红酵母的抗氧化机制与高产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选

通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的鉴别性定位染色分析。表明红酵母Rhodotorula sp.仅存在线粒体中的Mn-SOD。在类胡萝卜素含量较高的时期（培养5d),红酵母SOD活力下降,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力升高,而此时它对外界O2^-.和H2O2的抗性均明显高于类胡萝卜素含量较低的时期（培养2d)。以上结果表明红酵母胞质中的抗氧化作用已主要由类胡萝卜素来承担,类胡萝卜素含量越高,红酵母抗氧化能力越强,由此,利用产生的O2^-.试剂TBO处理红酵母,可筛选出稳定高产的类胡萝卜素菌株,其中以培养2d的红酵母作为筛选对象更佳,所筛菌落类胡萝卜素含量可高达1740.9-2039.2μg/g干重,比未处理的对照增加了28.2%-50.1%。     

云南抚仙湖产类胡萝卜素酵母菌的资源调查

【目的】对分离自云南抚仙湖湖水的379株酵母菌进行产类胡萝卜素的筛选,以期获得具有开发应用价值的产类胡萝卜素酵母菌。【方法】采用酸热法提取类胡萝卜素,紫外分光光度计测定类胡萝卜素含量,SPSS软件分析产类胡萝卜素酵母的分布特征。【结果】318株酵母菌(占供试菌株的83.91%)具有产类胡萝卜素的能力,大多数菌株类胡萝卜素产量在10-300μg/g之间,最高达590.83μg/g。产类胡萝卜素酵母集中分布于红冬孢酵母属(Rhodosporidium)和红酵母属(Rhodotorula);担子菌酵母产类胡萝卜素的能力高于子囊菌酵母;筛选到9株产类胡萝卜素活性较强的菌株:双倒卵形红冬孢酵母(Rhodosporidium diobovatum)3株、沼泽生红冬孢酵母(Rhodosporidium paludigenum)2株、粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)、禾本红酵母(Rhodotorula graminis)、瑞纳锁掷孢酵母(Sporidiobolus ruineniae)及Cystofilobasidium macerans各1株。【结论】高原湖泊抚仙湖生存着大量产类胡萝卜素的酵母菌,"红色酵母"(Red yeasts)具有较强的产类胡萝卜素的能力,红冬孢酵母属(Rhodosporidium)和红酵母属(Rhodotorula)是抚仙湖产类胡萝卜素酵母菌的主要类群。     

红酵母类胡萝卜素形成的生理学研究

从数株红酵母中选出 1株产类胡萝卜素能力较强的红酵母RY 98(生物量、类胡萝卜素含量和产量分别为19.9g/L ,334 .8μg/ g和 6 .7mg/L) ;研究了该菌株产类胡萝卜素的最适营养与环境条件 ,获得了最佳的发酵生理学条件 :葡萄糖 40 g/L ,(NH4 ) 2 SO4 10 g/L ,酵母膏 3g/L ,蕃茄汁 2mL/L ,花生油 0 .5mL/L ,接种量 30mL/L ,初始pH 6 .0和通气量 (培养基装量 ) 4 0mL/ 2 5 0mL。在此初步优化的培养条件下 ,红酵母RY 98经 72h摇瓶发酵其生物量、类胡萝卜素含量和产量分别可达 2 6 .8g/L ,386 .9μg/ g和 10 .4mg/L ,依次比初筛中提高了 34 .7% ,15 .6 %和 5 5 .2 %。     

云南星云湖酵母菌多样性及产类胡萝卜素的评价

【背景】星云湖属云南高原湖泊,对其酵母菌的多样性研究和产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选有助于开发利用星云湖酵母菌资源。【目的】研究云南星云湖酵母菌群落结构多样性,筛选和评价产类胡萝卜素活性菌株。【方法】采用膜过滤平置培养对星云湖水样进行酵母菌分离;应用26S rRNA D1/D2区域序列分析和形态特征及生理生化指标相结合,对分离获得的酵母菌进行鉴定;运用软件BIO-DAP分析酵母菌类群的多样性;采用酸热法提取类胡萝卜素,紫外分光光度计测定类胡萝卜素含量。【结果】从星云湖湖水中分离得到797株酵母菌,鉴定为18个属37个种。胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)和Naganishia albida是优势种,分别占总菌株数的36.64%和28.86%;有28株酵母菌类胡萝卜素产量可达200μg/g细胞干重以上;有4株类胡萝卜素产量可达300μg/g细胞干重以上;粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis) 2株、胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)和Rhodosporidiobolus fluviale各1株。【结论】云南高原湖泊星云湖的酵母菌具有丰富的多样性,湖泊的营养化程度以及地理差异影响酵母菌群落的结构;红冬孢酵母属(Rhodosporidiobolus)和红酵母属(Rhodotorula)是星云湖类胡萝卜素产量可达300μg/g细胞干重以上的主要类群。有进一步开发研究的价值。     

两种生态型芦苇胚性悬浮培养物对渗透胁迫的生理响应Ⅱ.抗氧化酶类活性的变化

渗透胁迫处理下,沙丘芦苇和沼泽芦苇培养细胞的H2O2含量变化不大,MDA含量随时间延长而降低.抗氧化酶中,沙丘芦苇的SOD、CAT、POD和APx的活力均显著高于沼泽芦苇,显示出比沼泽芦苇更强的ROS清除能力.胁迫初期(O.5 h～1 d)沙丘芦苇细胞中主要表现出SOD、CAT活力的提高,胁迫2 d后4种酶活力均明显被诱导.两种生态型芦苇的PEG适应性培养物APx及SOD酶活力显著提高,POD活性仅沼泽芦苇中升高.提示SOD、CAT主要参与沙丘芦苇在渗透胁迫下的短期响应,而APx与长期响应有关.     

镉胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗的抗氧化反应

采用溶液培养法对Cd2 胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗叶组织内的抗氧化酶活性、活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及细胞电解质泄漏率的变化进行了研究。结果显示,随着Cd2 胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,2种作物叶组织内的MDA含量和细胞电解质泄漏率明显增加;在胁迫期间,二者的过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2.-)的含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高并在不同的时间达到高峰后再下降的趋势。与箭舌豌豆相比,Cd2 胁迫下的绿豆幼苗叶组织的MDA含量、电解质泄漏率及H2O2和O2.-的积累量较高,CAT、SOD和APX的活性较低。研究表明,Cd2 胁迫下箭舌豌豆的抗氧化能力高于绿豆的抗氧化能力。     

海洋红酵母Y2发酵产类胡萝卜素条件的研究

目的 对海洋红酵母Y2高产类胡萝卜素的发酵条件进行优化.方法 在摇瓶条件下,研究培养基成分和培养条件对海洋红酵母Y2生长和类胡萝卜素合成的影响,同时进行海洋红酵母Y2发酵过程的动态分析.结果 海洋红酵母Y2优化培养基组合为葡萄糖45 g/L,蔗糖15 g/L,酵母粉5 g/L,蛋白胨2.5 g/L,磷酸二氢钾1 g/L,磷酸二氢钠3 g/L,硫酸镁7.5 g/L,氯化钾3 g/L,氯化钠5 g/L.最适培养参数为:温度20℃,培养基初始pH为5,接种量为10％,250 mL摇瓶装液量为10～50 mL.类胡萝卜素的合成主要集中在对数生长期和稳定期.海洋红酵母Y2最适收获时间为72 h.种龄以36 h为宜.结论 利用优化培养基,在最适条件下培养海洋红酵母Y2,类胡萝卜素产量达到4.97 mg/L,比基础培养基提高了60.32％.     

紫外诱变筛选海洋红酵母S8的尿嘧啶缺陷型菌株

本课题组从海南天然海域筛选到一株高产类胡萝卜素的海洋红酵母菌株S8,该菌株对鱼无毒害,并与鱼共生,欲将其应用于盐诱导表达外源蛋白的海洋红酵母工程菌的构建。本研究利用紫外诱变筛选的方法处理S8菌株,通过统计其UV致死率、5-氟乳清酸致死率等筛选S8的尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变株。研究结果表明,供试菌株通过紫外线诱变、5-氟乳清酸致死和回复突变率的实验筛选,共获得16株稳定的尿嘧啶缺陷型突变株,突变菌株在基本培养基中培养了8d仍不能生长。选择了其中的一株ST5进行了产胡萝卜素能力的测定,结果表明,在同样的培养条件下,野生型S8菌株细胞生物产量可达87.55g/L,类胡萝卜素含量可达520μg/g,突变株ST5的细胞生物产量为85.45g/L,类胡萝卜素含量为512μg/g;ST5的产胡萝卜素能力方面与野生型S8无明显差异。因此,尿嘧啶缺陷型菌株ST5可为下一步海洋红酵母工程菌的构建提供受体菌。     

CO2浓度倍增对城市油松抗氧化酶活性的影响

利用OTC(开顶箱)法模拟未来CO2浓度,于CO2倍增浓度(700 μmol*mol-1)和正常空气CO2浓度(≈350 μmol*mol-1)条件下,测定了沈阳市区油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)针叶超氧自由基(O(-)/(·)2)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(ASA-GSH cycle)主要酶活性动态变化,探讨高浓度CO2对油松抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:在短期(60 d)内CO2浓度倍增使油松超氧自由基(O2(-)/(·))产生速率与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量减少,而SOD、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高;植株抗氧化能力增强,对活性氧清除能力提高;但长期(70 d以上)CO2浓度倍增处理则可能使试验结果发生逆转.     

黄条金刚竹对高浓度CO2和O3及其复合作用的生理响应

以黄条金刚竹为试材,环境背景大气为对照,应用开顶式气室(OTCs)熏蒸法模拟大气高浓度CO2(700μmol.mol-1)、O3(100nmol.mol-1)及其复合作用情景,分析叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶等的变化规律。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,高浓度O3处理103d的黄条金刚竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b、叶绿素/类胡萝卜素及SOD、POD、CAT活性均显著下降,而超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量、相对电导率、APX活性均显著升高,类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(2)与对照相比,同期高浓度CO2处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素均显著升高,而叶绿素a/b和超氧阴离子、丙二醛含量及SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性显著降低,相对电导率和类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(3)高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,除叶绿素a/b和CAT活性显著下降外,其余测定指标均与对照无明显变化。研究表明:高浓度O3使黄条金刚竹叶片活性氧产生速率提高,抗氧化酶活性和光合色素含量降低,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,表现出严重的伤害效应;而高浓度CO2能降低叶片活性氧产生速率,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,提高光合色素含量,表现出保护效应;高浓度O3和CO2复合处理能使叶片维持比高浓度O3处理更高的光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性,即高浓度CO2能在一定程度上有效地缓解高浓度O3对黄条金刚竹所造成的生理伤害。     

The role of carotenoids in preventing oxidative damage in the pigmented yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is an obligate aerobic yeast which contains a high concentration of carotenoid pigment. To test whether carotenoids are able to protect R. mucilaginosa against oxidative injury, yeast cells in liquid culture were incubated with duroquinone (DQ) (100 microM), a redox-cycling quinone known to generate intracellular O2-. or were grown in a hyperoxic atmosphere (80% O2) under conditions where carotenoid concentrations were altered either intracellularly or extracellularly. Neither of these oxidative challenges affected cell growth unless carotenogenesis was blocked by the addition of diphenylamine (50 microM). In the diphenylamine-treated nonpigmented cells, growth was completely inhibited by DQ and by hyperoxia. In normoxia, however, diphenylamine alone reduced growth by only 30%. The growth inhibition observed in diphenylamine-treated cells exposed to hyperoxia was primarily mycocidal rather than mycostatic since plating of these cells onto solid media revealed that only 25% of the cells were viable after 50 h of incubation when compared to plated control cells. Addition of 10 microM beta-carotene to diphenylamine-treated cells completely prevented the growth inhibition caused by either hyperoxia or DQ. Carotenoids, therefore, are able to prevent oxidant-induced cytotoxicity in R. mucilaginosa. Analysis of the absorption spectra of chloroform extracts of beta-carotene-supplemented cells showed that beta-carotene, not the endogenous carotenoid, torularhodin, was the major carotenoid present in these cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in R. mucilaginosa was compared with that of another yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two methods: (i) activity staining of proteins separated by gel electrophoresis and (ii) measurement of inhibition of ferricytochrome c reduction. By these techniques, the R. mucilaginosa SOD activity had the characteristics of Mn-SOD. No Cu/ZnSOD activity was detected. Thus, the apparent absence of Cu/ZnSOD may make the antioxidant capability of endogenous carotenoids even more critical in preventing oxidative damage in R. mucilaginosa.     

Carotenoid production by lactoso-negative yeasts co-cultivated with lactic acid bacteria in whey ultrafiltrate

Two strains were selected--the lactoso-negative yeast Rhodotorula rubra GED2 and the homofermentative Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei Ha1 for co-cultivation in cheese whey ultrafiltrate (WU) and active synthesis of carotenoids. Under conditions of intensive aeration (1.0 l/l min, 220 rpm), a temperature of 30 degrees C, WU with 55.0 g lactose/l, initial pH = 5.5, the carotenoid content in the cells reached a maximum, when the growth of the cultures had come to an end, i.e. in the stationary phase of the yeast. The maxima for dry cell accumulation (27.0 g/l) and carotenoid formation (12.1 mg/l culture medium) did not coincide on the 5th and 6th day, respectively. A peculiarity of the carotenoid-synthesizing Rh. rubra GED2 strain, co-cultivated with L. casei Ha1, was the production of carotenoids with high beta-carotene content (46.6% of total carotenoids) and 10.7% and 36.9% for torulene and torularhodin, respectively.     

Effect of temperature changes on the production of yeast pigments co-cultivated with lacto-acid bacteria in whey ultrafiltrate

Rhodotorula glutinis 22P when co-cultivated with Lactobacillus helveticus 12A in a whey ultrafiltrate synthesizes maximum cell mass and carotenoid concentrations (31.9 g/l and 8388 g/l, respectively) at 30°C. The change in the growth temperature conditions of both cultures influences the carotenogenesis by yeast and the proportion of individual pigments forming up the carotenoids.     

Beta-carotene-rich carotenoid-protein preparation and exopolysaccharide production by Rhodotorula rubra GED8 grown with a yogurt starter culture

The underlying method for obtaining a beta-carotene-rich carotenoid-protein preparation and exopolysaccharides is the associated cultivation of the carotenoid-synthesizing lactose-negative yeast strain Rhodotorula rubra GED8 with the yogurt starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus 2-11 + Streptococcus thermophilus 15HA) in whey ultrafiltrate (45 g lactose/l) with a maximum carotenoid yield of 13.37 mg/l culture fluid on the 4.5th day. The chemical composition of the carotenoid-protein preparation has been identified. The respective carotenoid and protein content is 497.4 microg/g dry cells and 50.3% per dry weight, respectively. An important characteristic of the carotenoid composition is the high percentage (51.1%) of beta-carotene (a carotenoid pigment with the highest provitamin A activity) as compared to 12.9% and 33.7%, respectively, for the other two individual pigments--torulene and torularhodin. Exopolysaccharides (12.8 g/l) synthesized by the yeast and lactic acid cultures, identified as acid biopolymers containing 7.2% glucuronic acid, were isolated in the cell-free supernatant. Mannose, produced exclusively by the yeast, predominated in the neutral carbohydrate biopolymer component (76%). The mixed cultivation of R. rubra GED8 with the yogurt starter (L. bulgaricus 2-11 + S. thermophilus 15HA) in ultrafiltrate under conditions of intracellular production of maximum amount of carotenoids and exopolysaccharides synthesis enables combined utilization of the culture fluid from the fermentation process.     

类胡萝卜素产生菌深红酵母(Rhodotorula rubra)的培养条件的优化研究

本文研究深红酵母及其产生的类胡萝卜素的培养优化条件,并对其进行了小型发酵试验,结果表明pH值对深红酵母和类胡萝卜素有影响,初始pH值越低,色素的积累量越高,发酵过程中控制pH值能有效地增加色素积累的速度和初始色素积累量,但随着发酵时间的延长,色素积累量逐渐下降。     

Effect of aeration on the production of carotenoid pigments by Rhodotorula rubra-lactobacillus casei subsp. casei co-cultures in whey ultrafiltrate

Under intensive aeration (1.3 l/l min) the associated growth of Rhodotorula rubra GED2 and Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei in cheese whey ultrafiltrate (55 g lactose/l) proceeded effectively for both cultures with production of maximum carotenoids (12.4 mg/l culture fluid). For maximum amount of carotenoids synthesized in the cell, the yeast required more intensive aeration than the aeration needed for synthesis of maximum concentration of dry cells. Maximum concentration of carotenoids in the cell (0.49 mg/g dry cells) was registered with air flow rate at 1.3 l/l min, and of dry cells (27.0 g/l) at 1.0 l/l min. An important characteristic of carotenogenesis by Rhodotorula rubra GED2 + Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei was established--the intensive aeration (above 1.0 l/l min) stimulated beta-carotene synthesis (60% of total carotenoids).     

Effects of beta-carotene on antioxidant enzyme activity, intracellular reactive oxygen and membrane integrity within post confluent Caco-2 intestinal cells

As encountered with a plethora of other natural products, the antioxidant activity of beta-carotene has been proposed as one of the mechanisms by which diets rich in this pro-vitamin A active carotenoid apparently afford chemoprevention. Here, we report the ability of beta-carotene to alter endogenous reactive oxygen levels and antioxidant defences within non-stressed 'differentiated' monolayers of an intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2) and to subsequently effect resistance to general oxidative insult. The differentiated monolayers efficiently absorbed beta-carotene. Between 3 and 8 days post confluence, cultures exhibited a progressive increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and a corresponding reduction to intracellular ROS levels. The profile for antioxidant enzyme activity was unaffected by sustained daily supplementation with beta-carotene. However, after two daily treatments with 50 microM beta-carotene intracellular ROS levels were significantly reduced and there was a trend towards reduced intracellular ROS within monolayers subject to five daily treatments with 0.5 and 5 microM beta-carotene. Prolonged supplementation with 0.1 and 0.5 microM beta-carotene or short supplementation periods with 5 and 50 microM beta-carotene did not alter susceptibility to H(2)O(2). However, cultures treated daily between 3 and 8 days post confluence with 5 or 50 microM beta-carotene exhibited enhanced LDH release, increased non-adherence and enhanced Trypan blue staining when challenged with 10 mM H(2)O(2). In the absence of H(2)O(2), the beta-carotene treatments were not overtly toxic to the monolayers. These results indicate that beta-carotene does not enhance antioxidant defences within Caco-2 monolayers. The enhancement of H(2)O(2) toxicity by persistent, high doses of beta-carotene may contribute to the failure of this carotenoid to protect high risk individuals from certain degenerative conditions.     

The variation of antioxidant defense system of Streptomyces sp. M4018 with respect to carbon sources

The effect of glycerol, glucose, and starch as carbon sources on the antioxidant defense system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, pyruvate levels, and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels of Streptomyces sp. M4018, after isolation from the rhizosphere samples of Colutea arborescens and identification as a strain of S. hiroshimensis based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, were investigated. As an antioxidant defense enzyme, SOD activities increased up to 20 g/L of glycerol and 15 g/L of starch, while they showed negative correlation with glucose concentration. CAT activity variations of glycerol- and glucose-supplemented mediums showed significant positive correlations with the trend of SOD activities. However, CAT activity, in contrast to SOD, in Streptomyces sp. M4018 tended to decrease as the starch concentration increased. The production of pyruvate increased with respect to glycerol and starch up to 15 g/L, while it was positively correlated with glucose concentration. The highest pyruvate production was seen at 20 g/L glucose. Membrane LPO levels were negatively correlated with the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes, and the minimum LPO level was determined at 5 g/L of glucose, where SOD and CAT activities reached their maximum levels. Nevertheless, the higher SOD and CAT activities in a wider range of incubation period compared to the beginning by resulting in insignificant increases in membrane LPO levels showed the unusual antioxidant response capacities of the in Streptomyces sp. M4018 against the potentially deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for glycerol, glucose, and starch as carbon sources.     

Optimization of carotenoid production from hyper-producing Rhodotorula glutinis mutant 32 by a factorial approach

AIMS: Optimization of carotenoid production by a mutant of Rhodotorula glutinis. METHODS: The growth and carotenoid production was optimized in shake flasks using a two-level, three-variable factorial design. RESULTS: The volumetric carotenoid production could be increased to 129 +/- 2 mg x 1(-1) in a medium containing (g x l(-1)) yeast extract 11.74, glucose 46 and threonine 18 along with other micronutrients, wherein, beta-carotene yield was 102 +/- 2 mg x l(-1), accounting for 80% of the total carotenoids. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The medium optimization resulted in a fourfold increase in volumetric production and a twofold increase in the cellular accumulation of carotenoids. In view of such high yields, the mutant of Rhodotorula glutinis can be a potential source of beta-carotene.