Application of trifluralin to embryogenic microspore cultures to generate doubled haploid plants in Brassica napus

Microspore or anther culture has been used to produce desirable meiotic recombinants in numerous species. However, the utilization of these recombinants relies on inefficient genome doubling procedures to obtain fertile doubled haploid plants. This study presents a simple and rapid procedure to generate fertile doubled haploids in Brassica napus cv. Topas using trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl- p -toluidine), a plant specific microtubule inhibitor. The effects of trifluralin on microtubule depolymerization and chromosome doubling in embryogenic microspore cultures of B. napus were examined and compared with those of colchicine. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling of isolated microspores indicated that microtubules were depolymerized within 30 min of trifluralin treatment and after 3–8 h of colchicine treatment. The direct application of these microtubule inhibitors to microspore cultures resulted in the recovery of fertile doubled haploid plants. Continuous culture in the presence of colchicine, was more effective than 18-h treatments for fertile plant production but resulted in abnormal embryo formation and recalcitrant plant regeneration. The application of 1 or 10 μ M trifluralin during the first 18 h of microspore culture was found to be the superior method for doubled haploid production. The embryos generated after trifluralin treatment developed normally, germinated readily and of the plants produced, close to 60% were fertile. The use of trifluralin to double chromosomes very early in microspore cultures is a simple process requiring minimal manipulation and should be very useful for genetic studies and breeding programs of B. napus and possibly other species.     

Preferential exclusion of hybrids in mixed pollinations between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weedy B. campestris (Brassicaceae)

In most experimental hybridizations between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weedy B. campestris, either intra- or interspecific pollen has been applied to individual flowers. Under field conditions, however, stigmas will often receive a mixture of the two types of pollen, thereby allowing for competition between male gametophytes and/or seeds within pods. To test whether competition influences the success of hybridization, pollen from the two species was mixed in different proportions and applied to stigmas of both species. The resulting seeds were scored for paternity by isozyme and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Using data on the proportion of fully developed seeds and the proportion of these seeds that were hybrids, a statistical model was constructed to estimate the fitness of conspecific and heterospecific pollen and the survival of conspecific and heterospecific zygotes to seeds. B. campestris pollen in B. napus styles had a significantly lower fitness than the conspecific pollen, whereas no difference between pollen types was found in B. campestris styles. Hybrid zygotes survived to significantly lower proportions than conspecific zygotes in both species, with the lowest survival of hybrid zygotes in B. napus pods. This is in contrast to the higher survival of hybrid seeds in B. napus than in B. campestris pods when pollinations are made with pure pollen. Altogether, the likelihood of a foreign pollen grain producing a seed was much lower on B. napus than on B. campestris. In addition, pods on B. napus developed to a lower extent the more heterospecific pollen was in the mix, whereas this had no effect on B. campestris.     

Intergeneric (intersubtribe) hybridization between Moricandia arvensis and Brassica A and B genome species by ovary culture

Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Moricandia arvensis (C₃–C₄ intermediate species) and Brassica A and B genome species (B. campestris and B. nigra) were produced via ovary culture. When M. arvensis was used as a female parent, the hybrid embryo yield (0.25–0.45 embryo per pollination) was similar between two genomes, regardless of the male parent. The reciprocal hybrid using B. campestris as a female was also obtained, although yield of embryo was lower (0.02 embryo per pollination). On the other hand, no hybrids were obtained without the in vitro technique. As most hybrid embryos could not develop normal shoots, plants were regenerated by inducing shoots on the cultured hypocotyl. The hybrid nature of the regenerated plant was confirmed morphologically and cytogenetically. A certain amount of bivalents (2.52-2.71) in the hybrids indicated the existence of partial chromosome homology between two genera. The present results indicate that ovary culture is an effective technique for overcoming the crossing barrier between M. arvensis and Brassica cultivated species.     

一种快速生长的甘蓝型油菜DH系的获得和鉴定

从快速生长的甘蓝型油菜的小孢子培养中共获得23个再生植株。经倍性鉴定,其中自发加倍成二倍体的有10株,单倍体13株。单倍体再用秋水仙碱处理后获得DH系,所得材料对油菜功能基因组学的研究可能有一定的价值。     

High-frequency embryogenesis inBrassica campestris microspore culture

Microspore culture is a very important and useful tool in plant breeding for haploid production and has been developed for many years.Brassica campestris (Brassica rapa L. ssp.oleifera) is an important oilseed crop, but it is relatively recalcitrant in tissue culture including microspore culture. The microspore culture in our laboratory is based on the Canadian protocol. Thirty genotypes ofB. campestris were included in this study; twenty produced embryos. The highest yield was 5930 embryos per 100 buds from Canadian genotype Cv-2, this result was one of the best that had been reported in microspore culture inB. campestris. The buds measuring 2.0 mm to 3.9 mm in length responded best to produce embryos, the optimum timing for microspore culture was confirmed to be during the mid-late to very-late uninucleate stage. The buds could be removed from either the main raceme or lateral racemes. Activated charcoal (150 mg l^-1) was added to the liquid NLN medium, it promoted embryogenesis significantly; embryo development was faster and the embryo yield was significantly higher than those cultures without activated charcoal. The donor plant condition was considered an important factor influencing embryogenesis; older donor plants (older than five weeks) and a cold treatment are recommended.     

Production and characterization of interspecific hybrids between Brassica maurorum and crop brassicas

 Seven interspecific hybrids were produced between Brassica maurorum (♀), a wild species resistant to Alternaria blight and white rust, and all the monogenomic (B. campestris, B. nigra and B. oleracea) and digenomic (B. juncea, B. napus and B. oleracea) crop brassicas (♂) through embryo rescue. The hybrids were confirmed by means of morphological and cytological studies. All the hybrids were pollen-sterile. Amphidiploids were induced in three of the hybrids: B. maurorum×B. napus, B. maurorum×B. carinata, B. maurorum×B. nigra. The hybrids were also confirmed through DNA analyses for nuclear and organelle genomes using RAPD and RFLP techniques. Received: 31 July 1998 / Accepted: 14 August 1998     

红菜薹与甘蓝型油菜杂交子房培养研究初报

对甘蓝型油菜和红菜薹种间杂种进行胚胎挽救研究,实验结果表明,采用MS＋（1．0～2．0）mg·L^-1 6-BA＋0．05mg·L^-1 NAA＋0．5％活性炭＋30g·L^-1蔗糖＋7．5g·L^-1琼脂培养基对甘蓝型油菜和红菜薹杂交子房培养效果较为理想;相对于培养基和激素,活性炭对子房培养的影响更加显著。通过对取材时间的研究发现,取授粉后18d子房培养的结籽率最高,15d的次之。而通过对杂种萌发率的研究则表明,授粉后15d的子房培养获得的杂种萌发率最高,为57．03％,18d的最差,仅为38．49％。     

十字花科几种植物的胚培养研究

利用幼胚成功地培养出白菜型油菜、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜、埃塞俄比亚芥、诸葛菜的再生植株。通过研究表明：不同的植物在培养基中的反应不同。同一个材料,在不同时期,培养的效果也不同。白菜型油菜难形成愈伤组织,且愈伤组织也难以分化,但生根较易。其它几种芸苔属植物则易形成愈伤组织和分化。诸葛菜能够形成胚状体,胚状体极易萌发。除了白菜型油菜外,所有材料都表现出极强的再生能力。     

Identification of potentially embryogenic microspores in Brassica napus

Studies were undertaken with Brassica napus L. cv. Topas to identify buds containing microspores predisposed to embryogenesis in vitro and to investigate bud and microspore development in relation to this process. No significant correlation was found between the final embryo number and bud components. There appears to be a developmental window of less than 8 h duration during which microspores are very likely to form embryos: over 70% of the microspores can undergo division and up to 70% of these can form embryos. Embryos were mainly obtained from late uninuucleate to early binucleate microspores: the former contained mainly a G2 or M phase nucleus located at the microspore periphery and the latter a generative nucleus (associated with the intine) and a vegetative nucleus. Observations indicated that only the vegetative nucleus contributed to embryo formation. The first embryogenic division occurred between 8 and 16 h for uninucleate- and between 8 and 48 h for binucleate-derived embryos.     

甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜属间杂种无性系的变异研究

从形态及细胞学两方面对甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜属间杂种无性系的变异进行了研究。经过长期继代培养后,杂种在形态上越来越偏向母本甘蓝型油菜,而表现出较少的父本诸葛菜性状,但表现出对等双分枝的新性状。经细胞学观察表明,杂种体内杂种细胞比例下降,而甘蓝型油菜细胞比例大幅度上升并远高于核质杂种细胞（具有油菜细胞质与诸葛菜细胞核）的比例,以至较多的甘蓝型油菜染色体组被遗传下去。在该杂种继代培养中还观察到杂种细胞内的染色体消除及体细胞配对现象。     

甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜的原生质体融合与植株再生

以甘蓝型油菜下胚轴和蔊菜叶片为外植体提取原生质体, 采用PEG-高pH、高Ca²⁺附加DMSO的原生质体融合方法, 用液体浅层静置培养融合体, 获得了10株融合杂种, 观察了杂种形态学和细胞学。结果表明：1%纤维素酶+0.2%离析酶+3 mmol/L MES 酶解14 h 可获得较高产率的油菜原生质体, 0.25% 纤维素酶+0.5%离析酶+5 mmol/L MES酶解12 h可获得较高产率的蔊菜原生质体; 30% PEG + 0.3 mol/L葡萄糖+50 mmol/L CaCl₂•2H₂O +15%DMSO的融合条件下, 获得了10.4%的融合率; 实验所获的原生质体融合材料可作为新种质。     

甘蓝型油菜(Eru CMS)与甘蓝种间杂种的同工酶和蛋白质分析

经胚抢救获得甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)(Eru CMS)与甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.)种间杂种,前期经过流式细胞仪、柱头染色体数目、花粉活力等分析获得一些真杂种。利用电泳法,对真杂种植株的3种同工酶(SOD、EST、COD)和蛋白质进行详细分析,了解了杂种与亲本的同工酶和蛋白质的特性差异。结果表明,杂种与亲本之间的同工酶和蛋白质存在较明显的差异:杂种的SOD、COD的酶带表现为偏父本甘蓝型;杂种的EST的酶带表现为偏母本油菜型;杂种的蛋白质电泳表现为不仅具有双亲的特征蛋白带,也有其自身特征蛋白带。     

影响油菜子叶外植体不定芽高频率再生的因素

采用７个甘蓝型和２个白菜型油菜品种研究了影响子叶外植体芽再生的一些因素和不同基因型的子叶外植体的离子体培养反应和芽再生能力。结果表明,苗龄４ｄ的幼苗叶子含２,４－Ｄ０．５－１．２ｍｇ／Ｌ和６－ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基培养２或６ｄ后再转到分化培养基上培养,芽再生率３４％－４６％。     

Interspecific hybrids between a transgenic rapeseed (Brassica napus) and related species: cytogenetical characterization and detection of the transgene.

In interspecific hybrids produced between a transgenic rapeseed, an allotetraploid species, resistant to herbicide, phosphinotricin, and five diploid related species, the risk for gene introgression in weed genomes was explored through cytogenetic and bar gene characterizations. Among the 75 hybrids studied, most had the expected triploid structure, with the exception of B. napus - B. oleracea amphidiploid plants and one B. napus - S. arvensis amphidiploid plant. In triploid hybrid plants, the reciprocal hybrids did not exhibit any difference in their meiotic behavior. The comparison of the percentage of chromosome pairing in the hybrids with that of haploid rapeseed permit to conclude that allosyndesis between AC genomes and related species genomes took place. This possibility of recombination was confirmed by the presence of multivalent associations in all the interspecific hybrids. Nevertheless, in B. napus - B. adpressa hybrids a control of chromosome pairing seemed to exist. The possibility of amphidiploid plant production directly obtained in the F1 generation increased the risk of gene dispersal. The B. napus - B. oleracea amphidiploid plant presented a meiotic behavior more regular than that of the B. napus - S. arvensis amphidiploid plant. Concerning the herbicide bar gene characterization, the presence of the gene detected by DNA amplification was correlated with herbicide resistance, except for two plants. Different hypotheses were proposed to explain these results. A classification of the diploid species was established regarding their gene dispersal risk based on the rate of allosyndesis between chromosomes of AC genomes of rapeseed and the genomes of the related species.     

Relationships between growth and gas exchange characteristics in some salt-tolerant amphidiploid Brassica species in relation to their diploid parents

Relationships between growth and different gas exchange characteristics of two amphidiploid salt tolerant species, Brassica napus, and B. carinata with respect to their salt sensitive parents, B. oleracea, and B. nigra were investigated. Twenty three-day old plants of these four species along with those of another amphidiploid moderately salt tolerant B. juncea (developed by hybridization of diploids, B. campestris and B. nigra), and a diploid moderately salt tolerant, B. campestris, were subjected for 28 days to salinized sand culture containing 0, 100 or 200 mol NaCl m(-3) in Hoagland's nutrient solution. The species B. napus and B. carinata produced significantly greater shoot fresh and dry matters than their parents under saline conditions. A close association was found between growth, and assimilation rate for all species differing in degree of salt tolerance. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) was reduced due to salt stress in all species but this variable had no significant correlation with assimilation rate (A). However, the amphidiploid salt tolerant species, B. napus and B. carinata had significantly greater photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency (A/E), intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g(s)) than those of their diploid parents. In conclusion, high salt tolerance of the two amphidiploid species, B. napus and B. carinata was associated with a high assimilation rate, water use efficiency and intrinsic water use efficiency but there was little association of the tolerance of these species with stomatal conductance, leaf water potential or transpiration rate (E).     

Effects of culture density,conditioned medium and feeder cultures on microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus L. cv. Topas

Summary In microspore cultures of Brassica napus L. cv. Topas, embryo yield increases with culture density up to about 40,000 microspores per ml. A much higher density (100,000 per ml) appears inhibitory to embryogenesis. A relatively high culture density (30,000 or 40,000 per ml) for the first 2–4 days of culture is crucial for embryogenesis, after which cultures may be diluted to allow better embryo growth.Medium conditioned by culturing microspores at 30,000 or 40,000 per ml for 1 day improved microspore-embryo yield in low density cultures (3,000 or 4,000 per ml) more than 3-fold. In contrast, media conditioned with microspores from 1–4 days or 0–4 days of culture were inhibitory.Use of feeder cultures resulted in up to 10-fold increase of embryo yield in low density microspore cultures, depending on the method used. Filter papers and other membranes placed on top of feeders greatly inhibited embryogenesis in the feeder layer as well as microspores cultured on the feeder, possibly due to poorer gaseous exchange.     

Inheritance of microspore embryogenic ability in Brassica crops

Inheritance of microspore embryogenic ability in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) was examined by 4 × 4 diallel crosses using cultivars showing a different response. In both species, embryo yields of most F₁ hybrids were similar to, or over, the high responsive parent and some F₁s showed intermediate embryo yields between their parents. Diallel analysis showed that both additive and dominant effects were significant at the 1% level for the genetic control of microspore embryogenic ability in both species. Dominant genes had positive effects on microspore embryogenesis. In oilseed rape, the additive effects were important, while in Chinese cabbage the dominant effects were largely contributed. The broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were 0.972 and 0.811 in oilseed rape, and 0.959 and 0.659 in Chinese cabbage, respectively. From the results of the segregation of embryo yields in the F₂ population of ’Lisandra’×’Kamikita’, it is considered that the microspore embryogenic ability is controlled by two loci with additive effects in oilseed rape. Received: 6 September 2000 / Accepted: 24 November 2000     

Effects of High Temperature on the Cultures of Isolated Microspores in Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis

The influence of high temperature (33℃) on embryogenesis in isolated microspore culture of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris spp. pekinensis ) was investigated by microscpopy of FDA and DAPI. The microspores cultured at constant temperature of 25 ℃ lost their viability quickly and only few viable microspores were found after 7 days of culture. The morphology of the cultured microspores became as turgescent as the "rugby" which was similar to the mature pollen of the Chinese cabbage. The first nuclear division of the microspores was asymmetric. The microspores lost their capacity of embryogenesis under such condition. In contrast, when the microspores were cultured at 33℃ for 24 h before they were transfered to the culture condition of 25 ℃, their developmental pattern was changed. Some of the microspores could remain viable even for 7 days in culture, they became rounded off. The symmetric nuclear division pattern was induced. The frequency of such division was about 40%. Of the several new cell division types observed, the symmetric type was more frequent (55%) than others. The microspores treated under 33℃ were able to form embryoids via embryogenesis. The critical period of high temperature treatment on microspore culture of Chinese cabbage was about the initial 12 h, if the cell division index of microspore was concerned, but the period was the initial 24 h if the frequency of embryogenesis was considered.