不同营养基质与条件对灰树花生长的影响

探讨了不同营养基质与条件对灰树花[Grifola frondosa(Fr.)S.F.Gray]生长的影响。试验结果表明：菌丝生长的最适pH为5-6;最适氮源为蛋白胨、牛肉膏和谷氨酰胺,葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适浓度分别为100和1g/L;菌丝在黑暗环境下生长良好;使用马铃薯蛋白胨培养基进行振荡培养,菌丝球生长较好;母种采用马铃薯麦麸培养基,栽培种选用棉子壳麦麸石培养料,可缩短制种周期,获得质量较高的菌种;菌丝含有较多的钙、铁和锌等元素。     

尖顶羊肚菌液体培养基质与条件的研究

通过对尖顶羊肚菌液体培养基质与条件的研究,明确其菌丝生长的最适pH值、最适温度、适宜光照条件、适宜葡萄糖和蛋白胨浓度、适宜培养基,以便应用于尖顶羊肚菌液体菌种的生产和工业发酵。结果表明:菌丝的最适生长温度为2 5℃;最适生长pH值为6 ;葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适浓度分别为2 0 0g/L和10g/L ;菌丝在黑暗环境下生长良好,光照对菌丝生长具有抑制作用;用胡萝卜酵母膏培养基振荡培养形成的菌丝球多,菌丝生长量大;菌丝球在不同培养基中生长,可引起培养液pH值的上升或者下降;菌丝球可利用培养基内的氨基酸,使氨基酸降解,在胡萝卜酵母膏培养基中振荡培养8d的菌液总氨基酸含量较原液减少了36 71% ,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和甲硫氨酸含量的下降幅度最大     

菌核侧耳液体培养条件优化研究

运用液体深层培养法,采用不同pH值、不同碳源和氮源对菌核侧耳菌丝体生长的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:菌核侧耳菌丝体生长的培养基适宜pH值为5.0～6.5,葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖和纤维素是菌核侧耳菌丝体生长的适用碳源;黄豆、麦麸、酵母膏和蛋白胨等为适宜氮源;其中以黄豆浆作为氮源,蔗糖作为碳源,初始pH5.0为最佳条件组合。     

在哈尔滨地区使用液体菌种栽培红平菇技术初探

从福建三明真菌研究所(福建省三明市375000)购入红平菇优良菌株,在哈尔滨地区对其进行了用液体菌种代替固体原料的栽培技术研究。包括一级种培养基的筛选、液体菌种培养基的筛选、栽培种制作与培养以及出菇管理技术。结果表明:对于一级种,红平菇在PDA和马铃薯半组合培养基上都生长良好,菌丝洁白、粗壮、浓密,7～8d长满斜面;红平菇在玉米粉葡萄糖蛋白胨和麦麸葡萄糖蛋白胨液体培养基上生长较好,7d时菌丝长满培养液,菌丝量较多;用与平菇相似的常规方法制作栽培种、养菌处理与出菇管理,红平菇的产量达100%～150%。由于采用了液体菌种的栽培模式,从制种到采收的整个过程共需要50～60d,比二级种为固体菌种的常规方法缩短26～31d,大大地缩短了生产周期,提高了经济效益。     

农杆菌介导的刺芹侧耳遗传转化体系的建立

以刺芹侧耳菌丝球为受体,潮霉素（Hyg）为筛选标记,应用农杆菌介导法对刺芹侧耳菌丝进行了遗传转化研究。潮霉素敏感性测试结果表明,刺芹侧耳Hyg耐受浓度为50mg/L。农杆菌介导的刺芹侧耳菌丝最佳遗传转化体系为：菌液浓度OD₆₀₀=0.6-0.7,侵染时间30-35min,共培养时间2d,侵染液和共培养培养基中乙酰丁香酮（AS）浓度为1mg/mL;经潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR鉴定和GUS活性的组织化学分析,表明外源基因GUS已转入到刺芹侧耳菌丝中,并获得表达。本实验成功地建立了稳定的农杆菌介导的刺芹侧耳遗传转化体系。     

木屑添加对刺芹侧耳菌丝共生细菌多样性和群落结构的影响

细菌作为许多真菌的共生菌,能够有效地促进真菌的代谢生长,而细菌多样性及群落结构能够反映真菌的生长和利用营养物质的状况。本研究利用基于细菌16S rRNA 基因V3-V4区的高通量测序技术分析不同木屑用量对刺芹侧耳菌丝共生细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明: 5组样品共检测细菌25门52纲114目199科406属,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门(35.0%～85.9%)和厚壁菌门(6.5%～38.4%),优势菌属为不动杆菌属(14.8%～71.6%)和假单胞菌属(1.7%～22.3%)。相较于完全培养基,添加木屑能够提高刺芹侧耳菌丝中的细菌多样性,并使其中优势细菌10个门类、9个属类结构发生显著变化。刺芹侧耳菌丝在5 g木屑培养基上的菌丝生长速度最快,菌丝浓密,边缘整齐,长势优于其他几类培养基;假单胞菌属和乳酸菌属丰度及物种多样性在5 g木屑培养基上都具有一定的优势,且假单胞菌属和乳酸菌属丰度与菌丝长势具有显著的正相关性。木屑作为重要碳源之一,对刺芹侧耳生长发育及其共生细菌群落结构和多样性都有显著影响,这为进一步探索木屑及共生细菌对刺芹侧耳生长发育影响的机理研究奠定了基础。     

灰树花液体深层培养工艺研究

对灰树花进行了液体深层培养试验,结果表明：液体培养基碳源以豆粉+麸皮、玉米粉+麸皮和氮源以蛋白胨、牛肉膏等较适宜菌丝生长的物质,确定了灰树花深层培养的液体培养基配方;并研究了培养条件对菌丝生物量的影响,得出了培养液pH在5．30～6．00和通气量为1：(1．00～1．40)的条件下,菌丝生物量达到最大。     

高温胁迫对刺芹侧耳菌丝生长及其抗棘孢木霉能力的影响

耐高温性是食用菌抗逆性评价的重要指标。选取5个刺芹侧耳菌株为材料,通过观测常温培养和高温胁迫后恢复培养菌落的生长速率、生长势、恢复生长时间、菌丝显微形态特征以及受棘孢木霉侵染情况,研究高温胁迫对刺芹侧耳菌丝生长及其抗棘孢木霉侵染能力的影响。结果表明,刺芹侧耳不同菌株对高温胁迫的响应存在差异。供试PDA培养的菌丝经高温胁迫(37℃,2d)后,菌丝恢复生长时间2–3d,生长势变壮或无变化,顶端菌丝细胞长度、直径、菌丝体分支频率和菌丝生长速率等均呈现不同程度的降低。菌丝生长速率变化与其抗棘孢木霉能力的下降呈正相关。在此基础上,模拟生产试验发现,长满菌丝的菌棒经高温胁迫(35℃,7d)后,接种棘孢木霉菌丝的侵染率变为100%,接种棘孢木霉孢子的侵染率变为30%;未经高温胁迫的菌棒,接种棘孢木霉孢子/菌丝,未发生侵染。本研究表明,高温胁迫导致刺芹侧耳菌丝抗棘孢木霉侵染能力的下降。本研究将为科学指导食用菌菌种繁育、菌棒生产提供数据支撑,为食用菌育种提供基础数据。     

不同环境条件对白灵侧耳菌丝生长的影响

对白灵侧耳(Pleurotus nebrodensis)菌丝生长适宜的温度、培养料含水量、pH值进行了研究。结果表明,白灵侧耳菌丝生长的适宜温度范围为22~28℃,最适温度28℃;培养料适宜绝对含水量65%~75%,最适绝对含水量75%;适宜pH值为5.02~7.24,最适pH值5.79。     

白蜡多年卧孔菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

白蜡多年卧孔菌生于白蜡树、檫木、杨树、柳树等阔叶腐木上,造成白色腐朽,药用具有抑肿瘤功效.该菌在山东省广泛分布.对采自山东省的子实体进行组织分离获取菌株作为实验材料对其生物学特性和驯化栽培进行研究,得出最佳的菌丝生长条件和子实体出菇培养条件.生物学特性研究中,首先对温度、pH值、碳源、氮源4个因素进行单因素实验.温度组选取15、20、25、30、35℃5个梯度,pH值组选取pH值4、5、6、7、8等5个梯度,碳源组选取葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、果糖6种,氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、硫酸铵、牛肉膏、黄豆粉、亚硝酸钠6种,进行单因素实验.根据菌丝在培养皿中的日均生长速度和生长势综合比较,分别选取4个因素中最优的3个,温度组选取20℃、25℃、30℃3个;pH值组选取pH值5、6、7等3个;碳源组选取麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、果糖3个;氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、牛肉膏3个.然后通过四因素三水平的正交试验,得出如下结论:4种因子对白蜡多年卧孔菌的影响程度为:温度＞pH值＞碳源＞氮源,各因素之间呈极显著差异,最终得出该菌菌丝生长的最佳培养条件为温度30℃,pH值为6,碳源为麦芽糖,氮源为酵母膏.出菇试验中,对驯化栽培过程按二级种制作、栽培袋制作、发菌、催蕾、出菇期管理、采收6个步骤进行实验.二级种选用液体菌种,其配方:每1000 mL的培养基成分为葡萄糖20 g、蛋白胨6 g、酵母膏5 g、MgSQ1 g、KH2PO4 2 g.培养条件温度25℃、摇床转速150 r/min,待培养6d后使用.出菇栽培采用棉籽壳、麸皮、石灰为主要原料,按棉籽壳79％、麦麸20％、石灰粉1％的配比进行出菇实验,每袋接种量5 mL.发菌阶段需要在清洁的环境中进行,以防止杂菌的污染.白蜡多年卧孔菌菌丝最佳培养温度为30℃,需要通风、避光.出菇时需要14-16℃的低温刺激.子实体生长温度为21-27℃,空气湿度80％-90％.需要一定的散射光光照.当出现乳白色子实层且子实体不再生长时可以进行采收,子实体形态和野生形态相同.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.