海边香豌豆胚性愈伤组织的诱导和体细胞胚发生

将生长１４ｄ的海边香豌豆（Ｌａｔｈｙｒｕｓ ｍａｒｉｔｉｍｕｓ（Ｌ．）Ｂｉｇｅｌ）无菌苗下胚轴切成０．５ｃｍ左右的片段,置于含有１ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４－Ｄ,０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ和０．５％ＮａＣｌ的ＭＳ培养基中,２８ｄ后诱导出胚性愈伤组织。将其转入含有适当浓度２,４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上,又２８ｄ后可得到大量球形胚和心形胚以及极少量鱼雷胚和子叶胚。诱导体细胞胚适合的２,４－Ｄ浓度为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。较高浓度的２     

胡桃楸胚性愈伤组织诱导与体细胞胚胎发生

胡桃楸是东北东部山地阔叶红松林的重要组成树种。因其被大量采伐,资源日趋枯竭。体细胞胚胎发生是快速繁殖和人工种子研制的基础,对遗传改良有重要意义。为探讨不同外植体、植物生长调节物质种类及配比对胡桃楸培养物的影响,建立了胡桃楸体胚发生及再生植株体系。结果表明:合子胚为外植体时最易形成胚性愈伤组织,外植体最佳取材时期为5～6月。胡桃楸胚性愈伤组织最适诱导为MS+1.0mg·mL-12,4-D+0.5mg·mL-16-BA;体细胞胚的诱导、发育和分化的适宜的培养基为附加蔗糖60g.L-1、水解酪蛋白700mg·mL-1时不添加任何生长调节物质的MS培养基。     

马唐胚性与非胚性愈伤组织生理差异的初步研究

马唐幼穗的胚性愈伤组织中游离氨基酸含量与种类均少于非胚性愈伤组织,而可溶性蛋白质含量却高于后者;前者可溶性蛋白质、过氧化物酶、酯酶及淀粉酶的同工酶电泳谱带亦此后者多。     

小麦幼穗胚性愈伤组织诱导及分化过程中内源激素的作用

2,4-D的浓度及诱导时间的长短影响出愈率和早期体胚的形成,6－BA0．25mg／L或KT0．5mg/L抑制胚性愈伤组织的诱导及分化。胚性能力较强外植体的内源激素含量较高,同时分化过程中胚性愈伤组织的ABA、IAA含量高于非胚性意伤组织,而GA3含量则低于非胚性愈伤组织。     

荔枝胚性愈伤组织诱导和离体保存条件的筛选

对影响荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)胚性愈伤组织诱导的因素(防褐化剂种类、花期、荔枝品种以及外植体取材部位)进行了比较研究,并对其离体保存条件进行了筛选.结果表明,在愈伤组织诱导培养基(含2.0 mg·L-12,4-D、0.5 mg-L-1NAA、30 g·L-1蔗糖和6 g·L-1琼脂的MS培养基,pH 5.8)中添加防褐化剂水解乳蛋白(0.4g·L-1),可使花药胚性愈伤组织的诱导率达到20.51%;以茎段、叶柄和幼叶为外植体,不能诱导出胚性愈伤组织,而采用花药和幼果培养,可诱导出胚性愈伤组织.其中,第1期雄花花药是最适宜的培养材料,胚性愈伤组织的诱导率可达20.11%;荔枝不同品种间幼果的胚性愈伤组织诱导率存在差异,品种‘及第'的诱导率最低.在15℃条件下,将荔枝胚性愈伤组织保存在添加20 g·L-1甘露醇的保存培养基(含1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D、30 g·L-1蔗糖和6 g·L-1琼脂的MS培养基,pH 5.8)中,保存效果最佳,可将继代时间延至100 d.     

杉木未成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导影响因素探析

该研究从基因型、6-BA浓度、外植体接种方式和合子胚发育阶段等方面,分析杉木未成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响因素。结果表明:基因型、6-BA浓度、外植体接种方式和合子胚发育阶段均对胚性愈伤组织诱导频率有不同程度影响。6种基因型中,有3种基因型诱导出胚性愈伤组织,其中基因型S18胚性愈伤组织诱导频率最高,为11.7%。6-BA浓度在1.0~1.5 mg·L~(-1)范围内时,基因型S18的胚性组织诱导频率较高。以在去皮种子的一端切开一个小口的接种方式为最优,将合子胚剥出的方式易造成合子胚褐化死亡,将未剥皮的种子切开一个小口后直接接入培养基的方式不利于愈伤组织生成。适合胚性愈伤组织诱导的合子胚发育阶段为受精至胚器官分化阶段,合子胚进入成熟阶段后不利于胚性愈伤组织诱导,合子胚易生长成完整植株。     

柑桔胚性愈伤组织的诱导、保存和利用

对近３０年来柑桔胚性愈伤组织诱导及其影响因素,保存,利用和存在的问题以及今后的研究方向进行了概述。     

在离体条件下拐芹(Angelica polymorpha)形成胚性愈伤组织和非胚性愈伤组织过程中几种内源激素的变化(英文)

以拐芹(Angelica potymorpha)的叶柄为外植体,在附加2,4-D(1mg/L) KT(0.5mg/L)MS培养基上诱导脱分化,40天内可形成愈伤组织。在相同的培养基上经过继代培养,可在20天内形成胚性愈伤组织(Embryogenic Callus,EC)和非胚性愈伤组织(Non-Embryogenic Callus,NEC)。将不同天数的培养物作为样品,提取其内源激素;气液相色谱(Gas-Liquid-Chromatography,GLC)测定结果发现,内源ABA,GA_3,CTK和IAA的水平都有变化,尤其是ABA,GA_3。这些结果表明内源ABA和GA_3在胚性愈伤组织和非胚性愈伤组织的分化过程中起着重要作用。     

ABA,NAA诱导水稻胚性愈伤组织的研究

ＡＢＡ和ＮＡＡ联合使用能有效地诱导水稻原生质体再生的愈伤组织向胚性发展。通过液体浅层培养由原生质体得到的愈伤性发展。通过液体浅层培养由原生质体得到的愈伤组织,在含ＡＢＡ和ＮＡＡ的Ｎ８培养基上培养一段时间,可以诱导原来呈非胚性状态的愈伤组织形成胚性愈伤组织,并在含ＺＴ的Ｎ６分化培养基上产生绿点。通过对这两种愈伤组织的生化分析,表明二者在游离氨基酸、ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ、核酸及蛋白质含量等方面,特别是ＳＤＳ     

玉米幼穗两种愈伤组织的比较研究

本文应用显微、超微及电泳方法,通过对玉米幼穗两种不同愈伤组织的比较观察,研究了两种愈伤组织在形态结构和同工酶方面的差异,结果表明,胚性愈伤组织不仅具有明显的胚性结构,而且比非胚性愈伤组织具有较强的生长能力、胚胎发生能力和相对较高的同工酶活性。同时本文还对植物体细胞胚胎发生的机理及研究该机理的方法进行了初步探讨。     

洋桔梗品种遗传多样性的AFLP分析

该研究以洋桔梗(Eustoma grandiflorum)2个品种‘玛丽艾基粉色’和‘圣剑白底紫边’为试材,提取叶片DNA,经过EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ双酶切、连接、预扩增、选择性扩增,建立了洋桔梗的AFLP最佳反应体系;并以64个常用引物组合进行扩增,得到154个多态性条带,从中筛选出扩增条带较多且多态性较好的4个引物组合(E-ACA/M-CTC,E-ACC/M-CAC,E-AGC/M-CTT,E-ACT/M-CAG),其多态位点百分率均值为24.36%。利用上述4个引物组合,以最佳反应体系为基础,构建了7个常见洋桔梗品种的AFLP指纹图谱,统计7个品种各4个引物组合在1 000~300bp区间7个区段的扩增条带,并将各个品种的AFLP指纹图谱转换成各品种4组7位数构成的28位特异数字指纹,极大地方便了种质比较及鉴定;7个品种间的遗传相似系数介于0.683 5~0.860 8之间,平均值为0.774 6。研究结果为进一步进行洋桔梗的种质研究及利用奠定了基础。     

Pharmacological induction of vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase expression in vivo

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) treatment reduces progression of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction and decreases oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in rabbits. These effects are associated with decreased vascular superoxide production, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Previous studies demonstrated that endogenous nitric oxide could regulate the expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) in conductance vessels in vivo . We investigated the effect of PETN and overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS⁺⁺) on the expression and activity of ecSOD. C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive placebo or increasing doses of PETN for 4 weeks and eNOS⁺⁺ mice with a several fold higher endothelial-specific eNOS expression were generated. The expression of ecSOD was determined in the lung and aortic tissue by real-time PCR and Western blot. The ecSOD activity was measured using inhibition of cytochrome C reduction. There was no effect of PETN treatment or eNOS overexpression on ecSOD mRNA in the lung tissue, whereas ecSOD protein expression increased from 2.5-fold to 3.6-fold ( P < 0.05) by 6 mg PETN/kg body weight (BW)/day and 60 mg PETN/kg BW/day, respectively. A similar increase was found in aortic homogenates. eNOS⁺⁺ lung cytosols showed an increase of ecSOD protein level of 142 ± 10.5% as compared with transgene-negative littermates ( P < 0.05), which was abolished by N^ω-nitro-L-arginine treatment. In each animal group, the increase of ecSOD expression was paralleled by an increase of ecSOD activity. Increased expression and activity of microvascular ecSOD are likely induced by increased bioavailability of vascular nitric oxide. Up-regulation of vascular ecSOD may contribute to the reported antioxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects of PETN.     

Isoenzymes of cuprozinc superoxide dismutase from Pisum sativum

Two cyanide-sensitive and organic solvent-inactivated superoxide dismutase isoenzymes were purified from pea leaves, Pisum sativum, cv Thomas Laxto     

萝卜营养生长期超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的变化

研究了不同品种萝卜营养生长期其超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD,EC1.15.1.1)活性及丙二醛( MDA)含量的变化。结果表明 :不同品种萝卜及同一品种萝卜在不同营养生长期其 SOD活性存在较大差异 ,SOD活性随叶龄的增大而升高 ,4 0 d时达最大峰值 ,随后下降 ;MDA含量在叶片展开后 4 0 d内缓慢上升 ,此后明显升高。SOD活性低的萝卜品种其丙二醛含量高 ,萝卜肉质根的 SOD活性高于叶片的 SOD活性。说明萝卜营养生长期存在活跃的活性氧代谢 ,SOD活性降低可能是引起 MDA含量升高的原因之一。     

Cloning of a putative extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and functional differences of superoxide dismutases in invasive and indigenous whiteflies

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a group of important antioxidant defense enzymes. In this study, a putative extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (ecCuZnSOD) complementary DNA was cloned and characterized from the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression level of Bt‐ecCuZnSOD was more than 10‐fold higher in the invasive Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) than in the native Asia II 3 species of the B. tabaci species complex. After exposure to low temperature (4 °C), the expression of Bt‐ecCuZnSOD gene was significantly up‐regulated in MEAM1 but not in Asia II 3. Furthermore, the expression level of B. tabaci intracellular CuZnSOD (Bt‐icCuZnSOD), Bt‐ecCuZnSOD and mitochondrial MnSOD (Bt‐mMnSOD) was compared after transferring MEAM1 and Asia II 3 whiteflies from favorable (cotton) to unfavorable host plants (tobacco). On cotton, both CuZnSOD genes were expressed at a higher level in MEAM1 compared with Asia II 3. Interestingly, after transferring onto tobacco, the expression of Bt‐ecCuZnSOD was significantly induced in Asia II 3 but not in MEAM1. On the other hand, while Bt‐mMnSOD was expressed equally in both species on cotton, Bt‐mMnSOD messenger RNA was up‐regulated in MEAM1 on tobacco. Consistently, enzymatic activity assays of CuZnSOD and MnSOD demonstrated that CuZnSOD might play an important protective role against oxidative stress in Asia II 3, whereas MnSOD activation was critical for MEAM1 whiteflies during host adaptation. Taken together, our results suggest that the successful invasion of MEAM1 is correlated with its constitutive high activity of CuZnSOD and inducible expression of MnSOD under stress conditions.     

Demonstration and characterization of manganese superoxide dismutase of Providencia alcalifaciens

Superoxide dismutases convert superoxide anions to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. These enzymes constitute one of the major defense mechanisms of cells against oxidative stress and play a role in the pathogenesis of certain invasive bacteria. In this study, we reported for the first time here that Providencia alcalifaciens, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, produces a superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a major protein in culture supernatants. This protein was purified by a series of column chromatographic separations. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was determined to be highly homologous to manganese superoxide dismutase of Escherichia coli or Salmonella reported. The gene (sodA) encoding for SOD of P. alcalifaciens was cloned and sequenced. The sodA-encoded protein has a molecular weight of about 23.5 kDa, and the DNA sequence of P. alcalifaciens sodA gene (627 bp) has about 83% identity to the E. coli SOD gene. We constructed a sodA deletion mutant and its complemented strain of P. alcalifaciens. In J774, a macrophage cell line, the sodA deletion mutant was more susceptible to killing by macrophages than the wildtype strain and its complemented strain. When we injected the mutant strain, its complemented strain and wildtype strain intraperitoneally into DDY strain mice, we found that the sodA deletion mutant proved significantly less virulent while the complemented strain recovered the virulence to the same level of wildtype strain of P. alcalifaciens. These results suggested that manganese superoxide dismutase plays an important role in intracellular survival of P. alcalifaciens.