ATP依赖的人Lon蛋白酶的表达、纯化及其活性鉴定

ATP依赖的人Lon蛋白酶是一种同质寡聚、环状的蛋白酶,主要位于细胞线粒体基质中。许多研究表明,Lon蛋白酶对于维护细胞的内环境稳定起着重要作用,并参与线粒体蛋白质量控制和代谢调控。将pPROEX1 His6-Lon重组质粒在Escherichia coli Rosetta 2菌株中诱导表达用Ni2＋柱亲和层析法纯化,获得纯度较高的目的蛋白。经纯化后,Lon蛋白酶的比酶活达到0.17 U/mg。通过多肽底物Rhodamine 110、bis-（CBZ-L-alanyl-L-alanine amide）[（Z-AA）2 Rh110]的降解检测显示,Lon蛋白酶具有肽酶活性,并被ATP所刺激。Casein和线粒体转录因子A降解实验表明,纯化的Lon蛋白酶具有蛋白水解活性,而且蛋白水解活性依赖于ATP。     

长角血蜱唾液腺中腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶的纯化及其酶切机制

利用染料亲和层析(Cibacorn Blue柱)和离子交换层析(Macrosphere WCX柱)对长角血蜱Haemaphysalis longicornis唾液腺的腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶进行纯化,经SDS-PAGE证实其分子量为66 kD。腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶可以水解ATP和ADP,但对AMP无水解作用,水解ATP和ADP的K_m值均为0.2 μmol/L,V_max值分别为12.5和15.6 μmol/(min·mg)。腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶水解ATP的中间产物是ADP,最终产物是AMP和正磷酸。表明腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶水解ATP的位点是5'-核苷酸的γ-磷酸键,水解ADP的位点是5'-核苷酸的β-磷酸键。     

鼠脑驱动蛋白ATP水解机制的晶体学分析

鼠脑驱动蛋白是一类利用ATP水解释放的能量在微管系统上高连续性运动的常规驱动蛋白。了解ATP水解的化学能如何转化为机械动能是驱动蛋白研究中的重大课题。为此,鼠脑驱动蛋白单体(rK354)的晶体通过浸泡的方式引入ATP的结构类似物AMPPNP。rK354-AMPPNP复合物和rK354-ADP复合物结构的比较,揭示了开关区域Ⅱ的Glu237起连接ATP的γ-磷酸和驱动蛋白微管结合区的枢纽作用。     

植物驱动蛋白:从微管阵列到生理活动调控

驱动蛋白(kinesin)是以微管为轨道的分子马达,其催化ATP水解为ADP,将贮藏在ATP分子中的化学能高效地转化为机械能,在细胞形态建成、细胞分裂、细胞运动、胞内物质运输和信号转导等多种生命活动中发挥重要作用。对植物驱动蛋白的研究落后于动物和真菌,其原因不仅由于植物进化出独有的驱动蛋白家族,而且其家族成员数量远多于动物驱动蛋白。该文主要总结了驱动蛋白在微管阵列动态组织,包括周质微管和有丝分裂早前期微管带、纺锤体及成膜体中的角色和功能,以及其对植物生理活动的调控作用。同时对重要经济作物大豆(Glycine max)中的驱动蛋白进行了系统分析、分类及功能预测,发现大豆驱动蛋白数量庞大。结合公共数据库中大豆转录组数据,对部分大豆驱动蛋白进行功能预测,以期对大豆及其它作物驱动蛋白功能研究提供线索和启示。     

冻融产氨棒杆菌细胞转化法制备三磷酸腺苷

微生物发酵和酶转化法是工业上制备三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的有效途径。以腺嘌呤为关键底物,用冻融通透化处理的产氨棒杆菌细胞转化制备ATP,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测ATP含量,考察各种转化条件对ATP产率的影响,确定最优转化条件:菌体用量40 g/L,底物6 g/L,葡萄糖60 g/L,Mg SO415 mmol/L,KH2PO4120 mmol/L,反应液p H 7.4,反应温度35℃。在最优转化条件下,ATP产率达到85.00%,比优化前提高了58%,细胞用量大幅度降低,优化条件稳定可行。     

Ser203在大鼠脑驱动蛋白水解ATP中重要作用的晶体学分析

鼠脑驱动蛋白（rat brain kinesin）是一种利用水解ATP所释放的能量在微管束上高速并且连续性运动的常规驱动蛋白. 它在神经突触的物质运输中起着重要作用. 研究驱动蛋白是如何将ATP中储藏的化学能转化为机械动能是理解其运动机能的重要课题. 本课题获得了鼠脑驱动蛋白单体与ATP结构类似物AMPPCP形成的复合物晶体结构. 将这个晶体结构与鼠脑驱动蛋白单体-另一种ATP结构类似物AMPPNP形成的复合物晶体结构以及鼠脑驱动蛋白单体-ATP水解产物ADP形成的复合物晶体结构进行相互比较,揭示了活性中心的开关区域I中丝氨酸203可能作为质子的供体,加速了ATP中gamma-磷酸和beta-磷酸的断裂,从而导致ATP的水解.     

溶血卵磷脂对大豆下胚轴质膜H^＋—ATPase ATP和对—硝基苯磷酸水解活性的影响

研究了溶血卵磷脂 (lysophosphatidylcholine,lyso PC)对大豆 (Glycinemax (L .)Merr.)下胚轴质膜H _ATPaseATP和对_硝基苯磷酸 (ρ_nitrophenylphosphate ,PNPP)水解的影响。结果显示 ,lyso_PC可以刺激ATP水解活力 ,当lyso_PC浓度在 0～ 0 .0 3%范围时 ,ATP水解活力明显提高 ,lyso_PC浓度高于 0 .0 3%后增加缓慢 ;当lyso_PC浓度为0 .0 3%时 ,ATP水解活力提高 80 .5 %。动力学分析表明 ,lyso_PC处理可以使ATP水解的Vmax从 0 .46 μmolPi·mg-1protein·min-1升高到 0 .87μmolPi·mg-1protein·min-1;使Km 从 0 .88mmol/L升高到 1.15mmol/L。最适pH也从 6 .5变为 7.0。实验还发现lyso_PC可以促进羟胺对ATP水解的抑制作用 ,lyso_PC处理后ATP水解被羟胺 (2 0 0mmol/L)抑制 84.4% ,而未经lyso_PC处理的对照组则仅被抑制 74.4%。然而 ,lyso_PC处理不影响PNPP水解活力和钒酸钠抑制效应。以上结果表明 ,质膜H _ATPase的激酶结构域可能是其C末端自抑制结构域的作用位点或调节区域     

建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测细胞内腺苷酸浓度的方法及其应用

细胞内腺苷酸浓度变化是细胞能量代谢改变的感应器,建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测细胞内腺苷酸浓度的方法有助于监测药物对细胞能量代谢的影响．用含有Na-EDTA的高氯酸溶液超声裂解细胞．采用超高效HSS T3色谱柱 (2.1 mm ×100 mm, 1.8 μm),以8 mmol/L N, N-二甲基己胺(DMHA)水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用正离子模式质谱检测,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行定性定量分析．结果表明,AMP、ADP和ATP分别在(0.1814～14.5164) μmol/L、(0.2342～18.7354) μmol/L和(0.2003～16.0260) μmol/L线性范围内具有良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.9984、0.9964和0.9990．AMP、ADP和ATP的检出限(LOD,S/N>3)分别为1.9291、1.8794 和166.5 nmol/L,定量限(LOQ,S/N>10)为1.9632、1.9672和185.6 nmol/L,且加标回收率为81.8% ～107.8%,相对标准偏差小于7.55%．AMP、ADP和ATP的日内偏差(RSD)分别为6.16%、5.13%和7.66%,日间偏差(RSD)分别为6.36%、2.74%和6.77%．该方法快速、简单、灵敏,能满足细胞内AMP、ADP和ATP含量的检测要求．通过检测分析在不同浓度高良姜挥发油作用下人肺癌A549细胞内AMP、ADP和ATP含量变化,结果显示细胞总的腺苷酸水平和能荷呈浓度依赖性下降,且当浓度达到500 mg/L时ATP/TAN明显下降,而A549细胞中AMP/ATP比例水平呈浓度依赖性增加．这提示高良姜挥发油可通过影响细胞能量代谢抑制细胞增殖．     

盐和干旱胁迫对燕子掌(Crassula agenten Thunb.)叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的影响

专性CAM植物燕子掌离体叶片的盐胁迫处理和失水干旱处理后 ,液泡膜H ATP酶对低浓度(2 0 0、40 0mmol/L)的盐胁迫 (NaCl胁迫 48h)不敏感 ,而当盐浓度达到 6 0 0mmol/L时 ,ATP水解活性和H 转运活性较对照上升 5 5 %～ 6 5 % ,而干旱胁迫 (4 8h ,失水 12 % )使酶活上升约 30 % ,但是上述各种胁迫均不影响ATP水解与H 转运的耦联比率 ,仍旧维持在12。用Westernblot证实在逆境下 ,H ATP酶的 3种主要亚基A、B、c在膜上的蛋白含量均有所增加 ,且以调节亚基 (B)的变化最为显著     

中国林蛙卵核糖核酸酶的分离纯化及其抗肿瘤作用

以中国林蛙卵为原料,采用丙酮分级沉淀、SP-Trisacryl阳离子交换色谱、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤色谱、C8反相色谱等纯化方法,得到一种具有核糖核酸酶活性的蛋白质,采用SDS-PAGE电泳对该蛋白质进行了相对分子质量和纯度测定。结果表明：纯化的中国林蛙卵核糖核酸酶为相对分子质量13kDa的单一成分。该酶最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH为5.5~6.0,米氏常数为4.11μmol/L,最大反应速率为2.82 pmol/s。在体外细胞毒性实验中,对人三种肿瘤细胞HeLa、K562、MCF-7具有抑制作用,其IC50分别为0.6μmol/L、0.8μmol/L和4μmol/L,而对于正常人成纤维细胞在酶浓度达到8μmol/L时仍未见明显细胞毒性。这种从中国林蛙卵中分离纯化出的具有选择性细胞毒性的小分子量核糖核酸酶,为肿瘤的治疗提供了新的候选蛋白分子。     

Conformational change of the loop L5 in rice kinesin motor domain induced by nucleotide binding

Loop L5 of kinesin is located near the ATPase site, in common with kinesins of various animal species. The rice plant-specific kinesin K16 also has a corresponding loop that is slightly shorter than that of mouse brain kinesin. The present study was designed to monitor conformational changes in loop L5 during ATP hydrolysis. For this purpose, we introduced one reactive cysteine into the L5 of rice kinesin and modified it with fluorescent probes. The cysteine in L5 was labeled with a fluorescent probe 2-(4'(iodoacetamide) anilino-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid sodium salt) [IAANS]. IAANS was incorporated into L5 at an almost equimolar ratio in the absence of nucleotides. In contrast, the incorporated amount was reduced to 0.62 and 0.32 mol IAANS/mol motor domain in the presence of ATP and ADP, respectively. Upon nucleotide addition, the fluorescent intensity of IAANS incorporated into L5 was significantly reduced to 63% and 51% for ATP and ADP, respectively. These results suggest that L5 of rice kinesin significantly changes its conformation during ATP hydrolysis.     

Characterization of the microtubule movement produced by sea urchin egg kinesin

We have used an in vitro assay to characterize some of the motile properties of sea urchin egg kinesin. Egg kinesin is purified via 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate-induced binding to taxol-assembled microtubules, extraction from the microtubules in ATP, and gel filtration chromatography (Scholey, J. M., Porter, M. E., Grissom, P. M., and McIntosh, J. R. (1985) Nature 318, 483-486). This partially purified kinesin is then adsorbed to a glass coverslip, mixed with microtubules and ATP, and viewed by video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. The microtubule translocating activity of the purified egg kinesin is qualitatively similar to the analogous activity observed in crude extracts of sea urchin eggs and resembles the activity of neuronal kinesin with respect to both the maximal rate (greater than 0.5 micron/s) and the direction of movement. Axonemes glide on a kinesin-coated coverslip toward their minus ends, and kinesin-coated beads translocate toward the plus ends of centrosome microtubules. Sea urchin egg kinesin is inhibited by high concentrations of SH reagents ([N-ethylmaleimide] greater than 3-5 mM), vanadate greater than 50 microM, and [nonhydrolyzable nucleotides] greater than or equal to [MgATP]. The nucleotide requirement of sea urchin egg kinesin is fairly broad (ATP greater than GTP greater than ITP), and the rate of microtubule movement increases in a saturable fashion with the [ATP]. We conclude that the motile activity of egg kinesin is indistinguishable from that of neuronal kinesin. We propose that egg kinesin may be associated with microtubule-based motility in vivo.     

Probing the structural and energetic basis of kinesin-microtubule binding using computational alanine-scanning mutagenesis

Kinesin-microtubule (MT) binding plays a critical role in facilitating and regulating the motor function of kinesins. To obtain a detailed structural and energetic picture of kinesin-MT binding, we performed large-scale computational alanine-scanning mutagenesis based on long-time molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the kinesin-MT complex in both ADP and ATP states. First, we built three all-atom kinesin-MT models: human conventional kinesin bound to ADP and mouse KIF1A bound to ADP and ATP. Then, we performed 30 ns MD simulations followed by kinesin-MT binding free energy calculations for both the wild type and mutants obtained after substitution of each charged residue of kinesin with alanine. We found that the kinesin-MT binding free energy is dominated by van der Waals interactions and further enhanced by electrostatic interactions. The calculated mutational changes in kinesin-MT binding free energy are in excellent agreement with results of an experimental alanine-scanning study with a root-mean-square error of ~0.32 kcal/mol [Woehlke, G., et al. (1997) Cell 90, 207-216]. We identified a set of important charged residues involved in the tuning of kinesin-MT binding, which are clustered on several secondary structural elements of kinesin (including well-studied loops L7, L8, L11, and L12, helices α4, α5, and α6, and less-explored loop L2). In particular, we found several key residues that make different contributions to kinesin-MT binding in ADP and ATP states. The mutations of these residues are predicted to fine-tune the motility of kinesin by modulating the conformational transition between the ADP state and the ATP state of kinesin.     

Purification and characterization of the reconstitutively active adenine nucleotide carrier from maize mitochondria.

The adenine nucleotide carrier from maize (Zea mays L. cv B 73) shoot mitochondria was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by sequential chromatography on hydroxyapatite and Matrex Gel Blue B in the presence of cardiolipin and asolectin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction showed a single polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kD. When reconstituted in liposomes, the adenine nucleotide carrier catalyzed a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-sensitive ATP/ATP exchange. It was purified 168-fold with a recovery of 60% and a protein yield of 0.25% with respect to the mitochondrial extract. Among the various substrates and inhibitors tested, the reconstituted protein transported only ADP, ATP, GDP, and GTP, and was inhibited by atractyloside, bongkrekate, phenylisothiocianate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and mersalyl (but not N-ethylmaleimide). Maximum initial velocity of the reconstituted ATP/ATP exchange was determined to be 2.2 mumol min-1 mg-1 protein at 25 degrees C. The half-saturation constants and the corresponding inhibition constants were 17 microM for ATP, 26 microM for ADP, 59 microM for GTP, and 125 microM for GDP. The activation energy of the ATP/ATP exchange was 48 kilojoule/mol between 0 and 15 degrees C, and 22 kilojoule/mol between 15 and 35 degrees C. Partial amino acid sequences showed that the purified protein was the product of the ANT-G1 gene sequenced previously (B. Bathgate, A. Baker, C.J. Leaver [1989] Eur J Biochem 183: 303-310).     

Copurification of kinesin polypeptides with microtubule-stimulated Mg-ATPase activity and kinetic analysis of enzymatic properties

Determination of kinetic properties for kinesin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), a proposed motor for transport of membranous organelles, requires adequate amounts of kinesin with a consistent level of enzymatic activity. A purification procedure is detailed that produces approximately 2 mg of kinesin at up to 96% purity from 800 g of bovine brain. This protocol consists of a microtubule affinity step using 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP); followed by gel filtration, ion exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatography; and then sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The microtubule-activated ATPase activity of kinesin coeluted with kinesin polypeptides throughout the purification. Highly purified kinesin had a Vmax of 0.31 mumol/min/mg in the presence of microtubules, with a Km for ATP of 0.20 mM. The kinetic constants obtained in these studies compare favorably with physiological levels of ATP and microtubules. Variations in buffer conditions for the assay were found to affect ATPase activity significantly. A study of the ability of kinesin to utilize a variety of cation-ATP complexes indicated that kinesin is a microtubule-stimulated Mg-ATPase, but kinesin is able to hydrolyze Ca-ATP, Mn-ATP, and Co-ATP as well as Mg-ATP in the presence of microtubules. In the absence of microtubules, Ca-ATP appears to be the best substrate. Studies with several inhibitors of ATPases determined that vanadate inhibited kinesin ATPase at the lowest concentrations of inhibitor, but significant inhibition of the ATPase also occurred with submillimolar concentrations of AMP-PNP. Other inhibitors of kinesin include N-ethylmaleimide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), pyrophosphate, and tripolyphosphate. Further characterization of the kinetic properties of the kinesin ATPase is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms for transport of membranous organelles along microtubules.     

Light chains of sea urchin kinesin identified by immunoadsorption

Previous studies with monoclonal antibodies indicate that sea urchin kinesin contains two heavy chains arranged in parallel such that their N-terminal ends fold into globular mechanochemical heads attached to a thin stalk ending in a bipartite tail [Scholey et al., 1989]. In the present, complementary study, we have used the monoclonal antikinesin, SUK4, to probe the quaternary structure of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) kinesin. Kinesin prepared from sea urchin cytosol sedimented at 9.6 S on sucrose density gradients and consisted of 130-kd heavy chains plus an 84-kd/78 kd doublet (1 mol heavy chain: 1 mol doublet determined by gel densitometry). Low levels of 110-kd and 90-kd polypeptides were sometimes present as well. The 84-kd/78 kd polypeptides are thought to be light chains because they were precipitated from the kinesin preparation at a stoichiometry of one mol doublet per 1 mol heavy chain using SUK4-Sepharose immunoaffinity resins. The 110-kd and 90-kd peptides, by contrast, were removed using this immunoadsorption method. SUK4-Sepharose immunoaffinity chromatography was also used to purify the 130-kd heavy chain and 84-kd/78-kd doublet (1 mol heavy chain: 1 mol doublet) directly from sea urchin egg cytosolic extracts, and from a MAP (microtubule-associated protein) fraction eluted by ATP from microtubules prepared in the presence of AMPPNP but not from microtubules prepared in ATP. The finding that sea urchin kinesin contains equimolar quantities of heavy and light chains, together with the aforementioned data on kinesin morphology, suggests that native sea urchin kinesin is a tetramer assembled from two light chains and two heavy chains.     

Native structure and physical properties of bovine brain kinesin and identification of the ATP-binding subunit polypeptide

Kinesin was extensively purified from bovine brain cytosol by a microtubule-binding step in the presence of 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), followed by gel filtration chromatography and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The products consistently contained 124,000 (124K) and 64,000 (64K) dalton polypeptides. These two polypeptides appear to represent heavy and light chains of kinesin, respectively, because they copurified on sucrose gradients to a constant and equimolar stoichiometry and bound stably to microtubules in the presence of AMP-PNP but not ATP. The mobilities of 124K and 64K in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions were the same as under nonreducing conditions. A diffusion coefficient of (2.24 +/- 0.21) X 10(-7) cm2 s-1 and a sedimentation coefficient of (9.56 +/- 0.34) X 10(-13) s were determined for native kinesin by gel filtration and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, respectively. These values were used to calculate a native molecular weight of about 379,000 and suggest that kinesin has an axial ratio of approximately 20. Extensively purified kinesin exhibited microtubule-activated ATPase activity, and only the 124K subunit incorporated ATP in photoaffinity labeling experiments using [32P]ATP. Collectively, these data favor the interpretation that bovine brain kinesin is a highly elongated, microtubule-activated ATPase comprising two subunits each of 124,000 and 64,000 daltons, that the subunits are not linked to one another by disulfide bonds, and that the heavy chains are the ATP-binding subunits.     

Nucleotide-dependent movements of the kinesin motor domain predicted by simulated annealing.

The structure of an ATP-bound kinesin motor domain is predicted and conformational differences relative to the known ADP-bound form of the protein are identified. The differences should be attributed to force-producing ATP hydrolysis. Candidate ATP-kinesin structures were obtained by simulated annealing, by placement of the ATP gamma-phosphate in the crystal structure of ADP-kinesin, and by interatomic distance constraints. The choice of such constraints was based on mutagenesis experiments, which identified Gly-234 as one of the gamma-phosphate sensing residues, as well as on structural comparison of kinesin with the homologous nonclaret disjunctional (ncd) motor and with G-proteins. The prediction of nucleotide-dependent conformational differences reveals an allosteric coupling between the nucleotide pocket and the microtubule binding site of kinesin. Interactions of ATP with Gly-234 and Ser-202 trigger structural changes in the motor domain, the nucleotide acting as an allosteric modifier of kinesin's microtubule-binding state. We suggest that in the presence of ATP kinesin's putative microtubule binding regions L8, L12, L11, alpha4, alpha5, and alpha6 form a face complementary in shape to the microtubule surface; in the presence of ADP, the microtubule binding face adopts a more convex shape relative to the ATP-bound form, reducing kinesin's affinity to the microtubule.     

Isolation of a 45-kDa fragment from the kinesin heavy chain with enhanced ATPase and microtubule-binding activities

Kinesin is a microtubule-activated, mechanochemical ATPase capable of moving particles along microtubules and making microtubules glide along a solid substrate. In this study we used limited proteolysis to study the structure of bovine brain kinesin, a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120-kDa) and two light (62-kDa) chains. alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, and subtilisin all produced a protease-resistant 45-kDa fragment from the kinesin heavy chain. As isolated by gel-filtration chromatography, this fragment contains both the microtubule-binding site and the ATP catalytic site of the molecule. Proteolytic cleavage stimulated microtubule-dependent Mg2+-ATPase activity 4- to 5-fold up to 75-120 mumol ATP/min/mg. Cleavage also increased the affinity of the fragment for microtubules at least 10-fold. Since the purified fragment does not support the gliding of flagellar axonemes, we propose that cleavage of the heavy chain uncouples ATPase activity from its translocator activity, which may require other parts of the molecule.     

Genetic engineering of a Ca(2+) dependent chemical switch into the linear biomotor kinesin

Kinesin is a linear motor protein driven by energy released by ATP hydrolysis. In the present work, we genetically installed an M13 peptide sequence into Loop 12 of kinesin, which is one of the major microtubule binding regions of the protein. Because the M13 sequence has high affinity for Ca(2+)-calmodulin, the association of the engineered kinesin with microtubules showed a steep Ca(2+)-dependency in ATPase activity at Ca(2+) concentrations of pCa 6.5-8. The calmodulin-binding domain of plant kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein is also known to confer Ca(2+)-calmodulin regulation to kinesins. Unlike this plant kinesin, however, our novel engineered kinesin achieves this regulation while maintaining the interaction between kinesin and microtubules. The engineered kinesin is switched on/off reversibly by an external signal (i.e., Ca(2+)-calmodulin) and, thus, can be used as a model system for a bio/nano-actuator.