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1.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the population structure and phylogenetic relationships among samples of the Salmo trutta complex that inhabit the Balkan Peninsula. Five random oligodecamers were selected to amplify DNA from 140 fish from seven populations. Using these primers, 55 discernible DNA fragments were generated, of which 50 (90.91%) were polymorphic. The statistical results indicated that there was low genetic diversity within populations (with an average percentage of polymorphic bands (P) of 11.69% and a Nei's genetic diversity index (h) of 0.035), but at the same time high genetic differentiation among populations (F(ST) = 0.89). The distribution of genetic diversity among Balkan trout may result from their evolutionary history and reflects genetic drift coupled with bottleneck phenomena. Overall, RAPDs proved valuable tools for quick and reliable stock discrimination and provided information that might be useful regarding conservation and management of trout. 相似文献
2.
RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. L. Wang N. X. Zhao Y. B. Gai F. Lin A. Z. Ren W. B. Ruan L. Chen 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2006,42(5):468-475
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure
of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10-bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands,
were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from
the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei’s diversity index (h), Shannon’s diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson’s correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological
parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by
precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard’s genetic distance showed that the individuals from
the same population formed a single subgroup. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic
differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei’s unbiased genetic distance (G
ST) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel’s test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection
may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation
in northem grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within
and among regions.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
3.
Genetic variability in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was studied in 90 individuals of Caragana microphylla, an outcrossing perennial shrub species, from five natural populations sampled in Inner Mongolia steppe of China on a small
scale. Nineteen selected primers were used to amplify DNA samples, and totally 225 bands were detected. The percentage of
polymorphic bands within populations ranged form 58.22% to 63.56%, with an average of 60% at the population level and 71.11%
at the species level, indicating relatively high genetic variations in C. microphylla species. Shannon’s information index (l) and Nei’s gene diversity (h) showed the similar trend with each other. According to the analysis of Nei’s gene diversity, the percentage of genetic variation
among populations was 7.13%, indicating a low level of genetic differentiation among populations. There existed a strong gene
flow (N
m
= 3.26) among populations. Although AMOVA analysis also revealed most variation was within populations (ΦST = 4.1%), a significant proportion was observed among populations (P < 0.001) in the present study, suggesting genetic differentiation occurred among populations at a certain extent. Based on
Mantel’s tests and the results of previous studies, the genetic structure pattern of C. microphylla accorded with the isolation-by-distance model on a very large scale, however, on a small scale, the significant genetic differentiation
among populations might be enhanced by the micro-environmental divergence among the sampling sites, rather than by geographic
factors. Analysis of the genetic variations of C. microphylla populations provided useful information for the adaptive strategy of Caragana species. 相似文献
4.
One‐hundred and forty‐four random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, of which 59 were polymorphic and 85 monomorphic, were used to assess the genetic diversity and to study the structure of Monilinia laxa populations in Spain. Twenty‐one isolates collected from several orchards (subpopulations), in various years and in various hosts, were used. The analysis of population structure revealed that genetic diversity within orchards (HS) accounted for 97% of the total genetic diversity (HT), while genetic diversity among the orchards represented only 3%. The relative magnitude of gene differentiation between subpopulations (GST) and the estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) averaged 0.032 and 15.1 respectively. The results obtained in dendrograms were in accordance with the gene diversity analysis. Grouping of isolates in the dendrogram was independent of whether they came from the same or different orchards. There was no relationship between clustering among isolates from distinct years and hosts. The relative importance of several evolutionary forces in populations of M. laxa is discussed, together with implications for the management of brown rot. 相似文献
5.
The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Trillium tschonoskii (Maxim) were investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Eight primer combinations were carried out
on 105 different individuals sampled from seven populations. Of the 619 discernible DNA fragments generated, 169 (27.3%) were
polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands within populations ranged from 4.52 to 10.50. Genetic diversity (HE) within populations ranged from 0.0130 to 0.0379, averaging 0.0536 at the species level. Genetic differentiation among populations
was detected based on Nei's genetic diversity analysis (53.03%) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (52.43%). AMOVA
indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations (52.43% of the variance) and within populations (47.57% of
the variance) (p < 0.0002). Gene flow was low (0.4429) among populations. Species breeding system and limited gene flow among
populations are plausible reasons for the high genetic differentiation observed for this species. We propose an appropriate
strategy for conserving the genetic resources of T. tschonoskii in China. 相似文献
6.
Xiao-Li Peng Chang-Ming Zhao Gui-Li Wu Jian-Quan Liu 《Trees - Structure and Function》2007,21(4):457-464
Repeated cycles of retreat and recolonization during the Quaternary ice ages are thought to have greatly influenced current
species distributions and their genetic diversity. It remains unclear how this climatic oscillation has affected the distribution
of genetic diversity between populations of wind-pollinated conifers in the Qinghai-Tibetan region. In this study, we investigated
the within-species genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Picea likiangensis, a dominant forest species in this region using polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Our results suggest that this species has
high overall genetic diversity, with 85.42% of loci being polymorphic and an average expected heterozygosity (H
E) of 0.239. However, there were relatively low levels of polymorphism at population levels and the differences between populations
were not significant, with percentages of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranging from 46.88 to 69.76%, Nei’s gene diversity (H
E) from 0.179 to 0.289 and Shannon’s indices (Hpop) from 0.267 to 0.421. In accordance with our proposed hypothesis, a high level of genetic differentiation among populations
was detected based on Nei’s genetic diversity (G
ST = 0.256) and AMOVA analysis (Phi
st = 0.236). Gene flow between populations was found to be limited (Nm = 1.4532) and far lower than reported for other conifer species with wide distribution ranges from other regions. No clusters
corresponding to three morphological varieties found in the south, north and west, respectively, were detected in either UPGMA
or PCO analyses. Our results suggest that this species may have had different refugia during the glacial stages in the southern
region and that the northern variety may have multiple origins from these different refugia. 相似文献
7.
Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmelin is a declared endangered species found in the lakes and ponds of South Korea. For planning its conservation strategy,
we examined the genetic diversity within and among six populations, using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified
fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Polymorphisms were more frequently detected per loci with AFLP (69.3%) than RAPD (36.8%).
High genetic diversity was recognized within populations: polymorphic loci (PPL) values ranged from 36.3% in the CJM population to 74.5% in the GGT population, with a mean value of 47.8% based on AFLP
markers. Great genetic differentiation (θB) was detected among the six populations (0.670 on RAPD and 0.196 on AFLP), and we calculated a low rate of gene flow (Nem), i.e., 0.116 on RAPD and 0.977 on AFLP. Furthermore, a Mantel test revealed that no correlation existed between genetic
distances and geographical distances among the six local populations, based on RAPD or AFLP markers. These results are attributed
to a number of factors, including an insufficient length of time for genetic diversity to be reduced following a natural decline
in population size and isolation, adaptation of the genetic system to small population conditions, and a restricted gene flow
rate. Based on both its genetic diversity and population structure, we suggest that a strategy for conserving and restoringB. schreberi must focus on maintaining historical processes, such as high levels of outbreeding, while monitoring increased gene flow
among populations. This is because a reduction in genetic diversity as a result of genetic drift is undesirable. 相似文献
8.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to determine the levels and pattern of molecular variation in four populations of Elymus trachycaulus, and to estimate genetic similarity among different populations of E. trachycaulus from British Columbia and the Northwest Territories and one population of Elymus alaskanus from the Northwest Territories. Based on 124 RAPD bands (loci), mean percent polymorphic loci for E. trachycaulus (PP) was 67.4% (a range 41.2% to 86.3%), and mean gene diversity (He) for E. trachycaulus species was 0.23 (range 0.18 to 0.27). The total genetic diversity was 0.32. Differentiation among populations was 31% (FST = 0.31) with most of the genetic variation found within populations (69%). This pattern of genetic variation was different from that reported for inbred species in general.The authors are very grateful to Michael Bond for excellent Laboratory assistance, to Dr. Mary Barkworth for her encouragement. This study was supported by a Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) discovery grant and by a Saint Marys University Internal grant to G.S. 相似文献
9.
Genetic diversity and genetic structure within and among ten populations of Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo and three populations of S. epigaea H. S. Lo from Yunnan province were evaluated by direct amplification of length polymorphism (DALP) markers. Five primer groups
were screened, and a total of 287 DNA fragments were amplified, among which 266 were polymorphic, averaging 53.2 polymorphic
bands per primer group in S. yunnanensis. The percentage of polymorphic bands of S. yunnanensis was 92.68% at the species level and 61.92% within the ten populations sampled. At the species level, the observed number
of alleles (N
a) was 1.9268 and the effective number of alleles (N
e) was 1.5933; Nei’s gene diversity (H) was 0.3414; Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.5057. At the population level, N
a = 1.6192, N
e = 1.4001, H = 0.2298, and I = 0.3401. Total gene diversity of S. yunnanensis was 0.3419. Gene diversity within population was 0.2298, coefficient of gene differentiation was 0.3278, and estimated gene
flow was 1.0254. The results indicated that the genetic differentiation was relatively higher among populations of S. yunnanensis. DALP markers were an informative and useful method for assaying genetic diversity and authenticating species of Stephania. These data could provide basic molecular evidence for establishing a reasonable strategy for protecting and exploiting the
resource of S. yunnanensis. 相似文献
10.
Meng Xiao Qun Li Liang Guo Tong Luo Wen-Xia Duan Wen-Xing He Li Wang Fang Chen 《Biochemical genetics》2006,44(1-2):44-57
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to estimate the genetic diversity of seven wild populations of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying from the Tibetan region of Sichuan Province, China. Six primer combinations generated a total of 428 discernible DNA fragments, of which 111 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 25.93 at the species level, and PPB within population ranged from 4.91 to 12.38%. Genetic diversity (H
E) within populations varied from 0.01 to 0.04, averaging 0.05 at the species level. As revealed by the results of AMOVA analysis, 58.8% of the genetic differentiation occurred between populations, and 41.2% within populations. The genetic differentiation was, perhaps, due to the limited gene flow (N
m=0.43) of the species. The correlation coefficient (r) between genetic and geographical distance using Mantel's test for all populations was 0.698 (P=0.014). The UPGMA cluster analysis revealed a similar result in that the genetic distances among the populations show, to a certain extent, a spatial pattern corresponding to their geographic locations. On the basis of the genetic and ecological information, we propose some appropriate strategies for conserving the endangered S. hexandrum in this region. 相似文献
11.
Bingqing Hao Wang Li Mu Linchun Yao Li Zhang Rui Tang Mingxia Bao Weikai 《Biochemical genetics》2006,44(1-2):29-43
ISSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of eight natural populations of Cupressus chengiana in China. ISSR analysis using 10 primers was carried out on 92 different samples. At the species level, 136 polymorphic loci were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 99%. Genetic diversity (H e) was 0.3120, effective number of alleles (A e) was 1.5236, and Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.4740. At the population level, PPB = 48%, A e=1.2774, H e=0.1631, and I=0.2452. Genetic differentiation (G st) detected by Nei’s genetic diversity analysis suggested 48% occurred among populations. The partitioning of molecular variance by AMOVA analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation within populations (54%) and among populations (46%; P < 0.0003). The average number of individuals exchanged between populations per generation (N
m
) was 0.5436. Samples from the same population clustered in the same population-specific cluster, and two groups of Sichuan and Gansu populations were distinguishable. A significantly positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected (r=0.6701). Human impacts were considered one of the main factors to cause the rarity of C. chengiana, and conservation strategies are suggested based on the genetic characters and field investigation, e.g., protection of wild populations, reestablishment of germplasm bank, and reintroduction of more genetic diversity. 相似文献
12.
Baoying Guo Congxin Xie Shunping He Khalid Abbas Huanling Wang Dongmei Xiong Huijuan Zhang Xin Tong 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2009,85(3):201-206
We determined the genetic diversity of geographic populations from three spawning grounds (Nyang River, Lhasa River, Shetongmon
Reach of Yarlung Zangbo River) of Glyptosternum maculatum with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Five primer combinations detected 332 products, 51 of them (15.4%)
were polymorphic in at least one population. The Shetongmon population was found to be the richest in genetic diversity as
was indicated by the percentage of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity, followed by the Nyang population and the Lhasa population.
The pair-wise genetic distance between populations were all very close, ranging from 0.0015 to 0.0042 with an average of 0.0024.
The genetic distance was not proportional to the geographic distance. The analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that
all variation occurred within populations. The average estimated fixation index (F
st) of three populations across all polymorphic loci was −0.0184, indicating the absence of genetic differences among the three
sampled populations. The differentiation among populations was not significant, and population structure was weak. Our observations
will help identify the genetic relationship among populations as the first approach to understand the genetic diversity of
Glyptosternum maculatum. 相似文献
13.
Castilleja levisecta (Scrophulariaceae), the golden paintbrush, is an insect-pollinated herbaceaous perennial found in the Pacific Northwest. Currently restricted to two island populations off British Columbia and nine populations (eight on islands) in Washington, C. levisecta is a rare species threatened with extinction. Allozymes were used to describe genetic diversity and structure in these eleven populations. Despite its threatened status and small geographic range, exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity are maintained within C. levisecta. All sixteen of the loci resolved were polymorphic within the species (Ps=100%), while the mean percentage of loci polymorphic within populations (Pp) was 65.7%. The mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus (APs) was 2.94 within the species and averaged 2.38 within populations (APp). Genetic diversity (Hes) was 0.285 for the species, whereas mean population genetic diversity (Hep) was 0.213. Smaller populations had, on average, fewer observed alleles and less genetic diversity. A significant negative correlation (r = –0.72) was found between genetic identity and geographic distance, indicating reduced gene flow between distant populations. The most geographically isolated population was one of the larger populations, one of the most genetically diverse and the most genetically divergent. A wide range of pairwise population genetic identities (I = 0.771 – 0.992) was found, indicating considerable genetic divergence between some populations. Overall, 19% of the total genetic diversity was distributed among populations. Results of this survey indicate that genetic augmentation of existing populations is unnecessary. The high allelic diversity found for the species and within its populations holds promise for conservation and restoration efforts to save this rare and threatened plant species. 相似文献
14.
O. Díaz B. Salomon R. von Bothmer 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,99(1-2):210-217
To gain information on the extent and nature of genetic variation in Elymus alaskanus, levels and distribution of genetic variation were assessed within and among 13 populations originating from Iceland, Norway,
Sweden and Russia using allozymes. The results showed that four (30.7%) of the 13 loci were polymorphic within the species,
while the mean percentage of polymorphic loci within the populations was 1.9%. The mean number of alleles per locus for the
species was 1.8 and 1.02 across the populations. Genetic diversity at the species level was low (H
es=0.135), and mean population diversity was notably lower (H
ep=0.005). A high degree of genetic differentiation was observed among populations. The salient points emerging from this study
are: (1) statistically significant differences were found in allele frequencies among populations for every polymorphic locus
(P<0.001), (2) the high mean coefficient of gene differentiation (G
ST) showed that 95% of the total allozyme variation was attributable to differences among populations, and (3) relatively high
genetic distances between the populations were obtained (mean D=0.16). The Norwegian populations had the highest genetic diversity
as compared with the other populations. Geographical comparisons revealed three different groups of populations clearly differentiated,
i.e. Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden), Iceland and Russia. Cluster and principal coordinates analyses revealed the same genetic
patterns of relationships among populations. Generally, this study indicates that E. alaskanus contains low allozymic variation in its populations. The implications of these results for the conservation of the species
are discussed.
Received: 23 October 1998 / Accepted: 19 December 1998 相似文献
15.
Arunrat Chaveerach Alongkod Tanomtong Runglawan Sudmoon Tawatchai Tanee 《Biologia》2006,61(3):295-298
The distribution of Nepenthes mirabilis ranges from Northeast (NE) to South (S) Thailand. Eleven individuals from NE, S and Suen Jatujak market in Bangkok, Central
(C) Thailand, were collected and divided into four populations according to their geographical areas. These four populations
were analyzed to determine a genetic diversity profile using thirteen inter-simple sequence repeat markers. The individuals
produced 75.18% polymorphic banding profiles. The Shannon’s index was used to estimate genetic diversity. Total genetic diversity
(H
T) and inter-population genetic diversity (H
S) were 0.854 and 0.678, respectively. The degree of genetic differentiation (G
ST) of the species populations is 0.206, whereas the gene flow (Nm) among all the various geographical area populations is 1.016. Both the dendrogram and the results of the Shannon’s diversity
index suggest great genetic diversity. These results support the broad range of distribution sites of Nepenthes mirabilis, which would require high genetic diversity to adapt to the environmental variations that can be found between NE, C, and
S Thailand. ANOVA shows that the genetic diversity in each population is not significantly different (P > 0.05). Mantel tests reveal that geographical distance is an important factor for affecting the genetic distances among
populations. 相似文献
16.
Genetic variation and structure of six natural populations of Lepidium draba L. from Eastern Anatolia were assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. For RAPD analysis, 12 primers generated 218 reproducible bands across the six populations analyzed, of which 73 bands (33.3%) were polymorphic. The mean Nei’s gene diversity value for all six populations was 0.1771. Shannon’s information index varied with population (0.2278–0.3082), averaging 0.2608. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic diversity was greater within populations (58.66%) than among populations (30.68%). In addition, the variation between groups was 10.33%. The genetic differentiation among populations (G ST) was 0.3210, indicating that most genetic diversity occurs within populations. Gene flow (Nm) was low, at only 0.5288. 相似文献
17.
MYONG GI CHUNG 《Plant Species Biology》1994,9(3):177-182
Abstract Genetic diversity of Korean populations in Hosta clausa was investigated using starch gel electrophoresis. Hosta clausa is widespread, grows only along streamsides, and has both sexual and asexual reproduction. Populations of the species are small and isolated. Thirty-two percent of the loci examined were polymorphic, and mean genetic diversity within populations (Hep=0.082) was lower than mean estimates for species with very similar life history characteristics (0.131), particularly for its congener H. yingeri (0.250). The mean number of multilocus genotypes per population was 8.7, and genotypic diversity index (DG) was 0.84. Significant differences in allele frequencies among populations were found in all seven polymorphic loci (P < 0.001). About one-fifth of the total allozyme variation was among populations (GST=0.192). Indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=0.48, calculated from mean GST) and nine private alleles found indicate that gene movement among populations was low. The low levels of genetic diversity within populations and the relatively high levels of genetic diversity among populations suggest that strong moist habitat preferences, clonal reproduction, low level of gene flow among populations, genetic drift, and historical events may have played roles in the genetic structuring of the species. 相似文献
18.
Alexandre Lemopoulos Jenni M. Prokkola Silva Uusi‐Heikkil Anti Vasemgi Ari Huusko Pekka Hyvrinen Marja‐Liisa Koljonen Jarmo Koskiniemi Anssi Vainikka 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(4):2106-2120
The conservation and management of endangered species requires information on their genetic diversity, relatedness and population structure. The main genetic markers applied for these questions are microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the latter of which remain the more resource demanding approach in most cases. Here, we compare the performance of two approaches, SNPs obtained by restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and 16 DNA microsatellite loci, for estimating genetic diversity, relatedness and genetic differentiation of three, small, geographically close wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations and a regionally used hatchery strain. The genetic differentiation, quantified as FST, was similar when measured using 16 microsatellites and 4,876 SNPs. Based on both marker types, each brown trout population represented a distinct gene pool with a low level of interbreeding. Analysis of SNPs identified half‐ and full‐siblings with a higher probability than the analysis based on microsatellites, and SNPs outperformed microsatellites in estimating individual‐level multilocus heterozygosity. Overall, the results indicated that moderately polymorphic microsatellites and SNPs from RADseq agreed on estimates of population genetic structure in moderately diverged, small populations, but RADseq outperformed microsatellites for applications that required individual‐level genotype information, such as quantifying relatedness and individual‐level heterozygosity. The results can be applied to other small populations with low or moderate levels of genetic diversity. 相似文献
19.
The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors
were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and
122 repetitive loci were produced. The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with
an average of 21.86%, indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H. miconioides. The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity (0.1329) and Nei index (0.0925) within populations were relatively low.
A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations of H. miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribution. The average genetic diversity within populations of H. miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as
estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity, The genetic differentiation among populations of H. miconioides was 0.6546, as estimated by Nei index. The gene flow estimated from G
ST was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H. miconioides was relatively low. The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H. miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H. miconioides was 0.3412. The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990 m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest.
The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low. The correlation
analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen.
__________
Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (science Edition) 2005, 32 (4)[译81EA;: 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2005,32(4)] 相似文献
20.
Mee-Sook Kim Bryce A. Richardson Geral I. McDonald Ned B. Klopfenstein 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2011,7(1):11-21
Western white pine (Pinus monticola) is an economically and ecologically important species in western North America that has declined in prominence over the
past several decades, mainly due to the introduction of Cronartium ribicola (cause of white pine blister rust) and reduced opportunities for regeneration. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and structure among populations at 15 sites (e.g., provenances) across the
native range of western white pine. The level of genetic diversity was different among 15 populations tested using 66 polymorphic
AFLP loci. Nei’s gene diversity (H
E) at the population level ranged from 0.187 to 0.316. Genetic differentiation (G
ST) indicated that 20.1% of detected genetic variation was explained by differences among populations. In general, populations
below 45oN latitude exhibited a higher level of genetic diversity than higher latitude populations. Genetic distance analysis revealed
two major clades between northern and southern populations, but other well-supported relationships are also apparent within
each of the two clades. The complex relationships among populations are likely derived from multiple factors including migration,
adaptation, and multiple glacial refugia, especially in higher latitudes. Genetic diversity and structure revealed by this
study will aid recognition and selection of western white pine populations for species management and conservation programs,
especially in consideration of current and future climate changes. 相似文献