丝殊角萤叶甲的线粒体基因组测序及系统发育分析

【目的】为探究丝殊角萤叶甲Agetocera filicornis (Laboissiere, 1927)线粒体基因组结构特征及叶甲亚科的系统发育关系。【方法】利用高通量测序方法测定丝殊角萤叶甲线粒体基因组序列。选择叶甲亚科Chrysomelinae和萤叶甲亚科Galerucinae的128个物种作为内群,选择肖叶甲亚科Eumolpinae的3个物种作为外群,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建叶甲亚科的系统发育关系。【结果】丝殊角萤叶甲的线粒体基因组全长为15 814 bp,包含37个基因（13个蛋白质编码基因、2个核糖体RNA基因和22个转运RNA基因）和一段非编码控制区。其线粒体基因组AT含量丰富（76.6%）,并且AT偏斜为正值（0.053）,GC偏斜为负值（﹣0.252）。不同的系统发育分析方法构建的系统发育关系支持萤叶甲亚科为单系群,叶甲亚科为非单系群。【结论】本研究首次获得了丝殊角萤叶甲的线粒体基因组全序列。构建了叶甲亚科的系统发育关系,为更好地理解叶甲亚科、萤叶甲亚科和丝殊角萤叶甲的系统发育提供线粒体基因组数据。     

柱萤叶甲属三新种及一新纪录种

本文报道了鞘翅目(Coleoptera)叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)萤叶甲亚科(Galerucinae)柱萤叶甲属Gallerucida的三新种:基红柱萤叶甲G.basalis sp.nov.褐缘柱萤叶甲G.limbatella sp.nov.、小柱萤叶甲G.parva sp.nov.及一新纪录种:黑缘柱萤叶甲G.limbata(Baly,1878)。     

沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白基因的鉴定及表达谱分析（英文）

【目的】沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica是一种在内蒙古草原上爆发成灾的新害虫。昆虫的化学感受蛋白(CSPs)是一类水溶性小分子蛋白,其主要功能是识别和传导环境中的化学刺激至受体,参与众多昆虫行为。本研究旨在鉴定沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白基因,并对其表达谱进行分析。【方法】通过筛选本实验室组装的沙葱萤叶甲转录组鉴定沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白基因;采用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析其在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育阶段(卵、1-3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)和成虫组织[触角、头(去触角)、胸、腹、足和翅]中的表达水平。【结果】鉴定出10个化学感受蛋白基因,将其命名为Gdau CSP1-10(Gen Bank登录号:KY885471-KY885480)。10条编码蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性范围为17.27%~62.79%,彼此间分化程度较高。通过NCBI的Blast比对结果显示,Gdau CSPs与榆黄毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta maculicollis的Pmac CSP氨基酸序列一致性最高,为90%。系统发育分析表明,4种Gdau CSPs首先与榆黄毛萤叶甲的Pmac CSPs聚为一支。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,Gd CSPs在不同发育阶段中的表达量有显著差异,Gdau CSP4-5,Gdau CSP7-8和Gdau CSP10 5个Gd CSPs在成虫中的表达量显著高于其他发育阶段,而Gd CSP2在卵中的表达量显著高于其他发育阶段;Gd CSPs不仅表达于成虫触角中,在头(去触角)、胸、腹、足、翅等其他部位也有表达,且10个Gd CSPs在沙葱萤叶甲成虫各组织中有着不同的表达谱,其中Gdau CSP2,Gdau CSP4,Gdau CSP5,Gdau CSP8和Gdau CSP9 5个Gd CSPs在雌成虫触角中的表达量显著高于其他组织。【结论】结果提示化学感受蛋白在沙葱萤叶甲的生长发育和化学感受过程中可能起着不同的作用。本研究为进一步研究沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白的生理功能及化学通讯的分子机理奠定了必要的基础。     

沙葱萤叶甲保幼激素结合蛋白基因GdJHBP的克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆沙葱萤叶甲Galerucadaurica保幼激素结合蛋白基因(Juvenilehormonebinding protein,JHBP)cDNA全长序列,分析其分子特征和表达特性,为进一步明确其在沙葱萤叶甲生长发育及滞育中的作用奠定基础。【方法】基于本实验室组装的沙葱萤叶甲转录组数据库,采用RACE技术,克隆沙葱萤叶甲GdJHBP基因cDNA全长序列;运用ORF Finder、SignaIP、DNAMAN和TMHMM等软件分析其分子特征;利用MEGA6.0软件中的邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)构建系统发育树;应用荧光实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术分析GdJHBP在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育时期、成虫不同组织及高温胁迫下的表达模式。【结果】克隆获得了沙葱萤叶甲保幼激素结合蛋白基因GdJHBP cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号:MG460309),cDNA全长为826 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为714 bp,编码237个氨基酸;蛋白质预测分子量为26.58ku,等电点为4.37;包含1条信号肽,无跨膜区,且在第27-189位氨基酸之间存在一个保幼激素结合蛋白家族JHBP保守结构域。序列比对分析表明,不同昆虫JHBP间氨基酸序列一致性较低,沙葱萤叶甲GdJHBP与棕榈象RhynchophorusferrugineusRfJHBP和马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata JHBP 3p2的氨基酸序列一致性最高也仅为30%。系统发育分析表明,GdJHBP与棕榈象血淋巴JHBP亲缘关系最近。RT-qPCR结果显示,GdJHBP在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育阶段均有表达,在幼虫期表达量最高,在卵和蛹期微量表达;在成虫滞育期间低表达,在滞育前与滞育结束后则有较高表达;在成虫发育过程中,头部的表达量显著低于腹部和胸部;高温(30-40℃)可诱导GdJHBP上调表达,在35℃时表达量达到最高值。【结论】沙葱萤叶甲GdJHBP属于血淋巴JHBP,在沙葱萤叶甲生长发育和成虫夏滞育中可能发挥着重要作用。     

菱角萤叶甲不同地理种群及近缘种rDNA-ITS1基因序列初步分析

通过对我国菱角萤叶甲Galerucella birmanica Jacoby 6个地理种群和褐背小萤叶甲Galerucella grisescens Joannis扬州种群的核糖体DNA第1内转录间隔区（rDNA-ITS1）的测序,并调用GenBank中该属其它4种昆虫的同源序列,运用软件DNAStar的MegAlign程序对小萤叶甲属种间、同种不同地理种群之间的ITS1序列的遗传分歧及相似性进行了分析,运用Mega3.0软件建立系统发育关系.序列分析结果表明,rDNA-ITS1基因在小萤叶甲属昆虫中进化速度较快,种下具有一定的差异,种间差异明显.该基因适合小萤叶甲属种间和种下的分类鉴定研究.进化树显示,菱角萤叶甲泰安种群和扬州种群形成一个分支,益阳种群和新余种群形成一个分支,苏州种群和上海青浦种群形成一个分支,这一现象说明6个地理种群的菱角萤叶甲分化与寄主和地理距离之间具有较高的相关性.     

沙葱萤叶甲热激蛋白基因GdHsp70的克隆与表达模式分析

【目的】本研究旨在克隆沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica热激蛋白Hsp70基因,并对其进行序列和表达模式分析,探讨该基因在沙葱萤叶甲生长发育及响应温度胁迫方面的作用。【方法】采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从沙葱萤叶甲2龄幼虫中克隆Hsp70基因,并进行生物信息学分析;用Wo LF PSORT在线软件进行亚细胞定位预测;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测该基因在沙葱萤叶甲成虫不同组织(头、胸和腹)中、不同发育阶段(卵、1-3龄幼虫、蛹、雌雄成虫)、不同温度(-14,-10,-5,0,5,10,15,20,25和30℃)处理1 h的2龄幼虫及0℃下分别处理0 min,15 min,30min,1 h,1.5 h,2 h和3 h时卵中的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得一个沙葱萤叶甲Hsp70基因并命名为GdHsp70(GenBank登录号:KY460462),该基因全长2 340 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1 899 bp,编码632个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为70.12 k D,等电点(p I)为4.79,无跨膜区,无信号肽。蛋白质亚细胞定位预测该蛋白主要位于细胞质内。蛋白质结构域分析表明,GdHsp70有3个功能保守区。同源比对与系统进化分析表明,GdHsp70与分类学关系上较为接近的昆虫的同源蛋白间有较高的相似度。组织特异性和不同发育阶段表达分析表明,GdHsp70在沙葱萤叶甲成虫胸部和卵期表达量最高;高温和低温胁迫均能诱导沙葱萤叶甲2龄幼虫体内GdHsp70的表达,其中-10℃处理1 h表达量最高;0℃低温处理卵15 min至3 h后均能诱导GdHsp70不同程度的表达上调,其中处理1 h上调幅度最大。【结论】沙葱萤叶甲GdHsp70与该虫的生长发育相关,并对高低温胁迫的响应有重要作用。     

高温胁迫对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫总蛋白和两种保护酶的影响

双斑长跗萤叶甲是新疆北疆棉花的主要害虫之一。本研究旨在探索短时高温对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫生理生化的影响。在室内研究了不同高温(33℃、37℃、41℃、45℃)不同时间(0.5 h、1.5 h、2.5 h、6 h、12 h)处理后,双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫体内总蛋白含量、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧氢酶(CAT)的变化规律。双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫总蛋白在37℃处理12 h时,蛋白含量最高,41℃处理12 h时有所下降,45℃时双斑长跗萤叶甲只能存活1.5 h,但蛋白含量仍高于对照(26℃)。POD活性随温度升高先升高后降低。在33℃处理6 h时,活性最高,在41℃处理12 h时,活性最低。CAT活性在同一时间不同温度处理中呈先降后升再降趋势。在37℃处理1.5 h时活性达到最高,在41℃处理12 h时活性最低。在同一温度不同处理时间中,CAT活性在33℃时先升高后降低,在37℃、41℃时随时间的延长先升高后降低,在45℃时持续降低,且显著低于对照(26℃)。双斑长跗萤叶甲总蛋白及保护酶的活性与温度密切相关,据此推测高温下双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫死亡的原因与保护酶系统被破坏有关。     

沙葱萤叶甲丝氨酸蛋白酶基因GdSP的克隆及对温度胁迫的响应

【目的】丝氨酸蛋白酶(serine protease,SP)是一类以丝氨酸为活性中心的重要的蛋白水解酶。本研究旨在克隆获得沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica丝氨酸蛋白酶基因,分析其对温度胁迫的响应,以期为进一步揭示沙葱萤叶甲耐温性的调控机制及其他生理功能奠定基础。【方法】根据沙葱萤叶甲2龄幼虫转录组数据,采用RACE技术克隆得到沙葱萤叶甲丝氨酸蛋白酶基因的cDNA全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析;应用qPCR技术检测其在不同温度(-10,-5,0,5,25和35℃)下处理1 h后及25℃下恢复30 min后在沙葱萤叶甲2龄幼虫中的表达量变化。【结果】自沙葱萤叶甲克隆获得一个丝氨酸蛋白酶基因,命名为GdSP(GenBank登录号:MG797556)。该基因全长1 110 bp,开放阅读框969 bp,编码322个氨基酸;蛋白预测分子量35.41 kD,等电点5.61;编码蛋白具有丝氨酸蛋白酶的典型特征,具有一个跨膜结构,无信号肽。同源序列比对和系统发育分析表明,GdSP与光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis SP的同源性最高,氨基酸序列一致性为30.53%。qPCR测定结果表明,不同温度处理间2龄幼虫中GdSP表达量差异不显著,但对各高低温(-10℃除外)胁迫处理回温后GdSP表达量显著上升。【结论】快速冷驯化对沙葱萤叶甲丝氨酸蛋白酶基因表达无显著影响,而回温可诱导其上调表达。     

中国大萤叶甲属的研究（鞘翅目：叶甲科：萤叶甲亚科）

大萤叶甲属Meristata 为Chapuis 1875年所建立,是东洋区分布的属,在我国主要分布在云南和西藏两省,中名以其体大型而得。目前全世界已知11种,中国有9种。本文对本属征进行了重新厘订,并对中国种类做了系统的研究及记述,它们是褐大萤叶甲Meristata dohrni (Baly), 长大萤叶甲Meristata elongata (Jacoby), 黑斑大萤叶甲Meristata fallax (Harold), 黑胸大萤叶甲Meristata fraternalis fraternalis (Baly), 黑胸大萤叶甲云南亚种Meristata fraternalis yunnanensis (Laboissiere), 象牙大萤叶甲Meristata pulunini (Bryant), 四带大萤叶甲Meristata quadrifasciata (Hope), 六斑大萤叶甲Meristata sexmaculata (Kollar et Redtenbacher), 黄腹大萤叶甲Meristata spilota (Hope)。亦对Meristata fraternalis yunnanensis 的分类地位进行了探讨,根据其鞘翅斑点及其雄性生殖器形状将原Meristata yunnanensis 降为Meristata fraternalis 的亚种。     

广州海珠斯萤叶甲属一新种(鞘翅目:叶甲科:萤叶甲亚科)

本研究记述了来自中国广州海珠湿地的萤叶甲亚科斯萤叶甲属的1新种,并提供了斯萤叶甲属12个中国种类的检索表、新种及其近似种的整体图和雄性外生殖器图.     

GSK3: a SHAGGY frog story

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 was discovered in mammals several years ago but only recently has it become clear that this enzyme is acutely regulated by hormones such as insulin and by growth factors. In mammals, it appears to be controlled by a signalling pathway linked to phosphoinositide 3-kinase and may regulate a range of biosynthetic processes. Evidence is now accumulating that GSK3 plays a key role in the regulation of cell fate and differentiation in many eukaryotic species.     

Evidence for the assembly of a bacterial tripartite multidrug pump with a stoichiometry of 3:6:3

The multiple transferable resistance (mTR) pump from Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrCDE multidrug pump is assembled from the inner and outer membrane proteins MtrD and MtrE and the periplasmic membrane fusion protein MtrC. Previously we established that while there is a weak interaction of MtrD and MtrE, MtrC binds with relatively high affinity to both MtrD and MtrE. MtrD conferred antibiotic resistance only when it was expressed with MtrE and MtrC, suggesting that these proteins form a functional tripartite complex in which MtrC bridges MtrD and MtrE. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MtrC interacts with an intraprotomer groove on the surface of MtrE, inducing channel opening. However, a second groove is apparent at the interface of the MtrE subunits, which might also be capable of engaging MtrC. We have now established that MtrC can be cross-linked to cysteines placed in this interprotomer groove and that mutation of residues in the groove impair the ability of the pump to confer antibiotic resistance by locking MtrE in the closed channel conformation. Moreover, MtrE K390C forms an intermolecular disulfide bond with MtrC E149C locking MtrE in the open channel conformation, suggesting that a functional salt bridge forms between these residues during the transition from closed to open channel conformations. MtrC forms dimers that assemble into hexamers, and electron microscopy studies of single particles revealed that these hexamers are arranged into ring-like structures with an internal aperture sufficiently large to accommodate the MtrE trimer. Cross-linking of single cysteine mutants of MtrC to stabilize the dimer interface in the presence of MtrE, trapped an MtrC-MtrE complex with a molecular mass consistent with a stoichiometry of 3:6 (MtrE(3)MtrC(6)), suggesting that dimers of MtrC interact with MtrE, presumably by binding to the two grooves. As both MtrE and MtrD are trimeric, our studies suggest that the functional pump is assembled with a stoichiometry of 3:6:3.     

RAG-3D: a search tool for RNA 3D substructures

To address many challenges in RNA structure/function prediction, the characterization of RNA''s modular architectural units is required. Using the RNA-As-Graphs (RAG) database, we have previously explored the existence of secondary structure (2D) submotifs within larger RNA structures. Here we present RAG-3D—a dataset of RNA tertiary (3D) structures and substructures plus a web-based search tool—designed to exploit graph representations of RNAs for the goal of searching for similar 3D structural fragments. The objects in RAG-3D consist of 3D structures translated into 3D graphs, cataloged based on the connectivity between their secondary structure elements. Each graph is additionally described in terms of its subgraph building blocks. The RAG-3D search tool then compares a query RNA 3D structure to those in the database to obtain structurally similar structures and substructures. This comparison reveals conserved 3D RNA features and thus may suggest functional connections. Though RNA search programs based on similarity in sequence, 2D, and/or 3D structural elements are available, our graph-based search tool may be advantageous for illuminating similarities that are not obvious; using motifs rather than sequence space also reduces search times considerably. Ultimately, such substructuring could be useful for RNA 3D structure prediction, structure/function inference and inverse folding.     

STAR3D: a stack-based RNA 3D structural alignment tool

The various roles of versatile non-coding RNAs typically require the attainment of complex high-order structures. Therefore, comparing the 3D structures of RNA molecules can yield in-depth understanding of their functional conservation and evolutionary history. Recently, many powerful tools have been developed to align RNA 3D structures. Although some methods rely on both backbone conformations and base pairing interactions, none of them consider the entire hierarchical formation of the RNA secondary structure. One of the major issues is that directly applying the algorithms of matching 2D structures to the 3D coordinates is particularly time-consuming. In this article, we propose a novel RNA 3D structural alignment tool, STAR3D, to take into full account the 2D relations between stacks without the complicated comparison of secondary structures. First, the 3D conserved stacks in the inputs are identified and then combined into a tree-like consensus. Afterward, the loop regions are compared one-to-one in accordance with their relative positions in the consensus tree. The experimental results show that the prediction of STAR3D is more accurate for both non-homologous and homologous RNAs than other state-of-the-art tools with shorter running time.     

NCD3G: a novel nine-cysteine domain in family 3 GPCRs

The NCD3G [for nine-cysteine domain of family 3 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)] domain is a novel protein domain that is conserved in family 3 GPCRs, including metabotropic glutamate receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, pheromone receptors and taste receptors, with the exception of GABA(B) receptors. The NCD3G domain contains nine highly conserved cysteine residues. Structural predictions suggest that NCD3G might possess four beta strands and three disulfide bridges. The structural model of NCD3G highlights the conserved residues co-segregated with certain familial diseases.     

Microscopy in 3D: a biologist's toolbox

The power of fluorescence microscopy to study cellular structures and macromolecular complexes spans a wide range of size scales, from studies of cell behavior and function in physiological 3D environments to understanding the molecular architecture of organelles. At each length scale, the challenge in 3D imaging is to extract the most spatial and temporal resolution possible while limiting photodamage/bleaching to living cells. Several advances in 3D fluorescence microscopy now offer higher resolution, improved speed, and reduced photobleaching relative to traditional point-scanning microscopy methods. We discuss a few specific microscopy modalities that we believe will be particularly advantageous in imaging cells and subcellular structures in physiologically relevant 3D environments.