罗汉果嫁接繁殖研究

采用1—3年生青皮砧木,用镶枝接、嵌合接、劈接和腹接法嫁接,成活率为67.86～81.82％,以镶枝接最好。用长滩、拉江和青皮接穗嫁接,成活率为60—80％,以拉江接穗最好。嫁接苗早期结果,接后90天80—88％的植株结果并保持原品种优良类型。     

猕猴桃嫁接试验

本文报道猕猴桃不同嫁接时期、嫁接方法和不同分类群的砧木试验结果,猕猴桃最适宜的嫁接时期是落叶后至翌年萌芽前,嫁接方法以切接为好,嫁接成活率均在90％以上。同种和同一分类群的砧穗间有良好的亲和力,嫁接均有较高的成活率。不同分类群间嫁接效果较差,如中华猕猴桃桂海4号嫁接于中华猕猴桃砧木上的成活率,生长情况均比嫁接其它分类群为砧的有显著差异。     

夜温对番茄套管嫁接苗愈合的影响

以番茄砧木品种‘桂砧1号’和接穗品种‘中杂105’为试材,采用显微观察等方法研究了26℃昼温条件下,不同夜温(16℃、21℃、26℃)对番茄套管嫁接苗愈合速率及质量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着夜温的升高,嫁接苗接合部愈伤组织细胞增多,接合部直径增大;夜温26℃,嫁接后前5d愈伤组织细胞较多,与夜温16℃相比嫁接苗接合部直径提高了9.7%。(2)随着夜温的降低,嫁接苗接合部维管束连接及愈合进程加快,夜温16℃处理嫁接后第6天维管束已连接,较夜温21℃、26℃处理分别提前3d、6d,而且在第9天隔离层完全消失,较夜温21℃、26℃处理提前3d。(3)随着夜温的降低,嫁接苗木质部输导能力和砧/穗接合力提高,愈合质量提高;夜温16℃处理嫁接苗木质部输导能力比夜温21℃处理提高了12%~24%,砧/穗接合力提高了20%;同时也比夜温26℃处理嫁接成活率提高,木质部输导能力提高了19%~32%,砧/穗接合力提高了28%;根系长度、体积及平均直径也显著增加。可见,在昼温26℃的情况下,夜温16℃最有利于番茄嫁接苗的愈合,形成成活率高、质量优的壮苗。     

美味猕猴桃优良株系“实美”的砧木选择研究

美味猕猴桃优良株系“实美”的接穗嫁接于 1 0个不同种类的砧木上 ,观测其嫁接体的亲和力、生长特性、开花结果习性、抗逆性、产量、果实品质等。结果表明 :“实美”以中华猕猴桃桂海 4号为砧木 ,具有良好的亲和力 ,嫁接成活率达 1 0 0 % ,接合部位断裂率仅 5 % ;5年生植株保存率 1 0 0 % ,生长指数高达 0 .9,病死株率为 0 ;物候期相对稳定 ,萌芽率和结果枝率高 ;连续 3年的平均产量极显著地高于其它 9种砧木的产量 ;果实内含物丰富 ,品质优良。根据观测结果 ,可以认为中华猕猴桃桂海 4号是“实美”的优良砧木。     

荔枝新品种‘贵妃红’和‘草莓荔’嫁接亲和性试验

以荔枝新品种‘贵妃红’和‘草莓荔’与10种砧木为试材,对各砧穗组合的嫁接成活率及嫁接苗田间生长指标进行测定及比较。结果表明,不同砧穗组合间嫁接成活率以及嫁接苗田间生长势存在明显差别,‘贵妃红’以钦州红荔、黑叶、禾荔为砧木的嫁接成活率分别达80.0%、78.0%和74.0%,‘草莓荔’以禾荔为砧木的嫁接成活率最高,达82.0%。综合其成活率及嫁接苗生长状况等指标,‘贵妃红’宜以黑叶、禾荔、钦州红荔、白腊为砧木进行嫁接,而‘草莓荔’宜以黑叶、禾荔、钦州红荔、镇奉为砧木进行嫁接。     

橄榄幼树嫁接成活及长势调查研究

调查不同品种、嫁接方法、接穗贮藏时间、接穗老熟度、嫁接天气状况等因素对橄榄幼树嫁接成活率和生长势的影响。结果表明,橄榄幼树嫁接应选晴天,采1~2年生枝在2d内接完,腹接和嵌接方式互有优劣,不同品种嫁接效果差异很大。     

金花茶的繁殖及栽培试验

<正> 有关金花茶Camellia chrysantha(Hu)Tuyama的繁殖试验,曾有过报导,本文着重将嫁接繁殖及栽培的试验的结果整理报导,供有关方面参考。 一、嫁接繁殖试验 我们对金花茶作了一些摸索性的嫁接试验,结果如下: 1.嫁接方法与金花茶成活率的关系。接穗4月采自防城县防城公社野生母树隔年秋梢顶枝,留1—2片1/4叶及1—2个顶芽,砧木为本所6年生普通油茶实生苗,径粗0.5—1     

成年态南丰蜜橘试管嫁接育苗技术研究

为探索适合成年态南丰蜜橘[Citrus reticulata Blanco‘kinokuni’(Tanaka)H.H.Hu]的快速繁殖技术,对其试管茎尖微嫁接育苗进行研究。结果表明,最好的砧木是苦柚种子苗,以腹接方式的成活率最高。嫁接苗接种在MS+GA3 1 mg L–1+蔗糖75 g L–1的培养基中,暗培养7 d后转入光周期下培养,嫁接成活率达67.78%。不同移栽基质对嫁接苗的成活率影响不显著。嫁接苗与成年态南丰蜜橘再生芽在形态和POD、CAT及SOD同工酶分子表达上均无明显差异。这表明通过试管茎尖微嫁接技术可保持其遗传稳定性。     

不同嫁接方式对低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响

【目的】探讨不同嫁接方式缓解甜瓜幼苗低温伤害的生理机制,为生产实践中选取适宜嫁接方式、提高甜瓜低温抗性提供理论依据。【方法】以厚皮甜瓜品种‘早蜜1号’、‘冰糖雪梨’和薄皮甜瓜品种‘芝麻蜜’为接穗,‘白籽南瓜’为砧木,并以甜瓜自根苗为对照,考察3种方式嫁接苗（双根嫁接、靠接、贴接）在4 ℃低温处理前、中、后期（复温处理）叶片的光合色素含量、光合气体交换参数、细胞膜透性及抗氧化酶活性变化特征。【结果】(1)各甜瓜品种各类嫁接苗叶片的光合色素(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)含量、光合气体交换参数（净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度）在低温处理下均比低温处理前显著降低,其中贴接处理的嫁接苗下降率最小,在复温后所有嫁接苗均比低温处理有所上升,并以贴接苗上升幅度最大;（2）各甜瓜品种各类嫁接苗叶片相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量及超氧阴离子(O2·-)产生速率在低温处理下均比低温处理前显著升高,并以贴接方式嫁接苗上升幅度最小,在复温处理后均比低温处理有所下降,并以贴接苗下降幅度最大;(3)各甜瓜品种各类嫁接苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在低温处理下均比低温处理前显著提高,在复温处理后均比低温处理显著升高,期间均以贴接苗上升幅度最为显著。【结论】3种嫁接方式均可显著增强低温胁迫和复温后厚皮和薄皮甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性,有效降低活性氧积累,维持幼苗光合能力,提高幼苗低温耐受性,并均以贴接方式表现最佳。     

黄瓜贴接苗砧木子叶淀粉代谢的动态变化特征

该研究以黄瓜品种‘中农18号’、南瓜砧木品种‘京欣砧5号’为试验材料,以南瓜自根苗(P)和去除1片子叶及生长点的南瓜苗( /P)为对照,采用单子叶贴接法进行黄瓜/南瓜异体嫁接(C/P)和南瓜/南瓜自体嫁接(P/P),测定嫁接后砧木子叶形态指标和淀粉代谢的动态变化,分析嫁接后去除砧木子叶对嫁接苗生长发育的影响,以揭示砧木子叶淀粉代谢在黄瓜嫁接苗生长中的作用,为黄瓜嫁接苗的壮苗培育提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)贴接后,C/P、P/P和 /P砧木子叶鲜质量和面积显著增大,且增加量依次递减,表现为 /P > C/P > P/P > P。(2)贴接后,C/P和P/P砧木子叶中淀粉含量在嫁接后0~3 d时降低,之后迅速升高,至嫁接后13 d再次逐渐降低,且C/P砧木子叶淀粉含量及其淀粉分支酶(SBE)和水解酶(β AL)活性均显著高于P/P。(3)在嫁接后0~10 d 去除砧木子叶可显著抑制C/P嫁接苗接穗和根系生长,减弱根系活力,同时降低根系可溶性糖含量及其CWIN、HXK基因表达水平,并以嫁接后0 d 去除砧木子叶的抑制效果最显著。研究表明,黄瓜C/P单子叶贴接苗中,砧木子叶作为贮存器官,在幼苗生长早期以淀粉形式储存光合产物,之后淀粉水解成单糖为嫁接苗接穗和根系快速生长提供物质和能量。     

巴西橡胶树嫁接接合区接穗和砧木径向生长差异的研究

采用树皮嫁接后不锯砧和光镜观察的方法,研究了巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)嫁接后8个月的接合区接穗和砧木木质部径向生长的差异现象。结果表明,接合区接穗木质部的径向生长普遍地小于砧木,这种生长差异是由接穗和砧木亲本固有生长特性的差异引起的,与嫁接亲和性无关。(1)对于同一无性系,接穗的发育阶段决定其生长能力,幼态接穗新分化的木质部显著地大于老态接穗,而两类接穗旁边的砧木之间没有明显差别。(2)砧木生长势明显地影响接穗木质部的生长,砧木生长势越强,砧木和接穗的生长就越快,两者的径向差异也越大。(3)同一砧木上各品系接穗木质部生长差异取决于接穗自身的生长特性,砧木的生长不受接穗品系的明显影响。显微观察表明橡胶树的嫁接是亲和的,接穗新分化的木质部镶嵌在砧木新分化的木质部中,维管组织如导管上下连接畅通,砧穗树皮厚度一致,愈合良好。     

Cotton shoot plays a major role in mediating senescence induced by potassium deficiency

The objective of this study was to determine the roles of shoot and root in the regulation of premature leaf senescence induced by potassium (K) deficiency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two contrasting cultivars (CCRI41, more sensitive to K deficiency; and SCRC22, a less sensitive cultivar) were selected for self- and reciprocal-grafting, using standard grafting (one scion/one rootstock), Y grafting (two scions/one rootstock) and inverted Y grafting (one scion/two rootstocks) at the seedling stage. Standard grafting was studied in the field in 2007 and 2008. There were no obvious differences in senescence between CCRI41 and SCRC22 scions while supplied with sufficient K. However, SCRC22 scions showed significantly greater K content, SPAD values (chlorophyll content), soluble protein content and net photosynthetic rates than CCRI41 scions while grown in K deficient solution or soil, regardless of rootstock cultivars, grafting types, growth stage and growth conditions. Also, SCRC22 scions had greater yield and less variation in boll weight either between upper- and lower sympodials, or between proximal and distal fruit positions from the main stem in the field under K deficiency, probably owing to reduced leaf senescence. Although the effect of rootstocks on leaf senescence under K deficiency was significant in some cases, the scion cultivars explained the highest percentage of variations within grafting treatments. The shoot-to-root feedback signal(s), rather than high shoot demand for K nutrition, was involved in the shoot regulation of premature senescence in cotton plants, achieved possibly by altering root K uptake.     

The effect of shoot and root genotype on phosphorus concentrations of shoots and roots

Genotypes of two morphologically different populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were reciprocally and self-grafted. Ungrafted stolon tips were also grown as controls. Grafting per se had no significant effect on shoot size, root size, leaflet width or shoot and root % P. The scion genotype had a significant effect on shoot and root size, and leaflet width. Neither scion nor rootstock genotype had a significant effect on either shoot or root % P. However, there was a significant scion × rootstock × P level interaction for shoot % P. This along with other evidence suggests that conflicting results regarding effects of scion and rootstock on % P content of plants within species is probaby due to the interaction of scion and rootstock with environment.This work was undertaken at the Department of Agricultural Botany, University of Reading, Reading, England.This work was undertaken at the Department of Agricultural Botany, University of Reading, Reading, England.     

A Study of the graft union in in vitro micrografted apple

Light microscopy was used to study graft union formation in in vitro micrografts of tissue cultured apple (Malus domestica. Borkh). Micrografts were constructed using horizontal incisions to form the grafting surface, and placing the cut ends of rootstock and scion into sterile silicon tubing to permit graft formation to occur.The outer morphological and histological development was similar for different stock-scion micrograft combinations but graft union formation was slower in heterografts than in autografts. Initial leaf expansion at the scion shoot apex occurred in all micrografted plantlets within 1–4 days and was not indicative of graft success. Progressive scion growth and development could be used as an indication of graft success by ten to fourteen days after grafting and probably was related to establisment of cell to cell contact at the graft interface. Microscopy showed initiation of callus proliferation in the vascular cumbium and the pith ten days after grafting. Differentiation was observed subsequently and this was reflected in scion development. Longitudinally orientated cambial cells began to differentiate between twenty and forty days after grafting, and formed a bridge between the vascular cylinders of scion and rootstock. The scions at this stage had as many as eight newly expanded leaves and micrografts were strong enough to permit silicon sleeve removal without damage. Continuity of new vascular elements in rootstock and scion was established around forty days. New vascular elements curved slightly in towards the pith to form a c shaped bridge across the graft union. Vascular development continued until it reached completion after six months.     

南瓜属植物离体茎段嫁接维管组织的发育过程

在离体条件下,采用同瓜属植物的下胚轴节段进行嫁接,光镜观察发现：异种嫁接西葫芦／南瓜和南瓜自体嫁接嫁接后６－８ｄ在接穗、砧木的薄壁细胞和嫁接面处愈伤组织细胞中分化出管状分子和筛分子,边接接穗和砧木的质部和韧皮部桥在嫁接后８ｄ形成。随后随发育天数的增加其数目增加,用６（５）ＣＦ作为筛管输导的示踪剂检验了不同发育时期砧木和接穗间的连通情况,发现嫁接后８ｄ从接穗引入的６（５）ＣＦ可以输导到砧木。     

成年沙田柚树试管嫁接及微繁殖的研究

分别以两类沙田柚侧芽为接穗、酸柚为砧木进行了试管嫁接,结果表明:不同嫁接方式、接穗大小以及不同激素处理均直接影响到试管嫁接成活率.对大田侧芽而言,接穗大小以茎尖为宜,1.0mg/LGA3或0.5mg/L6-BA处理效果较佳,嫁接成活率分别达50%和30%;对侧枝沙培萌发的侧芽而言,接穗大小以茎尖 1个节间为宜,2.0mg/LGA3或0.5mg/L6-BA处理效果较佳,嫁接成活率分别达90%和80%.在相同条件下,后者的嫁接成活率一般明显高于前者.两种沙田柚嫁接苗的试管微繁殖没有明显区别,在MS 6-BA0.1mg/L培养基上均可分化不定芽,继代的嫁接成活率可达90%以上.     

Grafting micropropagated tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] shoots on tea seedlings – a new approach to tea propagation

Tea microshoots excised from well-established multiple shoot cultures grown in vitro and 8-week-old, three- to five-leaved seedlings from a local chinery stock (Banuri-96) and UPASI-9 (from southern India) were selected as scions and root stocks, respectively, for grafting. In addition, 4-month- and 12-month-old seedlings of Banuri-96 were also used as root stocks. Cut ends of root stocks and scions were pretreated with varying concentrations of BAP and NAA for 10 min. A treatment of BAP (5 mg/l) and NAA (5 mg/l) to both scion and stocks in water renewed foliar development at a relatively early stage (40–60 days). The grafted plants were kept in hardening chambers with CO₂-enriched air. No significant difference was observed between autograft (scion and root stock of Banuri clone) and heterograft (scion of the Banuri clone and root stock of UPASI-9). Of the three types (in terms of age) of seedling-raised root stocks employed, grafts on young tea (4-month-old) performed the best (88.33%). Grafts made in early summer established relatively faster and at a high rate of success. The percentage survival of plants transferred to the field was 88.33%. Received: 21 May 1998 / Revision received: 17 December 1998 / Accepted: 15 January 1999     

Maturation in larch : I. Effect of age on shoot growth, foliar characteristics, and DNA methylation

The time course of maturation in eastern larch (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) was examined by grafting scions from trees of different ages onto 2-year-old root stock and following scion development for several years. Height, diameter, foliar chlorophyll content, and rooting ability of scion-derived cuttings all varied linearly as a function of log₁₀ age. Chlorophyll content (milligrams per gram of dry weight) increased while height, diameter, and ability to root decreased with age (P < 0.01). The tendency toward orthotropic growth and branch formation per centimeter of main stem decreased abruptly between age 1 and 5 years (P < 0.01). Total chlorophyll content of both long and short shoot foliage increased by 30 to 50% with increasing age, but the chlorophyll a/b ratio did not change. Also, juvenile long shoot needles were significantly longer than mature (P < 0.01). Surprisingly, the juvenile scions produced more total strobili over two successive years, but the mature scions produced a significantly higher proportion of male strobili (P < 0.001 year 1; P < 0.02 year 2). The age-related changes in foliar traits were not associated with changes in DNA methylation between juvenile and mature scions. Using HPLC, we found that 20% of foliar DNA cytosine residues were methylated in both scion types.     

Root and stem hydraulic conductivity as determinants of growth potential in grafted trees of apple (Malus pumila Mill.)

The anatomy of the graft tissue between a rootstock and its shoot (scion) can provide a mechanistic explanation of the way dwarfing Malus rootstocks reduce shoot growth. Considerable xylem tissue disorganization may result in graft tissue having a low hydraulic conductivity (k(h)), relative to the scion stem. The graft may influence the movement of substances in the xylem such as ions, water and plant-growth-regulating hormones. Measurements were made on 3-year-old apple trees with a low-pressure flow system to determine k(h) of root and scion stem sections incorporating the graft tissue. A range of rootstocks was examined, with different abilities of dwarfing; both ungrafted and grafted with the same scion shoot cultivar. The results showed that the hydraulic conductivity (k(hroot)) of roots from dwarfing rootstocks was lower compared with semi-vigorous rootstocks, at least for the size class of root measured (1.5 mm diameter). Scion hydraulic conductivity (k(hs)) was linked to leaf area and also to the rootstock on to which it was grafted, i.e. hydraulic conductivity was greater for the scion stem on the semi-vigorous rootstock. Expressing conductivities relative to xylem cross-sectional areas (k(s)) did not remove these differences suggesting that there were anatomical changes induced by the rootstock. The calculated hydraulic conductivity of the graft tissue was found to be lower for grafted trees on dwarfing rootstocks compared to invigorating rootstocks. These observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism(s) by which rootstock influences shoot growth in grafted trees.