番茄种子发芽及渗控处理过程中的水分关系

干燥番茄（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｏｎ ｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍ Ｍｉｌｌ． ｃｖ． Ｍｏｎｅｙｍ ａｋｅｒ）种子浸种吸水有明显的３ 个阶段,尽管种子不同部分吸水的速度不一样,但整粒种子需１０～１２ ｈ 才能基本完成第一阶段的吸水。胚乳对种胚伸长和生长的机械压力明显阻碍种胚的吸水,即使在第二阶段整个种子水势与浸种溶液基本达到水分平衡时,种胚的水势仍然低于整个种子水势０．６～０．９ ＭＰａ。发芽过程中ＧＡ 和ＡＢＡ不直接影响番茄种子吸水。番茄种胚水势与含水量的关系呈幂指数的正相关。无论在浸种还是渗控处理过程中,番茄种胚压力势的总变化趋势是下降的     

赤霉素与脱落酸对番茄种子萌发中细胞周期的调控

利用细胞流检仪检测番茄（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｏｎ ｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍ Ｍｉｌｌ．） ＧＡ－缺陷型、ＡＢＡ－缺陷型和相应的正常品种（野生型）成熟种子胚根尖细胞倍性水平时发现：ＧＡ－缺陷型和野生型种子绝大多数细胞ＤＮＡ 水平为２Ｃ,而ＡＢＡ－缺陷型种子则含有较多的４Ｃ细胞。在标准发芽条件下,ＡＢＡ－缺陷型和野生型种子浸种１ ｄ 后胚根尖细胞ＤＮＡ 开始复制,随后胚根突破种皮而发芽。然而ＧＡ－缺陷型种子除非加入外源ＧＡ,否则既不发生细胞ＤＮＡ 复制,也不发芽。这说明内源ＧＡ 是启动番茄种子胚根尖细胞ＤＮＡ 复制的关键因素,同时也说明番茄根尖细胞ＤＮＡ 复制是种子发芽的必要条件。实验证明：ＡＢＡ 不抑制细胞ＤＮＡ 合成,但阻止Ｇ２ 细胞进入到Ｍ 期。外源ＡＢＡ处理野生型种子与渗控处理结果相似,可以大幅度提高胚根尖４Ｃ／２Ｃ细胞的比例,但抑制种子的最终发芽     

内源脱落酸和赤霉素对番茄发育果实和种子水分关系的影响

利用热偶湿度计（ｔｈｅｒｍｏｃｏｕｐｌｅｐｓｙｃｈｒｏｍｅｔｅｒ）研究了野生型、ＧＡ－缺陷型和ＡＢＡ－缺陷型番茄发育过程中果实种子的水分关系,发现除ＡＢＡ－缺陷型种子胶囊和果肉水势变化特殊外,３种类型果实水分状况变化基本一致;在整个发育时期内．前期种子胶囊和果肉水分流向种子,中期种子水分流向种子胶囊和果肉,后期种子和果实间的水势达到平衡。鉴于种胚脱水是一种主动过程,种胚水势一直低于整个种子、种子胶囊和果肉。内源赤霉素可明显增加果实和种子的重量,但对增加种胚溶质的作用不大。由于内源脱落酸可以促使果实成熟和衰老,促进果实细胞解体,大大降低种子胶囊和果肉水势,因而抑制成熟种子在果实内萌发。     

种子胎萌机制研究进展

种子胎萌是内在的遗传基础和外部环境共同作用的结果,受许多基因的调控和植物激素的影响。近些年来,随着分子生物学的快速发展,种子胎萌研究已经深入到分子水平。分子生物学技术的运用,特别是基因的克隆与表达、植物激素的生物合成与信号转导和分子遗传学等手段已成为研究种子胎萌的新工具和新方向。现从种皮色泽基因R、矮杆基因Rht3以及Viviparous(Vp)基因家族等方面就种子胎萌相关基因与胎萌关系进行了综述;并对植物激素脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA)的生物合成或信号转导在种子胎萌的调控中的作用等方面进行综述。     

生长素调控种子的休眠与萌发

植物种子的休眠与萌发,是植物生长发育过程中的关键阶段,也是生命科学领域的研究热点。种子从休眠向萌发的转换是极为复杂的生物学过程,由外界环境因子、体内激素含量及信号传导和若干关键基因协同调控。大量研究表明,植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)和赤霉素(Gibberellin acid, GA)是调控种子休眠水平,决定种子从休眠转向萌发的主要内源因子。ABA与GA在含量和信号传导两个层次上的精确平衡,确保了植物种子能以休眠状态在逆境中存活,并在适宜的时间启动萌发程序。生长素(Auxin)是经典植物激素之一,其对向性生长和组织分化等生物学过程的调控已有大量研究。但最近有研究证实,生长素对种子休眠有正向调控作用,这表明生长素是继ABA之后的第二个促进种子休眠的植物激素。本文在回顾生长素的发现历程、阐释生长素体内合成途径及信号传导通路的基础上,重点综述了生长素通过与ABA的协同作用调控种子休眠的分子机制,并对未来的研究热点进行了讨论和展望。     

套袋对红肉脐橙果肉中色素、糖及内源激素的影响

以红肉脐橙为试材,研究幼果期套袋至果实着色前拆袋对果肉中色素、糖及内源激素的影响.结果表明, 套袋显著或极显著地提高了成熟果实的番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素含量;套袋处理与对照果实的GA和ABA含量变化趋势一致,表现为GA含量在果实膨大期迅速下降,着色期至果实成熟期保持在较低水平,ABA含量在拆袋时达到最高峰,然后迅速下降,于果实成熟前又出现一小高峰;套袋极显著降低了脐橙果肉的葡萄糖含量,显著降低了果糖含量,提高了蔗糖含量,但总糖含量与对照无显著差异.     

低温层积与外源GA3对肉苁蓉种子萌发及其内源GA和ABA含量的影响

研究低温层积对肉苁蓉种子胚率、内源赤霉素（GA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量以及外源赤霉素（GA3）对低温层积不同时间种子萌发率影响的结果表明：低温层积可以提高种子的胚率及其GA的含量,降低其ABA含量;层积120～150d的肉苁蓉种子经外源GA3处理后,其萌发率可以达到70%以上;层积120d是外源GA3促进种子萌发的临界点。     

经低温贮藏的兰州百合种球种植后的鳞茎生长过程中GA3和ABA含量变化

6℃下贮藏67和101d的兰州百合种球种植后,于花蕾伸出顶端2-3cm时将其摘除,以后定期取样,检测鳞茎膨大成熟过程中GA3和ABA含量的结果表明：6℃下处理101d的母鳞茎中GA3含量先上升后下降,而处理67d的则相反;新鳞茎中GA3含量呈升高趋势,处理101d的含量高于处理67d的。母鳞茎中ABA含量先下降后上升,处理67d的高于处理101d的,新鳞茎中则相反。母鳞茎中GA3／ABA比值先升高后下降,处理101d的高于处理67d的;新鳞茎中则显著下降。据此认为,在百合鳞茎膨大成熟过程中,GA3和ABA之间的含量和作用并不全是互为消长的关系。     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮色素含量的影响

测定红肉脐橙果实发育期间和果实转色期间施用外源ABA和GA3的果皮中叶绿素和总类胡萝卜素含量变化的结果表明:红肉脐橙果皮中叶绿素总量于9月20日出现最大值,为0.1469 mg·g-1(FW);类胡萝卜素总量于12月21日达到最大值,为0.0321 mg·g-1(FW);转色期用外源ABA处理后果皮叶绿素降解加速,而类胡萝卜素积累受抑;转色期施用GA3并不能延缓果皮叶绿素的降解,但能抑制类胡萝卜素的积累,因而阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成.     

外源脱落酸和赤霉素对红肉脐橙果肉糖含量的影响

在红肉脐橙幼果期和着色前分2次喷施不同浓度的外源ABA和GA3,研究其对红肉脐橙果肉糖含量的影响.结果表明:10mg.L-1ABA处理显著或极显著提高了果实成熟时的葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量,50mg.L-1ABA处理极显著提高了果实蔗糖含量,而100mg.L-1ABA处理极显著降低了果实葡萄糖含量;中低浓度的GA3(10、50和250mg.L-1)极显著提高了果实蔗糖含量,10mg.L-1GA3处理对果实葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响,但极显著提高了果实总糖含量,50、250和500mg.L-1GA3处理极显著降低了果实葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量.表明着色前较低浓度的外源ABA处理(10和50mg.L-1)可提高果实中一种或几种糖的含量,而较高浓度的GA3处理(250和500mg.L-1)则严重阻碍了果肉中糖的积累.     

Antagonism between abscisic acid and gibberellins is partially mediated by ascorbic acid during seed germination in rice

The antagonism between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) plays a key role in controlling seed germination,^1,2 but the mechanism of antagonism during this process is not known. In the associated study,³ we investigated the relationship among ABA, reactive oxygen species (ROS), ascorbic acid (ASC) and GA during rice seed germination. ROS production is reduced by ABA, which hence results in decreasing ASC accumulation during imbibition. GA accumulation was also suppressed by a reduced ROS and ASC level, whereas application of exogenous ASC can partially rescue seed germination from ABA treatment. Further results show that production of ASC, which acts as a substrate in GA biosynthesis, was significantly inhibited by lycorine which thus suppressed the accumulation of GA. Consequently, expression of GA biosynthesis genes was suppressed by the low levels of ROS and ASC in ABA-treated seeds. These studies reveal a new role for ASC in mediating the antagonism between ABA and GA during seed germination in rice.     

Abscisic acid accumulation in the roots of nutrient-limited plants: its impact on the differential growth of roots and shoots

We describe the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in the control of differential growth of roots and shoots of nutrient limited durum wheat plants. A ten-fold dilution of the optimal concentration of nutrient solution inhibited shoot growth, while root growth remained unchanged, resulting in a decreased shoot/root ratio. Addition of fluridone (inhibitor of ABA synthesis) prevented growth allocation in favour of the roots. This suggests the involvement of ABA in the redirecting of growth in favour of roots under limited nutrient supply. The ABA content was greater in shoots and growing apical root parts of starved plants than in nutrient sufficient plants. Accumulation of ABA in shoots of nutrient deficient plants was linked to a decrease in leaf turgor. Increased flow of ABA in the phloem apparently contributed to the accumulation of ABA in the apical part of the roots. Thus, partitioning of growth between roots and shoots of wheat plants limited in mineral nutrients appears to be modulated by accumulation of ABA in roots. This ABA may originate in the shoots, where its synthesis is stimulated by the loss of leaf turgor.     

The growth physics and water relations of red-light-induced germination in lettuce seeds

Using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Grand Rapids) embryos in osmotica, we have demonstrated that when the growth rates of the embryonic axes of seeds treated with red (R) or far-red (FR) light are equalized, the axes of R-treated seeds develop a 3.4-bar decrease in water potential (paper No. III).As axial growth begins, reserve protein and phytin decrease rapidly, concomitant with increases in reducing sugars, -amino nitrogen, and inorganic and esterified soluble phosphates. However, no differences between the axes of R-and FR-treated seeds are found with respect to the changes in these compounds, indicating that these changes arise as a result of growth and are not under immediate phytochrome control. Little change in the total lipid content is found in either treatment. The axes of FR-treated seeds hydrolyze endogenous sucrose at a greater rate thant those of R-treated seeds. Axes of R-treated seeds accumulate K⁺ and Na⁺ to a greater extent than those of FR-treated seeds. When potassium salts are added to the incubation medium, R induces increased K⁺ uptake by the axis and greater medium acidification by the axis. Malate and other organic acids and acidic amino acids increase at equal rates in both treatments, indicating that inorganic anions may also be taken up to balance the ionic charges. The results are compatible with the assumption that changes in the osmotic and pressure potentials of the embryonic axes of R-treated seeds are the result of a phytochrome-stimulated proton pump which, in whole dormant seeds, would initiate water-potential changes allowing the embryos to overcome the mechanical restraint of the surrounding seed layers, resulting in germination.Abbreviations FR far-red light - PEG polyethylene glyeol 4000 - Pfr far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome - R red light III=Carpita et al. 1979     

淀山湖3种沉水植物的种子萌发生态

探讨淀山湖３种主要沉水植物（菹草、大茨藻和苦草）种子萌发与种皮、水温以及萌发基质之间的关系,种皮对咱子萌发的限制作用程度与种皮结构有关,种皮破裂后,发芽率和萌发速率均增高,水温对种子萌发具有一定的的促进作用,发芽率均以２０℃时最大,但萌发速率却为２８℃＞２０℃＞１０℃,不同沉水植物种子萌发的最适基质不同,苦草和菹草为水加土,而大茨藻则为土;单纯水中的发芽率和萌发速率均最低。