Litterfall and Leaf Consumption by Animals in Humid Seasonal Rainforest in Xishuangbanna,China

Litterfall and element return dynamic and leaf consumption by animals were studied in humid seasonal rainforest in Menglun, Xishuangbanna, Southwesten China. 1. The litterfall was l1.29+l.96t/ha·a, and the amount of litterfall component was (t/ha·a±S. E.): for leaves, 7.41±0.82; wood (≤2 cm diameter), 2.16±1.78; flowers, 0.223±0.13; fruits, 0.7244±0.456 and mixed matter (includs plant trash, wastes of animals and died animal bodies from canopy), 0.77±0.18. A marked peak of litterfall occurred during a March-April period of the late dry season. 2. Large wood litterfall (>2 cm diameter) was measured twice during rainy season and dry season, the large wood litterfall mean was 0.82t/ha·a. 3. Returns (kg/ha·a) of the elements to the forest floor in the litterfall were ranged Ca (146.4) > N (57.3) > Mg (39.0) 3> K(31.2) > P (6.33) > Mn (5.49) 2> A1(4.40) > Fe(1.92) > Zn(0.56) > Cu (0.24).and a marked peak of element return coincided with the litterfall's. 4. The leaf area eaten by animals accounted for 16.2% of the total leaf area.     

豫东平原农区杨树-农作物复合生态系统的碳贮量

将豫东平原农区5a、9a、11 a和13a 4个林龄阶段的杨树-农作物复合系统分为林木、农作物、凋落物和土壤4个子系统,分别研究其碳贮量.结果表明：5a、9a、11a和13a杨树-农作物复合生态系统林木及凋落物的碳贮量分别为7.86、42.07、44.31和60.71 t·hm^-2;间作作物平均每年可吸收CO₂ 6.8 t·hm^-2;农田土壤碳贮量分别为45.55、51.06、55.94和60.49 t·hm^-2;杨树-农作物间作系统的总碳贮量分别达60.81、100.09、106.76和127.34 t·hm^-2,远高于单作农田（49.36 t·hm^-2).各年龄阶段杨树和土壤碳贮量占总碳贮量的比例最大,在87.1%～93.1%,而农作物和凋落物碳贮量比例较小,占总贮量的6.9%～12.9%.说明农林复合生态系统具有很强的吸收和固定碳的能力.     

人为干扰对大兴安岭北坡兴安落叶松林粗木质残体的影响

比较了兴安落叶松天然林和两种不同干扰类型兴安落叶松林(一次干扰林、二次干扰林)之间活立木蓄积、粗木质残体(CWD)蓄积和组成的差异.结果表明：天然林、一次干扰林和二次干扰林的活立木蓄积量分别为161.6、138.3和114.8 m³·hm^-2,粗木质残体的蓄积量分别为69.77、36.64和32.61 m³·hm^-2.天然林粗木质残体大部分径级在20～40 cm,其中倒木、枯立木分别占总材积的72%和28%;一次干扰林和二次干扰林粗木质残体大部分径级在10～30 cm,其中倒木、枯立木和伐桩分别占各自总材积的70%、14%、16%和57%、15%、28%.人为干扰造成兴安落叶松林粗木质残体蓄积减少,改变了粗木质残体的组成.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林粗木质物残体储量及其空间分布

粗木质物残体(CWD)在森林生态系统的物质循环和碳动态中发挥着重要作用,但目前国内对热带地区CWD储量与其空间分布关系上的研究还处于起步阶段。对西双版纳1hm2热带季节雨林样地调查发现,≥10cm的粗木质物残体占森林总凋落物量的68.02%,其中45.72%的CWD处于腐解中后期。由于多数大径级的CWD分布于15°～25°的坡地上,且其饱和持水力随腐解等级的增加而上升,因此,CWD将有助于改善坡地生境下的水肥条件。CWD的分布受风向和本地湿热环境的影响,但掉落指向则更倾向于随机过程。CWD产生和分布上的普遍性有可能对森林生境异质性和生物多样性产生重大影响。     

Concept and Classification of Coarse Woody Debris in Forest Ecosystems

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is generally considered as dead woody materials in various stages of decomposition,including sound and rotting logs,snags,and large branches.CWD is an important functional and structural component of forested ecosystems and plays an important role in nutrient cycling,long-term carbon storage,tree regeneration,and maintenance of heterogeneous environmental and biological diversity.However,the definition and classification of CWD have been the subject of a long debate in forest ecology.CWD has not been precisely defined.Recently,with the rapid development of landscape ecology in CWD,the USDA Forest Service and the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER)have provided a standardized definition and classification for CWD,which makes data comparison in landscape scale possible.Important characteristics of their definition include:(1) a minimum diameter (or an equivalent crosssection) of CWD≥10 cm at the widest point (the woody debris with a diameter from 1 to 10 cm should be defined as fine woody debris,and the rest is litterfall);and (2) sound and rotting logs,snags,stumps,and large branches (located above the soil),and coarse root debris (larger than 1 cm in diameter).This classification has greatly facilitated CWD studies.Therefore,it has been widely applied in some countries (particularly in North America).However,this classification has long been a source of confusion for forest ecologists in China.Furthermore,different definitions and criteria are still adopted in individual studies,which makes the interpretation and generalization of their work difficult.This article reviewed recent progress in classifying CWD,with an emphasis on introducing the classification system of the USDA Forest Service and the LTER.It is expected that this review will help facilitate the development of standardized definition and classification suitable to forest ecosystems in China.     

Concept and Classification of Coarse Woody Debris in Forest Ecosystems

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is generally considered as dead woody materials in various stages of decomposition, including sound and rotting logs, snags, and large branches. CWD is an important functional and structural component of forested ecosystems and plays an important role in nutrient cycling, long-term carbon storage, tree regeneration, and maintenance of heterogeneous environmental and biological diversity. However, the definition and classification of CWD have been the subject of a long debate in forest ecology. CWD has not been precisely defined. Recently, with the rapid development of landscape ecology in CWD, the USDA Forest Service and the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) have provided a standardized definition and classification for CWD, which makes data comparison in landscape scale possible. Important characteristics of their definition include: (1) a minimum diameter (or an equivalent cross-section) of CWD ≥10 cm at the widest point (the woody debris with a diameter from 1 to 10 cm should be defined as fine woody debris, and the rest is litterfall); and (2) sound and rotting logs, snags, stumps, and large branches (located above the soil), and coarse root debris (larger than 1 cm in diameter). This classification has greatly facilitated CWD studies. Therefore, it has been widely applied in some countries (particularly in North America). However, this classification has long been a source of confusion for forest ecologists in China. Furthermore, different definitions and criteria are still adopted in individual studies, which makes the interpretation and generalization of their work difficult. This article reviewed recent progress in classifying CWD, with an emphasis on introducing the classification system of the USDA Forest Service and the LTER. It is expected that this review will help facilitate the development of standardized definition and classification suitable to forest ecosystems in China. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(1) (in Chinese)     

呼中林区与呼中自然保护区森林粗木质残体储量的比较

采用样线法研究了人为干扰对大兴安岭呼中林区粗木质残体(Coarse woody debris, CWD)储量的影响。结果表明, 未受人为干扰的呼中自然保护区中CWD变化范围集中在5.92~43.53 m³·hm^-2, 受到人为干扰的呼中林区中CWD变化范围集中在12.70~47.59 m³·hm^-2之间。人为干扰对混交林和针叶林的CWD储量影响显著, 而对阔叶林CWD储量影响不显著。人为干扰增加了混交林CWD储量, 减少了针叶林CWD储量, 同时减少了枯立木的数量, 增加了高度腐烂的CWD的比例。对兴安落叶松各林型的分析表明, 人为干扰条件下CWD储量(8.20~25.60 m³·hm^-2)是未受干扰条件下CWD储量(18.70~36.99 m³·hm^-2)的1/4~1/3。为促使采伐后的森林能维持原始林粗木质残体的结构特征, 建议保留采伐剩余物以维持一定储量的CWD。     

人为干扰对大兴安岭北坡兴安落叶松林粗木质残体的影响

比较了兴安落叶松天然林和两种不同干扰类型兴安落叶松林(一次干扰林、二次干扰林)之间活立木蓄积、粗木质残体(CWD)蓄积和组成的差异.结果表明：天然林、一次干扰林和二次干扰林的活立木蓄积量分别为161.6、138.3和114.8 m³·hm^-2,粗木质残体的蓄积量分别为69.77、36.64和32.61 m³·hm^-2.天然林粗木质残体大部分径级在20～40 cm,其中倒木、枯立木分别占总材积的72%和28%;一次干扰林和二次干扰林粗木质残体大部分径级在10～30 cm,其中倒木、枯立木和伐桩分别占各自总材积的70%、14%、16%和57%、15%、28%.人为干扰造成兴安落叶松林粗木质残体蓄积减少,改变了粗木质残体的组成.     

中国寒温带不同林龄白桦林碳储量及分配特征

为了解中国寒温带地区不同林龄白桦林生态系统碳储量及固碳能力, 在样地调查基础上, 以大兴安岭地区25、40与61年白桦(Betula platyphylla)林生态系统为研究对象, 对其乔木层、林下地被物层(灌木层、草本层、凋落物层)、土壤层(0-100 cm)碳储量与分配特征进行调查研究。结果表明白桦林乔木层各器官碳含量在440.7-506.7 g·kg ^-1之间, 各器官碳含量随着林龄的增长而降低; 灌木层、草本层碳含量随林龄的增加呈先降后升的变化趋势; 凋落物层碳含量随林龄增加而降低; 土壤层(0-100 cm)碳含量随林龄增加而显著升高, 随着土层深度的增加而降低。白桦林生态系统各层次碳储量均随林龄的增加而明显升高。25、40与61年白桦林乔木层碳储量分别为11.9、19.1和34.2 t·hm ^-2, 各器官碳储量大小顺序表现为树干>树根>树枝>树叶, 树干碳储量分配比例随林龄增加而升高。25、40与61年白桦林生态系统碳储量分别为77.4、180.9和271.4 t·hm ^-2, 其中土壤层占生态系统总碳储量的81.6%、87.7%和85.9%, 是白桦林生态系统的主要碳库。随林龄增加, 白桦林年净生产力(2.0-4.4 t·hm ^-2·a ^-1)、年净固碳量(1.0-2.1 t·hm ^-2·a ^-1)均出现增长, 老龄白桦林仍具有较强的碳汇作用。     

Coarse Woody Debris following Fire and Logging in Wyoming Lodgepole Pine Forests

The accumulation and decomposition of coarse woody debris (CWD) are processes that affect habitat, soil structure and organic matter inputs, and energy and nutrient flows in forest ecosystems. Natural disturbances such as fires typically produce large quantities of CWD as trees fall and break, whereas human disturbances such as timber harvesting remove much of the CWD. Our objective was to compare the amount of CWD removed and left behind after clear-cutting to the amount consumed and left behind after natural fires in Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine. The masses of fallen logs, dead-standing trees, stumps, and root crowns more than 7.5 cm in diameter were estimated in clear-cut and intact lodgepole pine forests in Wyoming and compared to estimates made in burned and unburned stands in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), where no timber harvesting has occurred. Estimates of downed CWD consumed or converted to charcoal during an intense crown fire were also made in YNP. No significant differences in biomass of downed CWD more than 7.5 cm in diameter were detected between burned stands and those following a single clear-cut. However, the total mass of downed CWD plus the mass of snags that will become CWD was nearly twice as high in burned stands than in clear-cuts. In YNP, approximately 8% of the downed CWD was consumed by fire and an additional 8% was converted to charcoal, for an estimated loss of about 16%. In contrast, approximately four times more wood (70%) was removed by clear-cutting. Considering all CWD more than 7.5 cm in diameter that was either still present in the stand or removed by harvesting, slash treatment, or burning, clear-cut stands lost an average of 80 Mg ha⁻¹ whereas stands that burned gained an average of 95 Mg ha⁻¹. Some CWD remains as slash and stumps left behind after harvesting, but stands subjected to repeated harvesting will have forest floor and surface soil characteristics that are beyond the historic range of variability of naturally developing stands. Received 16 November 1999; Accepted 31 May 2000.     

丰林自然保护区阔叶红松林粗木质残体研究

粗木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持森林生态系统健康具有不可忽视的贡献.采用典型取样法在黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区设置了17块20×20m的标准样地,拟对保护区内阔叶红松林中粗木质残体的贮量、形态组成、直径、长度及腐烂度等特征进行研究.研究结果表明:(1)CWD总贮量为75.1m³·hm^-2,其中倒木,枯立木和树桩的贮量分别为.24 m³·hm^-2,2.03m³·hm^-2和7.34m³ ·hm^-2.(2)倒木和枯立木的优势径级范围分别为11cm～20cm(占CWD总数的4%)和0-10cm(45%);倒木和枯立木的优势长度范围分别为0-5m (%)和m-10m(49%).(3)CWD腐烂度呈近正态分布,且主要分布在Ⅱ(28%),Ⅲ(35%)和Ⅳ(2%)腐烂等级上.     

广州三种森林粗死木质残体（CWD）的储量与分解特征

粗死木质残体(Coarse Woody Debris, CWD)对森林生态系统的稳定性具有不可忽视的贡献.对广州3种森林CWD的储量与分解特征进行了调查分析,结果表明:(1)CWD储量及其与相应森林总生物量比值均表现为常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林;枯立木与倒木为CWD的主要成分,其中,针叶CWD主要物种为马尾松(Pinus massonianai),阔叶CWD物种主要为荷木(Schima superba)与黄杞(Engelhardtia chrysolepis)等.(2)CWD径级主要集中在<10cm的范围内,存在状态主要为中级腐烂状态,干扰与竞争是3种森林CWD产生的主要因素.(3)针叶林、针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林CWD的分解常数k分别为0 0244、0.0407和0.0487,即分解速率为常绿阔叶林>混交林>针叶林;随着CWD的分解,N、P与木质素的含量逐渐升高,C、C/N与木质素/N呈降低趋势.     

Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Release in a Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest of Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

We studied litter decomposition and nutrient release in a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. The monthly decay rates (k) of leaf litter ranged from 0.02 to 0.21/mo, and correlated with rainfall and soil moisture. Annual k values for leaf litter (1.79/yr) averaged 4.2 times of those for coarse wood (2.5–3.5 cm in diameter). The turnover coefficients of forest floor mass (annual litterfall input/mean floor mass) were: 4.11/yr for flowers and fruits, 2.07/yr for leaves, and 1.17/yr for fine wood (≤2 cm in diameter), with resident time decreasing from fine woods (0.85 yr) to leaves (0.48 yr) and to flower and fruits (0.24 yr). Nutrient residence times in the forest floor mass were ranked as: Ca (1.0 yr) > P (0.92 yr) > Mg (0.64 yr) > N (0.36 yr) > K (0.31 yr). Our data suggest that rates of litter decomposition and nutrient release in the seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna are slower than those in typical lowland rain forests, but similar to those in tropical semideciduous forests.     

内乡宝天曼自然保护区锐齿栎林生物量和净生产力研究

对河南内乡宝天曼自然保护区35年生天然次生锐齿栎林生物量和净生产力进行了测定和研究。结果表明：锐齿栎林生物量为141．17t/hm^2,净生产力为7．39t/(hm^2.a),,其中乔木层生物量为128．30t/(hm^2.a),占总生物量的90．88％,净生产力为6．30t/(hm^2.a),占总净生产力的85．25％,生物量平均相对生长速度为0．1238。灌木层、草本层的生物量和净生产力分别占总的0．79％和0．37％、5．82％5和4．87％。调落物层现存量为11．23t/(hm^2.a),占总生物量的7．95％,年凋落物量3．37t/(hm^2.a),占总净生产力的45．60％,净生产量与叶面积指数,叶量成正相关,而与叶效率成负相关。     

Benchmarks and predictors of coarse woody debris in native forests of eastern Australia

Fallen coarse woody debris (CWD) is critical to forest biodiversity and function. Few studies model factors that influence CWD availability, although such investigations are critically needed to inform sustainable forest management. We assess benchmark levels of CWD in unharvested native forests and those harvested for timber, across a range of forests in north‐east New South Wales, Australia. We found timber‐harvesting was the dominant driver of CWD, with almost double the count (pieces ha^?1) and volume (m³ ha^?1) of total CWD in selectively harvested than unharvested sites. This pattern was consistent across wet and dry forest types. Harvested sites had greater counts of hollow‐bearing logs, and greater volumes of small and medium‐sized CWD (15–50 cm diameter) than unharvested sites. There was no effect of harvesting on the volume of large CWD (>51 cm diameter). Total volumes of CWD (>15 cm diameter) varied from 114 to 166 m³ ha^?1. We found few differences in CWD counts and volumes between forest types, with grassy woodlands and forests containing less CWD than other dry and shrubby forest types, reflecting lower potential input rates. The CWD levels recorded here are similar to those recorded in dry and wet sclerophyll forests elsewhere in Australia and are typical of global estimates for ‘old growth’ forests. Using general linear models we captured up to 57% of the variation in CWD across sites, and found that timber harvesting, topography and the numbers of standing hollow‐bearing and dead trees were significant predictors of CWD. Values for unharvested forest provide a benchmark that could be used to inform retention guidelines for CWD in managed forests in this region. Further assessment of the effect of repeat timber harvesting is needed to fully understand its impact on CWD dynamics, especially if forest residues resulting from timber harvesting are removed from native forests for bioenergy production.     

青海省森林乔木层碳储量现状及固碳潜力

为阐明青海省森林生态系统乔木层植被碳储量现状及其分布特征, 该研究利用240个标准样地实测的乔木数据, 估算出青海省森林生态系统不同林型处于不同龄级阶段的平均碳密度, 并结合青海省森林资源清查资料所提供的不同龄级的各林型面积, 估算了青海省森林生态系统乔木层的固碳现状、速率和潜力。结果表明: 1) 2011年青海省森林乔木层平均碳密度为76.54 Mg·hm ^-2, 总碳储量为27.38 Tg。云杉(Picea spp.)林、柏木(Cupressus funebris)林、桦木(Betula spp.)林、杨树(Populus spp.)林是青海地区的主要林型, 占青海省森林面积的96.23%, 占青海省乔木层碳储量的86.67%, 其中云杉林的碳储量(14.78 Tg)和碳密度(106.93 Mg·hm ^-2)最高。按龄级划分, 乔木层碳储量表现为过熟林>中龄林>成熟林>近熟林>幼龄林。2)青海省乔木层总碳储量从2003年的23.30 Tg增加到2011年的27.38 Tg, 年平均碳增量为0.51 Tg·a ^-1。乔木层固碳速率为1.06 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1, 其中柏木林的固碳速率最大(0.44 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1); 桦木林的固碳速率为负值(-1.06 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。3)青海省乔木层植被固碳潜力为8.50 Tg, 其中云杉林固碳潜力最高(3.40 Tg)。该研究结果表明青海省乔木层具有较大的固碳潜力, 若对现有森林资源进行合理管理和利用, 将会增加青海省森林的碳固存能力。     

中亚热带细柄阿丁枫和米槠群落细根的生产和死亡动态

采用微根管技术与挖掘法相结合的方式对福建省万木林自然保护区细柄阿丁枫和米槠天然林细根生产和死亡动态进行了为期两年多的观测,分析细根生产和死亡的季节变化、垂直分布及径级和序级分配,并估计细根的年生产量和年死亡量.结果表明:细柄阿丁枫细根年生产量和年死亡量分别为(230.1±162.8) g·m-2·a-1和(188.8±75.5)g·m-2· a-1,均略大于米槠的(214.5±185.8) g·m-2·a-1和(178.8±26.5) g·m-2·a-1,但两种森林群落的细根年生产量和年死亡量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).两森林群落细根生产均在春季达到高峰,其中米槠细根生产与月降水量呈极显著相关(P＜0.01,r=0.566);细根死亡则呈现季节性地波动,米槠细根死亡峰值主要发生于夏季和秋季,而细柄阿丁枫则出现在秋季.两森林群落细根生产和死亡皆主要集中于土壤表层0-40 cm中,而且不同径级细根生产和死亡集中于0-1 mm细根中,其中0.3-0.6 mm细根的生产和死亡在两森林群落中均最大.两森林群落一级根的生产和死亡均大于高级根.     

Current stocks and potential of carbon sequestration of the forest tree layer in Qinghai Province,China

为阐明青海省森林生态系统乔木层植被碳储量现状及其分布特征, 该研究利用240个标准样地实测的乔木数据, 估算出青海省森林生态系统不同林型处于不同龄级阶段的平均碳密度, 并结合青海省森林资源清查资料所提供的不同龄级的各林型面积, 估算了青海省森林生态系统乔木层的固碳现状、速率和潜力。结果表明: 1) 2011年青海省森林乔木层平均碳密度为76.54 Mg·hm ^-2, 总碳储量为27.38 Tg。云杉(Picea spp.)林、柏木(Cupressus funebris)林、桦木(Betula spp.)林、杨树(Populus spp.)林是青海地区的主要林型, 占青海省森林面积的96.23%, 占青海省乔木层碳储量的86.67%, 其中云杉林的碳储量(14.78 Tg)和碳密度(106.93 Mg·hm ^-2)最高。按龄级划分, 乔木层碳储量表现为过熟林>中龄林>成熟林>近熟林>幼龄林。2)青海省乔木层总碳储量从2003年的23.30 Tg增加到2011年的27.38 Tg, 年平均碳增量为0.51 Tg·a ^-1。乔木层固碳速率为1.06 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1, 其中柏木林的固碳速率最大(0.44 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1); 桦木林的固碳速率为负值(-1.06 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。3)青海省乔木层植被固碳潜力为8.50 Tg, 其中云杉林固碳潜力最高(3.40 Tg)。该研究结果表明青海省乔木层具有较大的固碳潜力, 若对现有森林资源进行合理管理和利用, 将会增加青海省森林的碳固存能力。     

大兴安岭呼中林区火烧迹地粗木质残体特征

对大兴安岭呼中林区不同年份火烧迹地的粗木质残体特征进行了研究.结果表明：呼中林区火烧迹地粗木质残体贮量在24.87～180.98 m³·hm^-2,其中倒木和枯立木分别为6.03～93.91 m³·hm^-2和15.29～138.37 m³·hm^-2,且不同年份火烧迹地之间差异显著;倒木、枯立木所占比例分别为24.26％～86.00％和14.01％～75.4％,且不同年份火烧迹地之间差异显著;倒木和枯立木的优势径级分别为2.50～20 cm和1.50～15 m, 优势长度分别为2.50～15 cm和5～20 m;随着火烧迹地的恢复,粗木质残体贮量的动态变化不明显.粗木质残体特征与火前林分条件和火烧强度密切相关.     

马占相思 (Acacia mangium)与湿地松 (Pinus elliotii)人工林枯落物层的水文生态功能

分析了马占相思与湿地松人工林枯落物的蓄积量、年凋落量及凋落动态、枯落物层对大气降水的截留、以及枯落物抑制土壤水分蒸发和阻滞径流的效应.结果表明①15龄的马占相思林枯落物蓄积量32.3t/hm2,年凋落量11.14t/hm2,最大持水率253.7%,最大持水量28.26t/hm2;15龄的湿地松林枯落物蓄积量18.7t/hm2,年凋落量7.30t/hm2,最大持水率216.7%,最大持水量15.82hm2;②2种林分对大气降水的截留率分别为15.9%和11.7%,截留率随1次降水降水量(>10mm)的增加而减少;③2～4cm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少18.2%～78.3%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加;④2种枯落物对径流流出时间的阻滞效应随径流深(<3mm)和坡度的增加而减小,随枯落物层厚度的增加呈直线增加.通过与部分其它森林类型枯落物层水文生态功能比较,认为马占相思与湿地松林枯落物层具有较为优越的水文生态功能.