秋茄红树植物落叶分解的碎屑能量研究

测定了红树植物秋茄（Ｋａｎｄｅｌｉａ ｃａｎｄｅｌ （Ｌ．） Ｄｒｕｃｅ）落叶在不同季节分解过程中碎屑的热值和富能有机化合物的变化。结果表明,季节间落叶的热值差别不大,平均为１９．６３ ｋＪ／ｇ干重或２１．５５ ｋＪ／ｇ 去灰分干重。各季节的落叶在其分解后的碎屑的热值均明显提高,且夏秋季快于冬春季,但它们与分解程度有相应的相关关系：分解初期上升,后期稍降,最大值出现在半分解期（失重５０％ ）附近。碎屑的最大热值平均比落叶的热值提高１７．６７％ （干重热值）或１４．３５％ （失灰分干重热值）。分解中总能量的耗散稍慢于干物质的损失。随分解的进行,碎屑中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维的能量增大,而无氮浸出物的能量减少。     

Studies on Available Caloric Content of Detritus During the Decomposition of Mangrove Kandelia candel Leaf Litter

The absolute and relative contents of hydrolysis available calories (HAC), tanninfree HAC (TFHAC) and chemical available calories (CAC) of the detritus during the seasonal decomposition of mangrove (Kandelia candel (L.) Druce) leaf litter in Fujian, China was determined. Defined arbitrarily as the portion of total caloric content in detritus hydrolized with 1 mol/L HC1 for 6 h at 20 ℃, HAC is presumed to be a rough index of potential energy readily utilized by marine detritivores. TFHAC is the remaining calories of HAC devoid of tannin-attributed calories and CAC is defined as the total caloric content derived from raw protein, raw fat and soluble sugar. The results showed that in leaf litter, the seasonal mean caloric contents were 4.06 kJ/g DW or 20.85% of the total caloric content for HAC and 3.23 kJ/g DW or 16.68% of the total caloric content for TFHAC, which decreased to 1.75 kJ/g DW or 9.25% for HAC, and 1. 64 kJ/g DW or 8.20% for TFHAC in the detritus at half-life of decomposition. The difference in contents between HAC and TFHAC diminished as decomposition was progressed. The contents of CAC generally increased during decomposition, always higher than those of HAC and TFHAC, suggesting that some protein and fat in detritus are nonavailable to detritivores since they are hydrolyzed by week acid. The value of detritus HAC per unit ash-free dry weight (AFDW), as determined at the time when the detritus lost 23% of its initial weight, ranged from 16. 16 to 17.41 kJ/g AFDW and increased rapidly to a maximum of 24.00 kJ/g AFDW at 49% dry weight loss of detritus during decomposition. The detritus derived from mangrove fallen leaves had a low available caloric content and an moderate caloric value of HAC as compared with detritus of other marine plants. Finally, the relationship between HAC, TFHAC and CAC was discussed and some points of attention relevant to the application of those indices were given in relation     

盐度对秋茄凋落叶分解过程中物质与能量动态的影响

在室内人工模拟潮汐, 研究了4种盐度(0、10‰、25‰和35‰, 分别代表淡水、低盐、中盐和高盐)下秋茄(Kandelia candel)凋落叶分解过程中物质与能量动态的差异。结果表明, 高盐处理下的失重率和平均分解速率显著低于淡水和低盐处理, 而高盐下的半分解理论值则高于其他处理; 盐度对分解过程中的残叶氮磷变化动态有显著影响, 其中, 残叶氮的释放速率在实验后期会随着盐度的升高而上升, 高盐度下残叶总氮含量显著低于低盐或淡水处理; 而在分解第1周, 淡水或低盐处理能加速磷的释放, 但中高盐度残叶中总磷含量最终会低于淡水和低盐处理; 盐度同样能对残叶热值产生显著影响, 淡水和低盐处理下的碎屑热值要显著高于高盐处理下的残叶热值, 但不同盐度下分解的能量损失差异不显著。     

Carbon, nitrogen and caloric content of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma

Measurements of dry weight (wt), carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and calories were made on walleye pollock eggs (0.24 mg, 35.3% C, 8.3% N, and 4.6 kcal g⁻¹ dry wt), larvae (0.16 g, 42.9% C, 11.1% N and 5.1 kcal g⁻¹ dry wt) and juveniles (22.4 g, 47.2% C, 9.0% N and 5.6 kcal g⁻¹ dry wt). For juvenile fish (9–360 g wet wt) the measured values were related to dry weight and Fulton's condition factor index (CFI) by regression models. The CFI was a better predictor of body composition than dry weight. As CFI improved from a minimum starvation level of 0.42 to a maximum of 1.16, body caloric content, percentage C, and the C/N ratio increased (kcal g⁻¹ dry wt = 4.4 CFI + 1.7, percentage carbon = 49.7 CFI^0.5, C/N ratio = 5.0 CFI + 0.9), while percentage N and percentage ash decreased (percentage N =−3.5 CFI + 12.1; percentage ash = 9.1 CFI^−1.4). The results of this study suggest that seasonal C, N and caloric content of young pollock can be estimated from measurements of Fulton's condition factor index.     

豫西刺槐能源林的热值动态

对豫西丘陵区5个无性系刺槐苗期的不同器官的干重热值、去灰分热值和灰分含量及生长量和生物量进行了测定。结果表明:5个无性系刺槐苗期的生长节律不同和各器官的积累速度不同,最后一季干物质量排序为3-I＞83002＞84023＞8044＞8048;5个无性系刺槐苗期的各器官中干重热值和去灰分热值的排序存在差异,8044的叶和枝的干重热值和去灰分热值平均最大,分别为19.31、21.18 kJ/g和18.00、19.39 kJ/g,8048干的干重热值和83002干的去灰分热值平均最大,分别为18.72、19.12 kJ/g,83002皮的干重热值和去灰分热值平均最大,分别为17.77、19.29 kJ/g。整体上标准木单位质量的干重热值表现为先升后降,83002、3-I、84023的生长潜能大,单位面积上的热值表现为无性系83002、3-I、84023最大。     

Seasonal changes in flesh weight and biochemical composition of mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Conwy Estuary,North Wales

Sublittoral Mytilus edulis L. from natural mussel beds of the Conwy Estuary fishery exhibited an annual cycle of dry flesh weight, biochemical composition, and caloric value during 1971–1974.Mean percentage values of the main components of dry flesh, with seasonal extremes in parentheses, were: protein 58.7 (46.4–73.1), carbohydrates 22.5 (4.1–36.7), lipids 7.0 (3.9–9.6), and ash 11.8 (8.8–17.2). The mean caloric values of dry flesh were 5.57 kcal/g ash-free and 4.92 kcal/g ashinclusive.Individual dry flesh weight was highest in summer and autumn, when protein and carbohydrate were maximal, and decreased through the winter to a post-spawning minimum in spring. Weight loss in winter resulted from rapid utilization of carbohydrate (glycogen) reserves and a depletion of both protein and lipid content. It is considered likely that mussels were then stressed by food shortage at the time when metabolic demands, due to gametogenesis, were highest.During the six main fishing months, October to March, the average weight of dry flesh fell by 30–50 % and caloric content by 35–45 %. The likelihood of similar losses in cultivated mussel stocks is indicated and the need for comparable information in fishery management is emphasized. The extent to which predators compensate for these seasonal changes in prey quality also requires examination.     

不同水稻品种产量形成过程的能量积累与热值特征

通过测定晚季稻汕优63 (三系杂交稻)、两优2186（两系杂交稻）和IR64（常规稻）生长过程中的干物质和热值,研究了不同水稻品种生长过程中的热值动态和能量固定特征.结果表明,完熟期汕优63、两优2186和IR64 3种水稻的干物质积累量分别为1926.38、1933.80和1842.30 g·m^-2,能量积累量分别为31137.05、31060.63和30454.89 kJ·m^-2,不同水稻品种的干物质及能量积累量间无显著差异.在灌浆过程中,汕优63、两优2186和IR64总的能量表观转化率分别为38.95%、 28.38%和32.66%,汕优63和IR64的能量流动比两优2186顺畅,两优2186茎器官能量输出受阻.完熟期3种水稻分配到籽粒中的能量依次占53.03%、46.43%和50.11%,三系杂交稻汕优63具有能量分配优势.热值分析表明,3种水稻各生育期间的热值平均值间无显著差异;不同器官热值大小依次为：叶＞籽粒＞鞘＞茎＞根,热值范围为：叶16.81～17.25 kJ·g^-1,籽粒15.89～16.54 kJ·g^-1,鞘14.33～15.49 kJ·g^-1,茎14.23～15.15 kJ·g^-1,根11.51～13.25 kJ·g^-1,叶片的热值显著高于其它器官,而根的热值显著低于其它器官.水稻叶片热值与其碳含量、叶绿素a含量、氮含量存在显著正相关,确定系数R²分别为0.609、0.471和0.485.     

Seasonal changes in organic composition and caloric content of an Arctic marine amphipod, Onisimus (= Boeckosimus) affinis H.J. Hansen

Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, chitin, ash, and caloric energy contents of the Arctic marine benthic amphipod Onisimus (= Boeckosimus) affinis H.J. Hansen were determined at intervals over two and one half years. The lipid content exhibited the most pronounced seasonal change, from a minimum of about 14–17% of dry wt to a maximum of 25–27% of dry wt. An increase in lipid content in the spring coincided with the reproductive period of the species. Lipid and caloric content decreased during the summer to levels that were maintained through the winter, indicating that the animals do not store significant nutritional reserves for use during the winter. The dry weight proportions of other components were: protein 27.7–38.3%; carbohydrate 1.8–4.0%; chitin 7.8–8.2%; ash 21.3–27.2%. Caloric content varied between 3.29 and 4.18 cal/mg dry wt.     

The efficiency of growth during body weight recovery in young adult female rats

1. Six young adult female rats were subjected to 40% body weight loss in 84 days by food restriction followed by recovery of body weight in 36.2 +/- 4.28 days by ad libitum food intake. The regimen was then repeated, with 40% body weight loss in 105 days followed by recovery of body weight in 22.8 +/- 2.00 days. 2. Food intakes were measured continuously. 3. These rats used digestible energy more efficiently during the second recovery (49.1 +/- 3.11 v. 77.3 +/- 7.91 kJ digestible energy intake per g body wt gain). 4. Seven rats were subjected to one body weight loss and recovery. Five of them had an efficiency of 44.1 +/- 3.34 kJ/g live wt gain which was not significantly different from that of the first group during their second recovery; they may not have been capable of improvement after a second deprivation. 5. It is concluded that some rats can adapt after a period of severe body weight loss and recovery to utilize food more efficiently during body weight recovery after a second episode.     

黑石顶自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势植物地上部分的热值

对黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带低山常绿阔叶林地上部分各层次一些优势种和常见种的干重热值和去灰分热值的测定表明：植物的干重热值受灰分含量影响较大,植物去灰分热值随种类、器官而异,乔木层8种植物地上部分各器官平均去灰分热值在19．261-20．672kJg-1之间,各植物种的平均去灰分热值变化顺序如下：光叶红豆＞显脉新木姜＞福建青冈＞短花序楠＞生虫树＞小叶胭脂＞硬叶稠＞粘木。乔木层各器官的平均去灰分热值是：叶21．417kJg-1,幼枝19．929kJg-1,干树皮19．961kJg-1,干材18．664kJg-1。地上部分各层次相同器官平均去灰分热值有下列变化趋势：乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层,这一关系在植物叶的去灰分热值中表现尤为明显．     

Changes in biochemical composition and energy utilization during metamorphosis of leptocephalous larvae of the bonefish (Albula)

Synopsis Energy use and changes in whole-body content of lipid, protein, nitrogen, carbohydrate and ash were followed during metamorphosis of leptocephalous larvae of the bonefish (Albula). During metamorphosis, which requires about 8–12 days, larvae lost about 3–4 mg of lipid, or about 50% of the total lipid content. Lipid levels, calculated on a dry weight basis, showed no discernible trends, with values ranging from 138–185 mg (g dry wt)^–1. Protein content was 8.4 mg per larva and showed no significant change. However, protein levels increased from 147 to 329 mg (g dry wt)^–1. Nitrogen content decreased slightly from about 3.5 to 3.2 mg per larva. A comparison of protein and nitrogen values, expressed as % dry weight, showed that, in larvae which were just beginning to metamorphose, 70% of the total nitrogen was non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The NPN decreased to 58% of the total nitrogen towards the end of metamorphosis. Carbohydrate content fell from about 3.5 to 0.6 mg per larva, which represents an 83% loss. Carbohydrate levels also fell from about 81 to 32 mg (g dry wt)^–1. In addition, most of the carbohydrate appears to be bound to protein. Ash content decreased by 52%, from 4.6 to 2.2 mg per larva. Caloric content fell slightly from about 182 to 141 calories per larva whereas caloric density showed no discernible trends, with values ranging from 4.180 to 4.725 kcal (g dry wt)^–1. These results indicate that metamorphosing leptocephali, which apparently do not feed, probably derive most of their energy requirements from metabolizing endogenous lipid and carbohydrate stores formed during the premetamorphic interval.     

高寒草甸地区常见植物热值的初步研究

本文研究了高寒草甸地区29种植物热值和矮嵩草等4种优势植物不同物候期的热值。结果表明,高寒草甸地区植物热值较高和热值随物候期而变化。进而分析了影响植物热值的原因。     

五种丛生状棕榈植物叶热值的月变化研究

对5种丛生状棕榈植物一欧洲棕、细叶棕竹、小箬棕、玲珑椰子、缨络椰子的叶片热值和灰分含量的月变化进行了研究,结果表明,5种植物具有较高的灰分含量,但灰分含量的月变化趋势各不相同;欧洲棕、细叶棕竹、小箬棕3种植物干重热值的月变化趋势有些差异,同属的缨络椰子、玲珑椰子干重热值的月变化趋势基本相似;缨络椰子、小箬棕的干重热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性相关(P<0．05),而其余3种植物的干重热值与灰分含量相关性不显著(P>0．05);从去灰分热值的月变化来看,细叶棕竹与小箬棕,缨络椰子与玲珑椰子的月变化趋势相似。     

Litterfall,litter decomposition,and flux of particulate organic material in a coastal plain stream

Import of allochthonous material in terms of litterfall in a 3rd order stream in Mississippi coastal plain was 386g dry wt/m²/yr. Litter materials consisting of deciduous leaves, pine needles, and woody twigs collected during different seasons showed some differences in ash-free dry weight, caloric, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. In situ decomposition to particulate form of deciduous and pine litter enclosed in nylon litter bags showed 15% and 65%, respectively, of the litter remaining after 334 days. Downstream net transport of suspended particulate organic material in the river averaged 688,290 kg dry wt/yr with a range of 456,061 to 920,518 kg dry wt/yr. There was a tendency for the particulate organic matter load of the water to increase during ebbtide and to decrease during floodtide.Supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Grant No. NGL-25-001-40) and by the National Science Foundation Biological Oceanography Section (NSF Grant No. GA-35715).     

Study on Energy of Castanopsis eyrei Community in Wuyi Mountains

Based on the measurement of biomass and productivity, the caloric value of plant samples, the standing crop of energy, net energy production and energy conversing efficiency of Castanopsis eyrei community were determined. There were some differences in caloric values among the fractions of C. eyrei community being highest in that of bark and lowest in that of the microroots. The standing crop of energy in C. eyrei community was 780584.1 kJ ·m-2, in which the standing crop of energy accumulated in the aboveground biomass was 678913.8 kJ · m-2, accounting 86. 98% of the total; that of underground was 101670.3 kJ · m-2, i. e. 13.02%. Net energy production was 26856.2 kJ · m-2 · a-1 for this community in 1992. To the photosynthetic active radiation on the stand, the energy conversing efficiency was 1. 296%.     

Snail numbers,biomass and respiratory metabolism in a beech woodland — Wytham Woods,Oxford

Summary Two methods of extraction were used in the estimation of snail population densities in woodland litter. The time-consuming-Vágvölgyi technique proved to be 6.25 times more efficient than infra-red heat extraction but it was shown that the results obtained by the latter method could be easily corrected to conform with those of the former.Snail density varied with season (Winter, 1,000–1,250 m^-2, Summer, 50–600 m^-2), the annual mean density being 645 m^-2. The annual mean ash-free dry weight biomass was 176 mg m^-2 while annual population metabolism equalled 0.8941 O₂ (=17.84 kJ m^-2 yr^-1).Two independent estimates of the energy equivalent of food consumption gave rise to values of 25.37 and 57.98 kJ m^-2 yr^-1, these respectively account for 0.54 and 1.23% of the known ground litter disappearance of 4,716.58 kJ (=235 g dry wt. m^-2 yr^-1).     

Reproductive effort and efficiency in the female common goby, Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer) (Teleostei: Gobioidei)

Reproductive effort and efficiency are terms which together help to describe the reproductive investment of spawning fish. In this paper they are applied to a small and abundant inshore fish, the common goby, Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer), based on data collected from the wild, and by modelling likely breeding patterns. Wet calorimetry was used to determine the energy content offish tissue, and this allowed reproductive effort to be expressed as both an energy and a weight ratio of gonad to somatic body. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) calculated as an energy ratio was greater than that calculated as a dry "weight ratio". For ripe females the GSI (dry weight) at the onset of breeding was 67.5%. Theoretical and observed values of the maximum number of egg batches laid by a single female during a 16-week breeding season are 9-10, and this corresponds to a total caloric investment of almost 12 kJ. Estimates of the reproductive efficiency, using the dietary energy content during the breeding season, range from 28.2% to a maximum of 44.0%. These values are among the highest calculated for a fish species, and are in keeping with the long and intensive breeding strategy observed in the wild population.     

深圳福田无瓣海桑-海桑林能量的研究

在研究生物量、生产力的基础上,对深圳福田无瓣海桑-海桑林中2种红树植物海桑和无瓣海桑各组分的干重热值、林分能量现存量、年能量净固定量进行了研究．结果表明,各组分样品干重热值有一定的差异,树叶干重热值最高,纫根干重热值最低;海桑各组分样品干重热值比无瓣海桑相应组分稍高．林分能量现存量(1999年10月)为84774．72kJ·m^2,其中无瓣海桑种群能量现存量为54693．26kJ·m^-2,占林分总的64．54％,海桑种群能量现存量为30051．46kJ·m^-2,占林分总量的35．46％．林分凋落物的能量归还量(1999年)为24549．54kJ·m^-2·年^-1,其中无瓣海桑种群的能量归还量为17223．99kJ·m^-2·年^-1,占总林分的70．16％,海桑种群的能量归还量为7325．55kJ·m^-2·年^-1,占总林分的29．84％．林分能量净固定量为50391．4kJ·m^-2·年^-1,其中无瓣海桑种群和海桑种群的能量净固定量为分别为31778kJ·m^-2·年^-1和18613．4kJ·m^-2·年^-1．     

Some aspects of decomposition of leaf litter of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea from the gulf of Aqaba (Jordan)

Decomposition of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers. followed in situ over 340 days showed that the plant lost 40.8% of its initial weight during the first 85 days and only 21.2% over the remaining 255 days of the incubation period. The observed overall rate of decay of 0.18% day^?1 indicates the high resistance of Halophila tissue to decomposition.An exponential model showing a regularly decreasing decay coefficient was fitted to the data of weight loss. The correlation between observed and calculated weight remaining was highly significant (r = 0.9881, P < 0.0001).The samples of decomposing leaf litter harboured 2.2 × 10¹¹ bacteria g^?1 dry wt. on average and consumed 0.25?1.07 mg O₂^?1 dry wt. h^?1. The early colonizing bacteria of the detritus were mostly non-sporogenous forms. The most prominent genera involved in decomposition were Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas, all of which are capable of degrading structural carbohydrates.