不同营养水平对外来物种凤眼莲生长特征及其竞争力的影响

入侵种凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes)在中国的泛滥不仅与其强大的适应力和繁殖能力有关,还与水体的富营养化有很大的关系。作者通过盆栽实验比较了三个营养水平的模拟富营养条件下凤眼莲的生长特征和对当地种黄花水龙(Ludwigiapeploidesssp.stipulacea)和黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)两个不同生长型的影响。结果表明:富营养条件增强了凤眼莲的生长繁殖能力,使其平均每母株克隆分株数、平均株高以及总生物量极大的增加。凤眼莲的生长优势导致了其竞争优势,对黄花水龙和黑藻都发生了明显的竞争效应。迅速繁殖的凤眼莲覆盖大量水面,通过排挤作用抑制了黄花水龙的生长(低营养水平除外);黑藻因光照缺乏,导致正常光合作用受阻,生物量急剧下降。凤眼莲对黑藻的竞争效应较黄花水龙更强。富营养化的水体为凤眼莲的成功入侵提供了优越条件,因此解决当前水体的富营养化状况能有效控制凤眼莲入侵,同时也有利于本地生物多样性的保护。     

水体中氮素对水葫芦生长发育的影响

本文通过对水体中氮素营养条件的研究,分析了水体中不同氮素对水葫芦生长的影响,从而为福建省水葫芦的综合治理提供科学依据。结果表明：在水体氮浓度为25～30mg·L^1的范围内,水葫芦生长情况最佳,高于或低于这个范围,水葫芦的生长发育均受到不同程度的抑制。     

石化废水中酚对凤眼莲生长的影响

半动态酚毒性模拟试验表明：酚浓度高于600mg／l,凤眼莲几天内中毒死亡;酚浓度350mg／l以上亦造成不可恢复的损伤;酚浓度40mg／l以上,凤眼莲生长受到不同程度的抑制。同时叶绿素含量及a／b比率,光合作用速率及生长率等亦随酚浓度增高而降低。较强光照增加了酚的毒性影响。酚浓度25mg／l以下对凤眼莲无明显抑制影响。10mg／l以下浓度的酚还可以促进凤眼莲的生长。酚使凤眼莲无性繁殖能力下降但可促进其提早开花。     

The application of growth kinetics to the control of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) solms. Through nutrient removal by mechanical harvesting

The growth of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) under nitrate-nitrogen limiting conditions can be explained by the Monod rectangular model. The kinetic constants maximum specific growth rate, half saturation constant and yield coefficient were determined under nitrate-nitrogen limiting conditions in nutrient culture at an air temperature of 25°C. The practical application of these constants for the possible control of water hyacinth through nutrient limitation is illustrated.     

Adsorption of heavy metal from aqueous solution by dehydrated root powder of long-root Eichhornia crassipes

The root powder of long-root Eichhornia crassipes, as a new kind of biodegradable adsorbent, has been tested for aqueous adsorption of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd. From FT-IR, we found that the absorption peaks of phosphorous compounds, carbonyl, and nitrogenous compounds displayed obvious changes before and after adsorption which illustrated that plant characteristics may play a role in binding with metals. Surface properties and morphology of the root powders have been characterized by means of SEM and BET. Energy spectrum analysis showed that the metals were adsorbed on root powders after adsorption. Then, optimum quantity of powder, pH values, and metal ion concentrations in single-system and multi-system were detected to discuss the characteristics and mechanisms of metal adsorption. Freundlich model and the second-order kinetics equation could well describe the adsorption of heavy metals in single-metal system. The adsorption of Pb, Zn, and Cd in the multi-metal system decreased with the concentration increased. At last, competitive adsorption of every two metals on root powder proved that Cu and Pb had suppressed the adsorption performance of Cd and Zn.     

粉绿狐尾藻和凤眼莲对不同形态氮吸收动力学研究

采用改进常规耗竭法,研究了粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在抑菌和非抑菌两种处理中对NO3-、NH4+吸收的动力学特征。结果表明:两种植物对NO3-和NH4+的最大吸收速率(Imax)和亲和力(1/Km)有显著差异,凤眼莲对NO3-、N H4+的吸收速率显著高于狐尾藻,说明凤眼莲更适宜用于污染水体养分的去除;不同植物对NO3-、NH4+表现出吸收偏好性,凤眼莲对NO3-有较高的Imax值和亲和力,而狐尾藻对NH4+有较高的Imax值和亲和力;抑菌处理能显著增加凤眼莲对NH4+的吸收速率,NO3-浓度高于1.00 mmol/L时,抑菌处理能显著减小凤眼莲对NO3-的吸收速率,狐尾藻对NO3-、N H4+的吸收未受到抑菌处理的显著影响。     

The arrangement of microfilaments and microtubules in the periphery of spreading fibroblasts and glial cells

Studies of spreading fibroblasts and glial cells showed that the initial phase of the spreading process on a solid substratum proceeds by sequential development of different kinds of protrusions. Initially there is a high blebbing activity which is followed by development of small lamellipodia and somewhat later microspikes are formed. In the periphery of the spreading cells several types of microfilament organizations are displayed, these seem to be related to different stages in the cycles of extensions and retractions performed by the lamellipodia. The presence of microtubules and their relation to the different microfilament organizations are also shown.     

Effect of rhizobacteria on arsenic uptake by macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

Wastewater flowing in streams and nallahs across India carries several trace metals, including metalloid arsenic (As), which are considered serious environmental contaminants due to their toxicity, and recalcitrant nature. In this study, we determined the phytoremediation of As by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms either alone or in association with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Pseudomonas and Azotobacter inoculation to E. crassipes resulted in enhanced As removal compared to uninoculated control. Co-inoculation with a consortium of Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Actinomyces, and Bacillus resulted in a higher As (p < 0.05) phytoaccumulation efficiency. P. aeruginosa strain jogii was found particularly effective in augmenting As removal by E. crassipes. Our findings indicate that the synergistic association of E. crassipes and various rhizobacteria is an effective strategy to enhance removal of As and thus may be utilized as an efficient biological alternative for the removal of this metalloid from wastewaters.     

入侵植物凤眼蓝繁育系统在中国境内的地理变异

 对中国境内的凤眼蓝（Eichhornia crassipes）进行了大规模地理范围的调查,分析了24个地点40个种群的克隆繁殖与有性繁殖的相对水平、三型花柱的花型变化以及花部综合特征的变异。40个种群都以克隆繁殖为主要更新方式。其中36个种群只有三型花柱中的M花型;南宁、重庆的种群中出现了频率极低的L花型;南宁、重庆、福州和海口种群内,出现了具有促进花内自交潜能的半同长花柱花型（柱头与花药相靠拢的M花型变异体或L花型变异体）。与其它地方种群相比,西南和海南岛的种群表现出较多样化的繁育系统。M和L花型个体的结实个体率都约为4％,没有显著差异,种子产量在两花型个体之间也没有差异。由于种群内花型的残缺,作为促进花型之间异交传粉适应机制的三型花柱繁育系统已经解体,部分种群中出现了可以促进花内自交的半同长花柱变异体。克隆繁殖是凤眼蓝适应入侵生境的一种形式,花内自交是凤眼蓝繁育系统在入侵过程中可能的进化方向,这些繁育系统上的变化对该植物的入侵机制和途径产生了深远影响。     

Host specificity assessment and potential impact of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on waterhyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiales: Pontederiaceae)

The delphacid Megamelus scutellaris Berg was evaluated for host specificity and potential impact as part of a biological control program targeting Eichhornia. crassipes. Survival and development of adults and nymphs were used as metrics with no-choice, two-choice, nymph transfer, and sustainability tests conducted under quarantine conditions. A total of 69 plant species were tested including 12 from the Pontederiaceae (including E. crassipes). Additionally, 27 native and 5 exotic associated wetland species and 11 economic species were tested. Megamelus scutellaris exhibited a high level of oviposition and developmental fidelity to E. crassipes by failing to sustain populations on any non-target test plant past the F₁ generation. Nymph transfer tests which simulated potential spill-over events found that survival was virtually non-existent on associated wetland plants, regardless of taxonomic relatedness, including on Pontederia cordata, an important and widespread native species. Eichhornia crassipes plants exposed to two consecutive generations of feeding produced 66.9% less biomass and 73.4% fewer leaves than those in the controls. We conclude that Megamelus scutellaris is safe to release on E. crassipes in the United States.     

Feeding behavior and spatial distribution of two planthoppers,Megamelus scutellaris (Delphacidae) and Taosa longula (Dictyopharidae), on water hyacinth

Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Delphacidae) and Taosa (Cuernavaca) longula Remes Lenicov (Dictyopharidae) are specialist planthoppers that feed and reproduce on the invasive aquatic weed, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae). They overlap geographically in several regions of South America and may, therefore, interact and compete for food and microhabitat. Preliminary observations indicated that both species do not feed on the same part of the plant. We hypothesized that they partition the resource; hence, we studied (1) the feeding mechanism at the tissue level and (2) the spatial distribution of both species on the water hyacinth plant. Salivary sheaths were detected through histological sections of plant tissues using light microscopy. The location of either planthopper species on the plant was recorded when in the presence or absence of the other species. Both species produced true salivary sheaths, mostly branched (M. scutellaris: 82%; T. longula: 84%), ending in phloem (M. scutellaris: 56%; T. longula: 52%), and xylem tissues (M. scutellaris: 24%; T. longula: 28%). They resided on different parts of the water hyacinth plant even when they did not coexist; nymphs of T. longula occurred primarily on the back side of the leaf laminas, while nymphs of M. scutellaris occupied the basal zone of the petioles. This study shows that these planthoppers complement each other and could be used in combination as control agents for water hyacinth. Further experimental studies and field observations are necessary to quantify interactions.     

植物的冗余及其生态学意义 Ⅰ.大型水生植物生长冗余研究

通过水生群落中常见优势种凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes)根系的去除实验证明了生长冗余的存在,并在此基础上对大型水生植物的竞争力、“浮游生物的悖论”及水生群落稳定性的产生与维持作了新的阐述,根系去除实验表明：群体中凤眼莲植株的根系生长冗余较单株生长时为多;这些冗余根系的去除不会对整个植株的生长发育产生明显影响;群体中植株根系冗余能够加强植株的竞争能力,生长冗余以及建立在生长冗余基础上的更高层次的冗余结构与生物多样性具有一定的相关性,也是生物进化中自然选择的真正对象,据此提出了“进化在生物多样化的基础上进行”的新看法。     

Pollen tube extract supports the movement of actin filaments in vitro

Summary Muscle actin filaments labeled with rhodamine-phalloidin were observed to move on the surface coated with a crude extract of pollen tubes ofLilium longiflorum with an average velocity of 1.99±0.55 m/sec. The movement required both Mg²⁺ and ATP. These results indicate that the extract of pollen tubes contains a myosin-like translocatorAbbreviations ATP adenosine-5-triphosphate - DTT dithiothreitol - EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis-(-aminoethylether)N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - PIPES piperazine-N,N-bis-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride     

凤眼莲及其根际微生物共同代谢和协同降酚机理的研究

研究表明凤眼莲在苯酚浓度不超过１５０μｇ·ｍｌ－１的水体中,不但可以在体内富集酚,而且可以通过多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、酚糖苷等途径降解水体中的酚类化合物;其根际微生物可以通过ｍｅｔａ或ｏｒｔｈ途径降酚,起到共同降酚的作用．当两者结合构成生物系统,便会产生协同效应,其降酚效果可达９７．５％,大大超过两者分别降酚效果之和（含酚５０μｇ·ｍｌ－１的培养液中,１０ｈ内,无菌凤眼莲降酚仅为１．９％,假单胞菌Ｎｏ．５降酚３７．９％）．     

凤眼莲净化燕山石油化工废水的研究Ⅰ．动态模拟试验

两级串联凤眼莲塘净化燕山石化废水的动态模拟试验表睨：在温暖季节,凤眼莲塘对该废水有很强的净化能力,其净化效率明显高于普通氧化塘。总停留时间为8天的两级串联的凤眼莲塘可使出水达到规定要求。塘Ⅰ塘Ⅱ的去除率常数分别为0．376和0．151,表面净化率分别为9．51和2．38gCOD／m^2d,凤眼莲(湿重)增长量分别为226和210g／m^2d。当日平均气温在10—24℃的范围内,COD去除率(R)在日平均气温(T)的影响下以对数函数下降R87．70 JnT-200．15。根据试验,提出了动态凤眼莲塘净化燕山石化废水的定量计算方法和有关参数。     

Influence of physico-chemical parameters of the aquatic medium on germination of Eichhornia crassipes seeds

The germination of seeds of Eichhornia crassipes in locations distant from the foci of infestation may be a means of dispersal of this invasive plant. Nonetheless, no modern studies have examined the influence of single components on germination, although the influence of temperature, oxygen and redox potential was examined in earlier studies. The effects of pH, conductivity, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, calcium, iron and boron on germination of E. crassipes were determined in seed germination tests. The results showed that external input of nutrients influences germination, since neither pH nor conductivity alone had any effect, but there was a significant increase in germination in growth media containing phosphorus at 3.95 mg·l(-1) (P/L; 95.5%) and boron at 10 mg·l(-1) (B/L; 97.5%); at higher concentrations, the latter was toxic. These findings contribute to knowledge of factors controlling the germination of E. crassipes seeds. Consequently, E. crassipes seeds would find very good conditions for germination in water classified as hypereutrophic, which may play a decisive role in expansion of this plant.     

凤眼莲净化燕山石油化工废水的研究Ⅱ．静态净化试验

本文讨论了凤眼莲净化塘中COD、BOD_5、酚、氨氮、芳烃、油和硫化物含量下降趋势及pH、电导率和溶解氧的变化过程。COD/BOD_5比值的峰形曲线指示出废水的净化速率的变化。在试验条件下,COD下降过程基本上符合指数函数的数学模型:COD=A·e~(-B·D),COD表面净化率P_s值为9.1g/m~2·d。凤眼莲塘特定的理化和生物环境有利于石油化工废水的净化。净化塘中各类微生物、尤其是根部微生物,也起了相当重要的作用。