Pollen Morphology of Asarum in China

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 27 species, 4 varieties and 1 form of Asarum from China. The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The apertures of pollen grains of Asarum are variable and so distinct as to allow the identification of individual subgenera and species. The exine ornamentation is compound and may be divided into two types: reticulate or cerebelloid under verrucae. The pollen grains of Subgen. Asarum and Subgen. Heterotropa are distinguishable, which supports the taxonomical subdivision based on the gross morphology. The differences in the pollen morphology between A. caulescens Maxim. and A. sieboldii Miq. in China and in Japan are discussed and some comparisons in the pollenmorphology between several species similar in the gross morphology are also made.     

国产芋属花粉形态

通过光镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了芋属(Colocasia Schott)6种、1变种、1品种的花粉形态,其中贡山芋C．gaoligongensis,龚氏芋C．gongii,李氏香芋C．lihengiae,花叶芋C．bic-olor4个种为首次报道。本属花粉为圆球形,无萌发孔。外壁纹饰分为两类：大野芋C．giga-ntea外壁光滑无刺,其余各种均具刺。花粉大小为20．07—32．76μm。     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is endemic to China. The pollen morphology and exine ultrastructure were examined under LM, SEM and TEM. Pollen grains are prolate, polar axis 30.5-54.8 μm long, with the average 32.7 μm, equatorial axis 27.8-31.3 μm long, with the average 29.2 μm, tricolporoidate, but sometimes the outline of ora could be observed and elliptic in shape. Colpi are narrow, uequal in length, often two long and one short or two short and one long, sometimes rather irregularly arranged, with indistinct and thin colpus membrance. Exine psilate under LM, granulate under SEM, and shortly baculate under TEM. Tectum is thin with dense and small granules, columellae layer consists of short bacules, and foot layer very thick. Some taxonomists (Cronquist, 1968) consider that Eucommiaceae is related to Hamamelidales, but others (Takhtajan, 1969) to Urticales. The Urticales is of the porate type of pollen grains, while Eucommiaceae of tricolporoidate type, and thus the former is more advanced than the latter. Pollen grains of some members of Hamamelidales, tricolporoidate, are similar to those of Eucommiaceae. We therefore consider that Eucommiaceae is related to Hama-melidales.     

芒果品种的花粉形态

用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对芒果（ＭａｎｇｉｆｅｒａｉｎｄｉｃａＬ．）１０个栽培品种的花粉形状、大小、外壁纹饰作了比较研究,结果表明：不同品种花粉粒形状、外壁纹饰等性状存在不同程度的差异,可作为区分某些品种的参考。三年芒、元江象牙、虎豹牙、红象牙、马切苏、椰香芒、大青皮、黄皮大头芒花粉外壁纹饰较为相似,可能反映出较为紧密的亲缘关系。三克里芒纹饰与以上８个品种区别较大,红光６号脊宽等性状介于二者之间     

Pollen morphology of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey

Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace and Hemisphace from Turkey were examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are provided for these taxa. Among the studied taxa, S. verticillata subsp. verticillata from sect. Hemisphace has the smallest pollen grains, and S. pachystachys from sect. Salvia possesses the largest ones. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, oblate-spheroidal or prolate-spheroidal. However subprolate pollen grains are recorded for S. macrochlamys from sect. Salvia. The grains are hexacolpate in all taxa, but in S. recognita from sect. Salvia also octacolpate pollen was found. Three distinct exine sculpturing types exist, reticulate-perforate (the common type), reticulate-granulate and bireticulate. The reticulate-perforate and bireticulate sculpturing patterns can be divided into subtypes based on the number of perforations and the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen. Pollen morphological characteristics of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in distinguishing the sections. For instance, the presence of 1-2 large central secondary lumina per primary lumen is a significant character of sect. Horminum separating it from the other sections. As well, the presence of holes on colpus membrane ornamentation can be used as a diagnostic taxonomic character for sectional division between sect. Hemisphace and others. S. ballsiana from sect. Salvia is clearly distinct from the other taxa examined by its unique pollen morphology. Further, for several macromorphologically similar taxa pollen structures provide additional evidence to delimite them from each other.     

淫羊藿属花粉的外壁纹饰及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对小檗科淫羊截属,３４种及亚种４４个花粉样品进行了观察和研究。该属植物花粉的外壁纹饰有由不规则条纹状突起到穴状,穴网状,再至网状或条网状学化的趋势,其中包括穴由少到多,由小到大;网脊表面具微刺至平坦的演化方向,与形态性状的演化基本一致,具有重要的分类价值。     

猕猴桃属9种植物的花粉形态研究

本文利用扫描电镜和光学显微镜研究了猕猴桃属6种和3变种植物的花粉形态。本属花粉粒具三孔沟或三拟孔沟,外壁纹饰差异较大。可作为该属属下分组的重要依据之一。根据外壁纹饰,可将它们概括为4种类型:(1)皱块状表面具细条纹;(2)不规则的瘤状纹饰;(3)小沟状或小穿孔状;(4)较规则的瘤状纹饰类型。     

几种百合的花粉形态研究

本文利用光学显微镜和扫镜电镜,对百合属9种植物的花粉形态与外部特征作了比较深入细致的观察研究。结合前人的研究结果,综合分析表明:百合属植物花粉粒呈椭球形,形状较为一致。极面观为椭球形,赤道面观为舟形。多为单沟花粉粒,沟延伸到两端。表面纹饰的演化路线为:拟网纹→双排基柱网纹→单双基柱网纹→单排基柱网纹。研究中首次发现湖北百合(Lilium henryi)同一花粉粒表面存在单双基柱网纹。且第一次以花粉粒的外壁纹饰特征制出了种的检索表。     

Pollen Morphology of Quercus L. in China

The present paper describes the pollen morphology of 31 species of the genus Quercus from China. The pollen grains were all examined with light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and those of some species under transmission electron microscope. Pollen grains of the genus are spheroidal or subspheroidal, 16.8-50.4μm in diameter, 3colporoidate or 3-colpate. The exine is 2-layered, 0.4-1.8μm thick, sexine thicker than nexine, granulated tuberculate or verrucate.     

Studies on Pollen Morphology of Pulsatilla Mill.

Pollen grains of 18 species of Pulsatilla in Ranunculaceae distributed in Asia and Europe were examined by LM and SEM, and exine ultrastructure of tricolpate pollen grains of P. chinensis and of pantoporate pollen grains of P. campanella was examined by TEM. Pulsatilla pollen is divided into four major types based on the aperture character, i.e. tricolpate, di- and tricolpate, pantocolpate and pantoporate. The revolutionary trend of pollen types is as follows: tricolpate→pantocolpate→pantoporate. Surface spinulate and perforate. According to density and size of sptnulae and distribution of perforation, the pollen grains of the genus can be divided into two groups. Thin sections of P. chinensis and P. campanella show endexine thickened at colpi and ora. Ektexine consists of a foot layer, a collumellae layer and a continuous, perforate tectum. The columallae layer is thicker than foot layer and tectum. Pollen morphology of Pulsatilla is similar to that of Anemone, but different in the distribution of spinules and perforation. Pollen information supports Wang’s view about systematic arrangment of species of Pulsatilla in China.     

国产省藤属植物的花粉形态学

对国产棕榈科省藤属(Calamius L.)15种植物的花粉进行了光学和扫描电镜观察,其中12种为首次报道。省藤属的花粉均为两沟型花粉,外壁覆盖层多为网状纹饰(大喙省藤C．macrorrhynchus)或具穿孔(华南省藤C.rhabdocladus)。首次发现省藤属花粉的外壁纹饰存在穿孔和外壁疣状突起的类型(阔叶鸡藤C.pulchellus)以及皱波状突起的类型(长鞭省藤C.flagellum)。花粉的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、外壁是否有突起,外壁厚度和网状纹饰网眼的大小,对于省藤属的种级分类有较大的意义。     

Pollen Morphology of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) and Its Taxonomic Implications

Two forms of pollen morphology of Impatiens L. (Balsminaceae) have been described before: 3-colpate and 4-colpate pollen grains. Pollen grains of 13 species of Impatiens on Mt. Omei were examined under SEM for the first time and both forms were observed here, which imply the diversity of species in this region. Of the two forms, 3-colpate one is quite similar to that of the genus Hydrocera Blume (Balsaminaceae) in external morphology. This relation also exists between the 3-colpate pollen group and Hydrocera in habit, habitat, and distribution, etc. It is supposed that the group with 3-colpate pollen type is a natural one, and may have a close relationship with Hydrocera. The pollen morphology is of important significance in classification of the taxa and evaluation of systematic position in the fami-ly balsaminaceae.     

Pollen Morphology of Chinese Datura and Its Taxonomic Significance

The pollen grains of 11 taxa of Chinese Datura were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. All of them are 3(-4)-colporate. The exine ornamentation is so distinct as to allow the identification of individual sections and species, and may be divided into three types. The division is consistent with the taxonomy based on gross morphology i.e. rugulato-reticulate (Sect. Stramonium); striate or striato-reticulate, with some granules on the surface of the lirae, or scabrous (Sect. Dutra); striate with some rings on the surface of the lirae, looking like silkworm (Sect. Brugmansia). The varieties or cultivated forms are not sufficiently distinct from each other in the pollen grains as observed in this investigation.     

Pollen Morphology of the Betulaceae

Pollen grains of 6 genera, including 36 species, of the Betulaceae, were examined under LM, SEM and TEM.Their morphological characters are described and three types of pollen are distinguished here. The evidence from pollen morphological characters does not support Hutchinson's (1973)and Dahlgren's (1983)treatments which divided the Betulaceae into two families: Corylaceae ( including Corylus, Ostryopsis, Carpinus and Ostrya) and Betulaceae (including Alnus and Betula). The author agrees with Abbe's (1974)division of the Betulaceae into three tribes with one modification that Ostryopsis is transferred from the tribe Coryleae to the tribe Carpineae. The limits of the three tribes presented here are the same as Kuprianova's (1963) treatment in which she divided the Betulaceae into three families. It is more reasonable to treat Kuprianova's families as tribes. Pollen morphological characters of the three tribes of the Betulaceae are described as follows: 1. Tribe Betuleae (including Alnus and Betula): Pollen grains are triporate or stephanoporate and oblate, suboblate or spheroidal. Sometimes the exine has arci and the ektexine thickens in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under scanning electron microscope (SEM) ; the exine structure is four-layered: tectum, columellae, footlayer and endexine. The columellae are columellate, the endexine thickens in the apertural region and sometimes it is separated from the footlayer to form vestibulum. 2. Tribe Coryleae (only Corylus): Pollen grains are triporate and suboblate. The exine has no arci and the ektexine does not thicken in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under SEM; the exine structure is five-layered: granular layer, tectum, columellae, footlayer and endexine. The tectum is vovered with a granular layer, the columellae granular and the endexine thickens but is not separated from the footlayer in the apertural region. 3. Tribe Carpineae (including Ostryopsis, Carpinus and Ostrya): Pollen grains are mostly triporate and suboblate. The exine has no arci and the ektexine does not thicken in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under SEM; the exine structure is five-layered which is the same as those of the Coryleae. The tectum is covered with a granular layer, the columellae are columellate and the endexine is neither thickened nor separated from the footlayer in the apertural region. The operculum exists on the top of aperturemembrane. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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中国紫葳科花粉形态的研究

对紫葳科18属27种花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜的观察,其中有些种是第一次观察或报道。紫葳科花粉明显地属多型花粉,萌发孔类型和纹饰特征多种多样。萌发孔基本上可分为3（－4）沟,3（－4）孔沟,3孔,多沟及散沟等类型;纹饰则可分为皱波状饰,穴状纹饰,穴－网状纹饰,网状纹饰,刺状纹饰以及表面光滑等。值得注意的是在菜豆树属Rademoachera Zoll.et Moritzi中,菜豆树R．sinica和滇菜豆树R.yunnanensis虽为同一个属,但其萌发孔类型和纹饰特征截然不同,菜豆树花粉为3孔,具网状纹饰;而滇菜豆树花粉为3孔沟,具穴状纹饰。就花粉形态学而言,紫葳科也许是多元发生的。     

五种木兰属植物的花粉形态

对木兰属(Magnolia)5种花粉进行了光学显微镜观察,形态相似。扫描电镜下观察,花粉外壁均为小穴状纹饰,荷花玉兰(M．grandiflora)略为粗糙。透射电镜下观察,5种花粉外壁均可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层。覆盖层不连续,有小穿孔。在远极面萌发沟区域,外壁逐渐减薄,最后覆盖层和柱状层消失,仅残留基层。柱状层内部空隙较小,多由颗粒构成,处于小柱发育的初级阶段。荷花玉兰和玉兰萌发沟区域下有明显的外壁-2。木兰属花粉属于原始类型的代表。     

中国沙拐枣属植物花粉形态及其在地层研究中的意义

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了中国沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)11种植物的花粉形态。按扫描电镜下的外壁纹饰分类,该属花粉可分为4种类型,即:网纹-穴状具圆形或近圆形网眼、网纹-穴状具多角型网眼、网纹-穿孔和网纹-穿孔或小沟渠。它们的演化趋势是从前面类型依次向后面类型演化。根据花粉内孔的形状,沙拐枣属植物花粉可区别于蓼科其它属植物三孔沟类型花粉。     

A Systematic and Evolutionary Study of Zizania L. (Gramineae) Pollen Morphology

This paper deals with pollen morphology of Zizania L. and its relatives. A total of 7 genera, 13 species, 3 varieties and 1 form were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The genus Zizania belongs to tribe Oryzeae as shown by pollen characters, i, e. subspheroidal to ovoid in shape, monoporate, exine two-layered, with minute granules under LM. 2. The evolutionary trend of these taxa seems to be from minute granules free (Zizania latifolia, Z. texana, Zizaniopsis milicea and Oryza sativa) to minute granules aggregated in a group of 2-4 (many) (Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris, Leersia hexandra etc.). The genus Zizania may be derived from the ancient stock which has also given rise to the genus Oryza, and therefore parallel evolution may have taken place in Oryzeae, i. e. from perennial species to annual species in Zizania in one line, and from the genus Oryza to Leersia, Chikusichloa etc. in the other. 3. The characters of pollen morphology under LM and SEM support the division of the genus, Zizania into 4 species, 2 subspecies in the world, i. e. Z. latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf, Z. texana Hitchc., Z. aquatica subsp. aquatica, Z. aquatica subsp. brevis (Fassett) S. L.Chen, Z. palustris subsp. palustris, and Z. palustris subsp. interior (Fassett) S. L. Chen.     

螺序草属(茜草科)的花粉形态

首次对螺序草属(Spiradiclis B1.)的11种和1变型共16份植物的花粉样品在光镜和电镜下进行了观察。结果表明,本属植物花粉为单粒,小型和中型花粉,近球形至椭球形,辐射对称,常具3孔沟,偶为4孔沟,外壁表面纹饰为孔状。花粉外壁由不连续的具穿孔的覆盖层、柱状结构和基层组成,内外壁明显。此外,本属植物的花粉具有花粉2型和“芽状”结构的现象。螺序草属植物的花粉形态在属下分类上有一定的局限性,但是在个体的系统发育上却可以提供极有价值的信息,如具有花粉单型的种类比花粉二型的种类进化。     

大风子科13个种的花粉形态

利用光镜和扫描电镜对大风子科 9属 1 3个种的花粉形态进行了观察。花粉形状长球形或圆球形 ,除大风子属 (Hydnocarpus)萌发孔为三拟孔沟 ,其余均为三孔沟 ;外壁纹饰在不同属、同属不同种间表现出明显的多样化 ,基本上可分为粗网状、细网状、穿孔状、穴状4种类型。研究认为花粉形态对于该科与近缘科以及属下的划分具有一定的意义