in apple fruit.     

杠柳根皮挥发油化学成分及对麦二叉蚜的毒杀活性初探

采用GC/M S联用技术,对杠柳根皮中挥发油的化学成分进行了分析,共分离出15种化合物,对其中10种进行了鉴定,已鉴定成分占挥发油总成分的94.91%,分别为4-甲氧基水杨醛、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基-1,3-二氧环戊基乙酸乙酯、乙羟硫代羧酸-8-二乙氧基磷酰正辛酯、1,1,3,3-四丁氧基-2-丙酮、4-甲基-2-戊酮、甲酸丁酯、1-(1-乙氧基乙氧基)丁烷、2-正丁氧基四氢吡喃及丁醚。以麦二叉蚜为试虫进行挥发油杀虫活性测定。结果表明,杠柳根皮挥发油对试虫具有较强的触杀活性。