Radiological evaluation of bone status in the jaw and in the vertebral column in a group of women

Vertebral bone mineral content was determined in a group of 56 women, ages 30–62. These measurements were compared with the status of supporting bone in the jaws (alveolar, molar and bicuspid) and with gingival health. There was a significant decline in vertebral bone mineral content from the pre- to post-menopausal group. Molar and bicuspid measurements were highly correlated. There was some association between lumbar bone mineral content and molar bone status for postmenopausal women. For postmenopausal women, the cases of greatest percent bone loss in alveolar crest were associated with lower lumbar bone mineral content. Gingival health did not confound the bone status measurements. The 56 subjects did not exhibit the degree of reduction in bone density that is observed in the general population. Further investigation using these radiographic techniques may reveal a link between substantial bone loss in the jaw and moderate to severe bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae.     

Percent Body Fat and Lean Mass Explain the Gender Difference in Leptin: Analysis and Interpretation of Leptin in Hispanic and Non‐Hispanic White Adults

Objective: To reassess the relationship between body fat and fasting leptin concentrations comparing plasma vs. serum assessments of leptin; ratios vs. regression adjustment for body composition; fat and lean mass vs. percent body fat; and gender‐, ethnic‐, and age‐related variations. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 766 adults from the nondiabetic cohort of the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study examined at follow up (1997 to 1998). Body composition was determined by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Leptin concentrations were determined after an overnight fast. Results: Fasting serum and plasma assessments of leptin were correlated with percent body fat to the same degree. Women had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than men when leptin concentrations were divided by body mass index, fat mass in kilograms or percent body fat. The methodological problem inherent in interpreting these ratio measures is pictorially demonstrated. In regression analysis, fat mass alone did not explain the gender difference. However, lean body mass was inversely related to leptin concentrations (p < 0.0001) and explained 71% of the gender difference at a given fat mass. Percent body fat explained all of the gender difference in leptin concentrations in both Hispanics and non‐Hispanic whites. Similar to findings about gender differences, ethnic‐ and age‐related variations in the leptin‐body fat association were minimized when percent body fat was employed as the body fat measure. Discussion: Regression analysis and percent body fat measured with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry are recommended when assessing the relationship between leptin and body fat. Gender differences in leptin concentrations were accounted for by percent body fat in free living (no diet control), Hispanic and non‐Hispanic white adults.     

Relationship between body composition, inflammation and lung function in overweight and obese asthma

Background

The obese-asthma phenotype is not well defined. The aim of this study was to examine both mechanical and inflammatory influences, by comparing lung function with body composition and airway inflammation in overweight and obese asthma.

Methods

Overweight and obese (BMI 28-40 kg/m²) adults with asthma (n = 44) completed lung function assessment and underwent full-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Venous blood samples and induced sputum were analysed for inflammatory markers.

Results

In females, android and thoracic fat tissue and total body lean tissue were inversely correlated with expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Conversely in males, fat tissue was not correlated with lung function, however there was a positive association between android and thoracic lean tissue and ERV. Lower body (gynoid and leg) lean tissue was positively associated with sputum %neutrophils in females, while leptin was positively associated with android and thoracic fat tissue in males.

Conclusions

This study suggests that both body composition and inflammation independently affect lung function, with distinct differences between males and females. Lean tissue exacerbates the obese-asthma phenotype in females and the mechanism responsible for this finding warrants further investigation.     

Association of eating frequency with body fatness in pre- and postmenopausal women

Objective: To examine associations between eating frequency (EF) and body fatness in pre‐ and postmenopausal women, after excluding potential low‐energy reporters. Research Methods and Procedures: In this cross‐sectional study of 220 free‐living women, 64 pre‐ and 50 postmenopausal non‐low‐energy‐reporting women were further analyzed (age, 24 to 74 years; BMI, 18.5 to 38.6 kg/m²). Anthropometric and body composition measurements (DXA) were performed in all study participants. EF, energy, and macronutrient intake were assessed by 3‐day food record. Physical activity level and energy expenditure were assessed by self‐reported questionnaire. Results: No association between EF and adiposity indices was detected in premenopausal women. In contrast, EF was positively correlated with percentage body fat in postmenopausal women (r = 0.30, p = 0.03). EF was positively correlated with total energy intake in both groups and with total energy expenditure in premenopausal women only (r = 0.34, p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that, in postmenopausal women, EF was a significant predictor of body fatness (standardized β = 0.41, p = 0.01). Discussion: Frequent eating was not found to be related to adiposity in premenopausal women, but it was associated with increased body fat in postmenopausal women. Possible explanations could be that the frequent eating is not associated with a physically active lifestyle in postmenopausal women or that frequent eating predisposes women after menopause to a higher energy intake by increasing food stimuli and rendering it more difficult for them to control energy balance.     

广西少数民族成年女性体成分的差异及年龄变化规律

本文分析了在广西调研的860例(毛南族200例、仫佬族200例、苗族244例、瑶族216例)少数民族女性的体成分数据,结果发现:1)不同民族的体成分比较,脂肪量苗族最高,仫佬族最低,肌肉量毛南族最高,苗族最低,组间差异多数具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2)广西毛南族、仫佬族、苗族和瑶族成年女性的身体质量指数(I_(bm))、腰臀比(R_(wh))及体脂肪率(P_(bf))差异明显,根据I_(bm)、R_(wh)或P_(bf)评价的肥胖人数比率最高的均为苗族,且与其它民族的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3)广西毛南族、仫佬族、苗族和瑶族女性的脂肪量均随年龄的增长先升高,一般至50-54岁达高峰再稍下降,而去脂体重随年龄的增长逐渐波动降低;四民族女性的肌肉量总体随年龄的增长呈波动下降的趋势,毛南族最为明显;四民族各年龄段之间的体成分比较,组间差异绝大多数具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。综上所述,体成分存在民族差异,苗族女性的体成分状况最不健康,表现为脂肪含量过高而肌肉量和骨量偏低;随年龄的增长,本研究四个少数民族的体成分均可能呈现少肌性肥胖和骨质疏松的危险倾向。     

AnthropoAge,a novel approach to integrate body composition into the estimation of biological age

Aging is believed to occur across multiple domains, one of which is body composition; however, attempts to integrate it into biological age (BA) have been limited. Here, we consider the sex-dependent role of anthropometry for the prediction of 10-year all-cause mortality using data from 18,794 NHANES participants to generate and validate a new BA metric. Our data-driven approach pointed to sex-specific contributors for BA estimation: WHtR, arm and thigh circumferences for men; weight, WHtR, thigh circumference, subscapular and triceps skinfolds for women. We used these measurements to generate AnthropoAge, which predicted all-cause mortality (AUROC 0.876, 95%CI 0.864–0.887) and cause-specific mortality independently of ethnicity, sex, and comorbidities; AnthropoAge was a better predictor than PhenoAge for cerebrovascular, Alzheimer, and COPD mortality. A metric of age acceleration was also derived and used to assess sexual dimorphisms linked to accelerated aging, where women had an increase in overall body mass plus an important subcutaneous to visceral fat redistribution, and men displayed a marked decrease in fat and muscle mass. Finally, we showed that consideration of multiple BA metrics may identify unique aging trajectories with increased mortality (HR for multidomain acceleration 2.43, 95%CI 2.25–2.62) and comorbidity profiles. A simplified version of AnthropoAge (S-AnthropoAge) was generated using only BMI and WHtR, all results were preserved using this metric. In conclusion, AnthropoAge is a useful proxy of BA that captures cause-specific mortality and sex dimorphisms in body composition, and it could be used for future multidomain assessments of aging to better characterize the heterogeneity of this phenomenon.     

The influence of body size on adult skeletal age estimation methods

Accurate age estimations are essential to archaeological and forensic analyses. However, reliability for adult skeletal age estimations is poor, especially for individuals over the age of 40 years. This is the first study to show that body size influences skeletal age estimation. The ??can et al., Lovejoy et al., Buckberry and Chamberlain, and Suchey‐Brooks age methods were tested on 764 adult skeletons from the Hamann‐Todd and William Bass Collections. Statures ranged from 1.30 to 1.93 m and body masses ranged from 24.0 to 99.8 kg. Transition analysis was used to evaluate the differences in the age estimations. For all four methods, the smallest individuals have the lowest ages at transition and the largest individuals have the highest ages at transition. Short and light individuals are consistently underaged, while tall and heavy individuals are consistently overaged. When femoral length and femoral head diameter are compared with the log‐age model, results show the same trend as the known stature and body mass measurements. The skeletal remains of underweight individuals have fewer age markers while those of obese individuals have increased surface degeneration and osteophytic lipping. Tissue type and mechanical loading have been shown to affect bone turnover rates, and may explain the differing patterns of skeletal aging. From an archaeological perspective, the underaging of light, short individuals suggests the need to revisit the current research consensus on the young mortality rates of past populations. From a forensic perspective, understanding the influence of body size will impact efforts to identify victims of mass disasters, genocides, and homicides. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:35–57, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of intermittent suckling on body composition of Iberian piglets weaned at 35 days of age

Piglet body composition at weaning could be a determinant for pig’s viability and may be influenced by factors such as the nutritional management followed during suckling. An experiment was conducted to study whether intermittent suckling (IS) affects body composition at weaning and nutrient and energy retention during a 34-day lactation period in Iberian piglets. Litters were subjected to conventional suckling (CS) or IS (n=10 litters of six piglets per treatment) in two trials. All piglets had ad libitum access to creep feed from day 15 onwards. In IS, piglets were progressively separated from the sow for 6, 8 and 10 h daily during the last week of lactation, whereas in CS piglets had continuous access to their dams. Creep feed intake in litters and BW development of individual piglets were measured throughout the 34-day lactation. Within each litter, both at birth and at weaning (day 35), one piglet was used to assess nutrient retention and body composition by the comparative slaughter approach. During days 29 to 35 of the experiment, daily creep feed intake was greater in IS piglets (IS 124, CS 67 g/piglet, P=0.040), and average daily gain differed significantly between groups (IS 190, CS 150 g/day, P=0.010). BW at weaning was higher in the IS than in the CS piglets (IS 8.19, CS 7.48 kg, P=0.011). Empty-body fat and energy content at weaning were higher in the IS compared with CS litters, as well as fat content in the carcass (P=0.04). The IS treatment did not affect empty-body protein deposition, but significantly increased daily retention of fat, energy, ash and calcium, compared with CS litters (P<0.05). Thus, IS in Iberian piglets seems to enhance feed intake, growth rate and retention of some body components, which may contribute to a higher body fat content at weaning and facilitate the weaning process.     

Plasma adiponectin concentration in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: relationship with body composition, bone mineral, and metabolic variables

The aim of the current investigation was to determine the possible relationships of fasting adiponectin level with body composition, bone mineral, insulin sensitivity, leptin, and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters in 153 women. Subjects were classified as premenopausal (n = 42; 40.8 +/- 5.7 yr) if they had regular menstrual periods, early postmenopausal (n = 49; 56.7 +/- 3.6 yr) if they had been postmenopausal for more than >1 yr but <7 yr (5.5 +/- 1.3 yr), and postmenopausal (n = 62; 72.2 +/- 4.5 yr) if they had been postmenopausal for >7 yr. All women studied had a body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m(2). Adiponectin values were higher (P < 0.05) in middle-aged (12.0 +/- 5.1 microg/ml) and older (15.3 +/- 7.3 microg/ml) postmenopausal women compared with middle-aged premenopausal women (8.4 +/- 3.2 microg/ml). Mean plasma adiponectin concentration in the total group of women (n = 153) was 12.2 +/- 6.3 microg/ml and was positively related (P < 0.05) to age, indexes of overall obesity (BMI, body fat mass), and cardiorespiratory fitness (PWC) values. In addition, a negative association (P < 0.05) between adiponectin with central obesity (waist-to-hip and waist-to-thigh ratio), fat-free mass, bone mineral (bone mineral content, total and lumbar spine bone mineral density), and leptin and insulin resistance (insulin, fasting insulin resistance index) values was observed. However, multivariate regression analysis revealed that only age, fasting insulin resistance index, and leptin were independent predictors of adiponectin concentration. In conclusion, circulating adiponectin concentrations increase with age in normal-weight middle-aged and older women. It appears that adiponectin is independently related to age, leptin, and insulin resistance values in women across the age span and menstrual status.     

白藜芦醇对成年期追赶生长大鼠体成分的影响及机制

目的:观察白藜芦醇对成年期追赶生长大鼠体成分的影响及可能机制。方法:8周龄雄性 SD 大鼠分为6组(共2个时间点),即4周时间点3组:正常饮食4周 (NC4)组、热卡限制4周(R4)组,热卡限制同时白藜芦醇治疗(R4E)组;12周时间点3组:正常饮食12周(NC12)组,追赶生长(CUG)组,追赶生长白藜芦醇治疗(CUGE)组。每组含6只大鼠,白藜芦醇用生理盐水配制成一定浓度悬浊液,按100 mg/(kg·d)剂量予实验动物灌胃治疗。实验第4周、12周检测体重、躯干和全身的肌肉及脂肪含量、躯干与全身脂肪比例,实验第12周检测骨骼肌与附睾脂肪组织SIRT1的表达,附睾脂肪组织PPARγ的表达。结果:与NC12组相比,CUG组躯干及全身的脂肪含量、躯干与全身脂肪比例、附睾脂肪组织PPARγ的表达均明显升高(P＜0.05),肌肉含量、骨骼肌与附睾脂肪组织SIRT1的表达显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与CUG组相比,经白藜芦醇干预后的CUGE组全身的脂肪含量、躯干与全身脂肪比例、附睾脂肪组织PPARγ的表达均明显降低(P＜0.05),肌肉含量、骨骼肌与附睾脂肪组织SIRT1的表达较CUG组显著提高(P＜0.05)。结论:白藜芦醇降低成年期追赶生长大鼠体脂含量,增加肌肉含量,改善腹部脂肪堆积,其机制可能与增加骨骼肌及内脏脂肪组织SIRT1表达,抑制内脏脂肪PPARγ的表达有关。     

The effects of feeding regime on proximate body composition and patterns of energy deposition in juvenile Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus

Juvenile Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus , subjected to either food deprivation or restricted feeding showed reductions in relative sizes of both liver and viscera. With food deprivation, percentage lipid decreased and percentage water increased in the eviscerated carcass, which is in agreement with findings for several other fish species. Following transfer from a restricted to a satiation feeding regime, the relative sizes of both liver and viscera increased to levels exceeding those of fish fed continuously to satiation. At the end of the experiment the percentage liver lipid content of restricted-satiation fed fish was higher than in fish fed to satiation. These differences in energy deposition patterns were, however, not sufficiently large to produce marked differences at the whole animal level, since whole body lipid energy: protein energy ratios and energy utilization efficiencies were similar for restricted-satiation and satiation fed fish.     

Effect or ractopamine on growth and body composition of pigs during compensatory growth

The purpose of this study was to measure the growth and body composition of pigs during normal or compensatory growth from 60 to 100 kg, without (cont) or with ractopamine (rac) supplementation (20 mg/kg of diet). Thirty-four pigs were scanned by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition analysis at a starting weight of 61.4 ± 0.3 kg and at a final weight of 100.4 ± 0.5 kg. Half the pigs were fed ad libitum throughout (8 cont and 9 rac). The other half were fed at maintenance for 8 weeks and then scanned again by DXA. Following the maintenance feeding, the pigs were fed ad libitum (9 cont and 8 rac) to the final weight. Compensatory growth resulted in a 30% increase in the rate of weight gain (1.23 v. 0.94 kg/day, P < 0.05), including a 44% increase in the rate of lean tissue deposition (0.90 v. 0.62 kg/day, P < 0.05), but no change in the rate of fat deposition (0.31 v. 0.30 kg/day, P > 0.05). Feeding rac resulted in a 13% increase in the rate of weight gain (1.15 v. 1.02 kg/day, P < 0.05), consisting of a 29% increase in the rate of lean tissue deposition (0.86 v. 0.67 kg/day, P < 0.05) and an 18% reduction in the rate of fat deposition (0.27 v. 0.33 kg/day, P < 0.05). The effects of ractopamine on the rates of fat and lean tissue deposition were similar for pigs continuously fed ad libitum and those experiencing compensatory growth. Both compensatory growth and the addition of ractopamine to the diet resulted in an improvement in efficiency of protein deposition; however, ractopamine also resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of energy deposition. For both growth rate and lean tissue deposition, there was an additive effect for ractopamine and compensatory growth. Thus, feeding ractopamine will enhance the growth and body composition during compensatory growth in swine.     

Whole body bone,fat and lean mass in children: Comparison of three ethnic groups

We measured whole body bone, fat and lean mass, by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, of third-grade children in a suburban public school district adjacent to Detroit. Of 1,340 eligible children, 773 participated. Using U.S. Census categories, parents identified their children as black/African-American (57%), white (38%), or one of several other categories (5%). Some of the participants also identified with a relatively large Middle Eastern subgroup (Chaldeans). Of the 773 participants, 734 are included in this report (71 Chaldeans, 226 whites, and 437 black/African-Americans; other categories are omitted). We describe body size, body composition, and physical activity levels in the three groups. The Chaldean and black children have significantly higher average whole body bone mineral content (BMC) than whites (P > 0.05), but are not different from each other. Lean mass and height are significantly greater for Chaldeans and blacks than for whites. The ratio of BMC to height was also significantly greater in Chaldeans and blacks compared with whites. Chaldeans have a significantly higher weight and fat mass than either the black or white children, and report significantly less physical activity than either the white or the black children. The higher bone mass among the Chaldean children may be partially explained by their greater body mass, but there is no readily apparent explanation for the observed ethnic differences in body size. We cannot exclude genetic or environmental factors not evaluated in this observational study. Our unexpected finding that Chaldean children, when analyzed as a separate group, are more similar in body composition to black/African-American than to white children contributes to a growing body of literature indicating that the uncritical use of “race” categories may obscure rather than facilitate the identification of population differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:157–162, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Migration,socio-economic status and age at menarche and age at menopause in the Yucatan,Mexico

The possible effects of migration and socio-economic status (SES) on age at menarche (MENA), age at menopause (MENO), potential reproductive period (PRP), and the correlation between MENA and MENO, were studied in 216 women in the Yucatan, Mexico. They were divided into three groups: migrant from the sisal-growing area on the coast, and sisal and coastal sedentary. Coastal sedentary women, living in the best socio-economic conditions, have the youngest MENA and the oldest MENO. Early migrant women have a significantly younger MENO (p.<0.05) and shorter PRP than Coastal sedentary women. There was no evidence of selective migration for MENA. When the Migrant, Sisal and Coastal sample were divided into cohorts by SES, it was impossible to obtain any clear picture. MENA increases with increased SES for the Coastal and Sisal cohorts, while the Migrant cohorts show an opposite trend. However, only the Low/Middle and High/Middle cohort differences for the Coastal sample are significant (p.<0.05, in both cases). It seems that migration has a limited affect on MENO and the PRP. Contrary to reports in the literature, the correlations between MENA and MENO and migrant status, and migrant socio-economic statuses, are negative, although these correlations were statistically significant in the Coastal sample.     

Nutrition-induced differences in body composition, compensatory growth and endocrine status in growing pigs

In this experiment, we assessed the effect of amino acid (AA) intake restriction in entire male Yorkshire pigs between 15 and 38 kg BW (restriction phase) on BW gain, body composition and plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cortisol, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and leptin during the subsequent re-alimentation phase. During the restriction phase, 36 pigs were allotted to one of two dietary treatments: adequate AA intake (control) or AA-limiting diets (AA-30%). Thereafter, pigs were fed common non-limiting diets up to 110 kg BW. Throughout the experiment, pigs were scale-fed at 90% of the estimated voluntary daily digestible energy intake. At the end of the restriction phase, pigs on AA-30% had lesser BW gain (650 v. 784 g/day; P < 0.001), loin area (LA; 12.2 v. 14.2 cm2; P < 0.001), BUN (4.6 v. 6.3 mg/dl; P < 0.02), lesser plasma levels of IGF-I (440 v. 640 ng/m; P < 0.001) and cortisol (8.2 v. 19.2 μg/dl; P < 0.001), greater backfat thickness (BF; 7.56 v. 6.56 mm; P < 0.02), and greater plasma levels of leptin (2.7 v. 1.8 ng/ml; P = 0.027) and GH (3.3 v. 2.0 ng/ml; P = 0.05) than pigs on control. During the re-alimentation phase, previously restricted pigs showed full compensatory growth (CG) in terms of BW gain (1170 v. 1077 g/day; P < 0.002), whole-body protein deposition (Pd) (179 v. 163 g/day; P < 0.001) as well as physical and chemical body composition (whole-body lipid to body protein mass ratio, LB/PB; 1.14 v. 1.15; P > 0.10). Besides GH at 45 kg BW (4.2 v. 2.4 ng/ml; P = 0.066), there were no effects of previous AA intake restriction on leptin, IGF-I and BUN during the re-alimentation phase (P > 0.10). Plasma cortisol and IGF-I levels may act as an indicator of AA-induced restriction in Pd in growing pigs. Plasma BUN level does not appear as a sensitive indicator for compensatory Pd. Plasma leptin and GH levels allow for the involvement of the brain in controlling chemical body composition. Full CG was observed during the energy-dependent phase of Pd in growing pigs and might be driven by a target LB/PB, possibly mediated via plasma leptin, IGF-I and GH levels.     

Impact of an energy- and nutrient-reduced diet containing 10% lignocellulose on animal performance,body composition and egg quality of dual purpose laying hens

In response to ethical concerns regarding the killing of day-old male chicks of layer breeds, the use of dual purpose chickens is increasingly discussed in public while data on nutritional requirements of dual purpose laying hens are not available. The present study examined the impact of an energy- and nutrient-reduced diet containing lignocellulose on performance, body composition and egg quality of dual purpose hens. Female Lohmann Dual chicks were allocated to 12 pens and fed two different diets for 52 weeks: a control (CON) and a treatment diet (LC), based on CON but diluted with 10% lignocellulose. During the trial, animal performance, whole-body composition and egg quality parameters of hens were consistently ascertained. The results showed that LC-fed hens had lower body weights compared to those receiving CON (p < 0.05). During the laying period, feed intake was increased in LC-fed hens (p < 0.001). LC-fed hens showed a higher egg production and egg mass resulting in an improved feed efficiency (p < 0.05) and laid smaller eggs compared to CON-fed hens (p < 0.001). At 52 weeks of age, bodies of LC-fed hens had higher protein and lower fat contents than those fed with CON diet (p ≤ 0.001). Mean body weight was positively correlated to the body fat content (p = 0.004) and body fat content was negatively correlated to the egg production (p = 0.043). Analyses of the egg quality showed that yolk mass at all sampling points and albumen mass at 27 and 42 weeks were lower in hens fed with diet LC compared to those fed with diet CON (p< 0.05). In conclusion, the feeding of energy- and nutrient-reduced diets containing 10% lignocellulose reduced the body fat content and simultaneously improved the laying performance in dual purpose hens.     

The influence of body composition on the survival of juvenile salmon

The causes of mortality of young fish in streams are not well understood. The water, fat, protein and energy contents of young salmon from a stream in Scotland indicated that nutritional insufficiency may be an important factor in determining their survival pattern over the first year of life.     

Anthropometrics Do Not Influence Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Measurement of Fat in Normal to Obese Adults: A Comparison with In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis (IVNA)

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is now a commonly used method for the determination of bone mineral status and body composition in humans. The purposes of this study were to compare fat mass by in vivo neutron activation analysis (FM_IVNA) with that by DXA (FM_DXA) in an anthropometrically heterogeneous sample of healthy adult men (n=33) and women (n=36) (19=≤BMI≤39), and to determine whether differences in fat mass estimates between the two methods (ΔFM) were attributable to subject anthropometry as defined by several circumference (waist, iliac crest, thigh) and skinfold thickness (umbilical, suprailiac, abdominal) measurements. No significant differences between FM_DXA and FM_IVNA were observed in men (p=0.46) or women (p=0.09). The two methods were very highly correlated in both sexes (women r²=0.97, p<0.001, men r²=0.91, p<0.001), although the regression line for men was significantly different from the line of identity (p=0.043). These results suggest modest trends toward underestimation of FM_DXA in men when FM_IVNA<18 kg, and overestimation in men when FM_IVNA>18 kg. ΔFM (IVNA-DXA) was not significantly related to any combination of skinfold thicknesses and circumferences in either gender. Age explained 27% of the variance in ΔFM for the men (p=0.008). Furthermore, ΔFM was not significantly related to inter-method disparity in total-body bone mineral measurements in men or women (p<0.05). The present study demonstrates strong correlation in fat measurements between IVNA and DXA in men and women ranging from normal to markedly obese. Correction for subject anthropometry does not significantly improve this relationship.     

军队院校毕业班学员的人体成分检测

目的：通过测量军校毕业学员的人体成分,探讨军校毕业学员与普通居民的区别,并为建立相关标准提供依据。方法：按飞行院校、分流院校、合训院校、技术院校和士官学校分层抽取5968名毕业学员,分别进行人体成分检测,根据结果划定5%-95%分布上下限。并就军校毕业学员的体脂百分比、体质指数（BMI）、肌肉百分比、骨质百分比指标与同年龄、同性别城乡居民进行比较。结果：1军队院校毕业学员体脂百分比的参考值范围为10.3%-20.7%（男）和19.2%-30.1%（女）;BMI参考值范围为19.30-25.70（男）和18.00-23.99（女）;瘦体重百分比参考值范围为79.3%-86.7%（男）和69.9%-80.7%（女）;肌肉百分比参考值范围为74.2%-84.0%（男）和65.2%-75.3%（女）;骨质百分比参考值范围为5.0%-5.8%（男）和4.7%-5.5%（女）。2与同年龄、同性别城乡居民比较,军队院校毕业学员的体脂百分比明显较少,肌肉百分比、骨质百分比明显较高。结论：1军队院校毕业学员的身体成分数据明显优于同年龄、同性别城乡居民,总体表现为体脂较少,肌肉和骨质较多。2军队院校毕业学员的体质状况不能简单采用民用标准,需建立一套符合军校毕业学员的标准。     

A study on verifying the effectiveness of 4-week composite weight-loss dietary supplement ingestion on body composition and blood lipid changes in middle-aged women

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a composite weight-loss dietary supplement on body composition and blood lipid changes in middle-aged women.

Methods

Thirty seven middle-aged women living in the Kyunggi area participated in this study and they were randomly divided into 2 groups (Dietary supplement ingestion group; DG, n = 20 and Placebo group; PG, n = 17). Blood draw and dual energy x-ray (DEXA) measurements were conducted to examine changes in body composition and blood lipids.

Results

There were no significant changes in weight and BMI in both groups. There was an interaction between the composite weight-loss dietary supplement intake and lean body mass in DG and there was a significant decrease in percent body fat in DG. Blood lipid changes in the study results showed that there was no significant difference in TC, TG, and LDL in both groups; however, there was a significant interaction between the composite weight-loss dietary supplement intake and HDL-C as well as an increase in the HDL-C of DG.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it seems that 4-week ingestion of the composite weight-loss dietary supplement decreased body fat, increased lean body mass, and increased HDL-C. Therefore, the composite weight-loss dietary supplement is expected to prevent obesity and induce health improvements in middle-aged women.