小麦不同细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系萌动胚及幼芽可溶性蛋白等电聚焦电泳分析

用等电聚焦电泳分析的方法,测定了小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ）３ 种细胞质雄性不育类型（Ａ 型、Ｅ型、Ｔ型）及其相应同核保持系萌动胚及幼芽可溶性蛋白． 发现雄性可育系等电点（ｐＩ）为４．９０ 的蛋白质合成数量高于相应的不育系;ｐＩ为６．８５ 的蛋白质可能是Ｔ 型细胞质基因表达的结果;ｐＩ为７．６ 的蛋白质可能为津丰Ａ 不育系特有的区带．表明细胞质来源不同的不育类型,其萌动胚及幼芽可溶性蛋白等电聚焦电泳图谱差异明显,有可能作为鉴别它们的依据     

四个普通小麦同核异质系的生化标记研究

以４上个普通小麦同核异质系－可育系Ｄ^2-CA8057(BC14),D^2型不育系msD^2－ＣＡ８０５７（ＢＣ１１）、ＹＡ型不育系msA-CA8057(BC12)、CA8057(核亲本）为材料,采用ＲＡＧＥ方法比较了４个系灌浆期种子胚乳和“花粉双核期”花药的过氧化物酶同工酶,采用梯度ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ方法比较了４个系不同发育时期（干种子胚乳、越冬前和越冬后苗期叶片、“花粉双核期”旗叶、“花粉双核期”花药）可溶性蛋白质的组份,发现可育系之间差异较小、不育系与可育系之间,D^2型不育系与ＹＡ型不育系之间的存在显著差异,表明细胞质（不育）基因的表达具有时空性和特异性,这些差异（表达）带作为细胞质（不育）基因对核基因的特异调控表达产物,可以作为４个系的生化标记,同时也表明msD^2-CA8057和msA-CA8057是２个不同的新不育类型。     

由不同细胞核背景引起的小麦细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)叶绿体蛋白质组的变化(简报)

叶绿体和线粒体是高等植物细胞内2种重要的细胞器。由于细胞质雄性不育(CMS)被认为是一种由线粒体基因编码的性状,因此,近10多年来,国内外研究者对线粒体基因组结构与功能、由线粒体基因编码的与CMS相关蛋白的研究积累了大量的资料。与线粒体相比,叶绿体与CMS关系的研究相对滞后。虽然一些研究者在核不育水稻中,观     

Comparative analysis of stamen polypeptides of a rapeseed cultivar,Regent, a CMS polima line,and temperature-restored male-fertile polima line

Summary Polypeptides were extracted from stamens of a rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivar, Regent, a near isogenic male-sterile line, Polima-R7 (Pol-R7), and a high-temperature-restored malefertile Pol-R7 (TR) and subsequently separated by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Four variable polypeptides with a pI around 6 were observed. Two stamen polypeptides (40000 Da, 38000 Da) were unique to Regent, and the other two (32000 Da, 30000 Da) were unique to the male-sterile Pol-R7. When the male-sterile Pol-R7 was treated with day/night temperatures of 30°/24° C for 7–10 days prior to flowering, both polypeptides unique to Regent reappeared, while the smaller polypeptides disappeared. Temperature-restored male-fertile Pol-R7 (TR) produced fertile pollen, while its short stamen filaments resembled those of the male-sterile Pol-R7. These changes in protein expression may be causally related to the CMS phenotype.     

胡萝卜(Daucus carota L.)胚性细胞蛋白的分离研究

应用IEF/SDS-PAGE双向电泳技术,比较了胡萝卜胚性细胞、非胚性细胞和不同发育时期的胚状体中可溶性蛋白的双向电泳图谱,结果发现在胚性细胞中特异存在的胚性细胞蛋白在不同发育时期的胚状体中也存在,但在非胚性细胞中不存在。因此,推测体细胞胚胎发生所需的一些基因在胚性细胞中就早已表达了。我们还成功地分离和测定了ECP 45-2 N-末端和中央部分氨基酸序列。与已知氨基酸序列相比,ECP 45-2部分氨基酸序列与ECP 45-1 部分氨基酸序列具有较高比例的同源性。因此, ECP 45-1和45-2可能属于同一因基家族。     

Assessment of pleiotropic effects of a gene substitution in pea by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

We examined, by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), near-isogenic lines of the r-gene in pea (Pisum sativum) which determines round (RR) vs. wrinkled (rr) seed. The study was undertaken to assess the number of protein changes resulting from a single gene substitution as a means of quantifying pleiotropic effects. A total of 636 to 770 resolvable polypeptides were identical in all respects between RR and rr for roots, shoots, leaflets, stipules, young ovaries, and young embryos. A single difference between the lines became evident about 21-23 days after anthesis in the embryos. Mature seeds of the two lines showed 62 spot differences in addition to differences in four clusters of spots, representing about 10% of the total number of spots visible on the gels. The protein differences are presumably involved in the many known physiological differences of the two seed types. 2-D PAGE analyses of near-isogenic lines are likely to be valuable in a number of quantitative and developmental genetic contexts.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Lolium perenne L.: 1. Development of a diagnostic probe for the male-sterile cytoplasm

Analysis of reciprocal crosses between nonrestoring fertile genotypes and restored male-sterile genotypes of Lolium perenne confirmed the cytoplasmic nature of the sterility trait. This prompted a search for a molecular probe that could be used to distinguish between fertile and cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) cytoplasms. We describe the identification and cloning of a 4.5-kb BamHI-HindIII restriction fragment from the mtDNA of the CMS line. The cloned fragment (pCMS45) failed to hybridise to sequences in the mtDNA of fertile lines and was thus capable of unambiguously distinguishing between fertile and CMS cytoplasms. The use of pCMS45 as a diagnostic probe provided a simple test for positive identification of young non-flowering plants carrying the CMS cytoplasm and also permitted confirmation at the molecular level of the maternal transmission of the CMS trait suggested by the genetic data.     

Soluble and Particulate Forms of Rat Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Distinguished by Gel Electrophoresis and Immune Fixation

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was visualized in homogenates and subcellular fractions of rat tissues, including liver and brain, by gel electrophoresis, electrophoretic transfer of proteins to nitrocellulose (Western blotting), and immune fixation with antiserum to highly purified soluble rat liver COMT. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of all tissue homogenates examined revealed three major immune-specific proteins with apparent molecular weights 23,000, 26,000, and 66,000 (23K, 26K and 66K). Centrifugation of homogenates at 100,000 X g for 60 min resulted in the enrichment of the 26K species protein in the pellet whereas the 23K and 66K proteins were the predominant forms in the supernatant. The 66K protein appeared in variable amounts depending on the tissue being examined and the length of transfer of protein and is assumed to be an "aggregate" of the smaller form(s). The 26K protein was essentially the only immunoreactive species seen in a purified preparation of rat liver outer mitochondrial membrane. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) under denaturing conditions and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of brain and liver fractions showed that the 23K protein was resolved into three bands of pI 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, whereas the 26K protein had a pI of 6.2. Analysis of COMT activity in slices from nondenaturing IEF gels indicated that the pI 5.1-5.3 species are biologically active; the pI 6.2 species could not be detected under these conditions. COMT activity was demonstrated, however, in outer mitochondrial membranes from rat liver, which contain predominantly the 26K, pI 6.2 immunoreactive species. The major form of COMT in all rat tissues examined is "soluble" with an apparent Mr of 23K and a pI of 5.2. The nature of the modifications giving rise to pI 5.1 and 5.3 forms of this enzyme are not clear, nor is the relationship between the 23K and 26K forms. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship of immunoreactive forms of COMT to each other, their intracellular location, and their functional significance.     

玉米籽粒贮藏蛋白组成及特性的研究

利用等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）电泳和不连续醋酸尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＮＡＵ－ＰＡＧＥ）对玉米籽粒贮藏蛋白的等电点（ｐＩ）和在Ｆ１中的遗传表现以及贮藏蛋白在胚和胚乳中的分布进行研究,结果表明：（１）玉米籽粒贮藏蛋白的ｐＩ在３．５￣８．４５范围内,可分离的有３９条左右,６０％左右的蛋白质属酸性,ｐＩ分布在３．５０－６．８５范围内,４０％左右属中性偏碱,ｐＩ在６．８５－８．４５范围内。（２）籽粒贮藏蛋白在Ｆ１     

A ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein, TaG3BP, associated with the modulation of male fertility in a thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile wheat line

Hybrid wheat development may contribute to higher, more stable yield and could result in greater food security for much of the world's growing population. YS type thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile (TCMS) wheat lines were developed for use in hybrid wheat breeding in China. To investigate the molecular mechanism of modulation of male fertility in the YS-type TCMS wheat lines, a ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein (TaG3BP) was examined. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by TaG3BP was conserved in the sequenced genomes of Embryophyte. TaG3BP expression in the anthers of YS-type TCMS lines taken at the critical fertility reversion stage of pollen development from male fertile anthers was higher than that from male-sterile anthers, either by quantitative real-time PCR or by western blot analysis. Sequence analysis on the cDNA and genomic DNA of TaG3BP in three kinds of K-type CMS wheat lines and their maintainers indicated that there were no significant difference between the genes or in their 5' flanking sequences. The TaG3BP expression revealed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR was lower in the young spikes of these CMS lines than that of their maintainers. This indicates that TaG3BP expression is associated with the modulation, from male-sterile to fertile, of the TCMS wheat line, and TaG3BP might be a key factor in the pathway responsible for the fertility reversion.     

不同倍性不结球白菜Pol CMS及保持系生理生化特性比较

对二、四倍体不结球白菜Pol CMS及其保持系花蕾和薹叶进行生理生化特性比较分析,结果表明:不育系花蕾中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量均显著低于保持系,且各指标在不育系中四倍体低于二倍体,而在保持系中则四倍体高于二倍体;不育系MDA含量,POD、SOD、CAT活性均高于保持系,不育系中四倍体均高于二倍体.而保持系中四倍体均低于二倍体;薹叶中MDA含量,POD、SOD、CAT活性均为不育系高于保持系,不育系中四倍体高于二倍体;POD、EST同工酶显示不育系与保持系间均具特异酶带,但不同倍性间并无差异.     

Humoral factors in very young NZB mice that enhance the maturation of normal B cell precursors. Partial purification and characterization

Soluble factors that enhance maturation of murine B lineage precursor cells in vitro were partially purified from the serum of very young NZB mice and characterized biochemically and biologically. Activity was initially detected by induction of colony-forming activity and surface immunoglobulin (sIg) on normal sIg- marrow cells as well as responsiveness of a pre-B cell line. Pooled sera from 4- to 5-wk-old NZB mice were initially fractionated on Sephacryl S-300 and Sephadex G-100 superfine columns. Fractions with activity (corresponding to m.w. of 15,000 to 45,000) were pooled and further separated. The activity was eluted as a single peak by hydrophobic (phenyl-Sepharose, with 0.8 M (NH4)2SO4) and lentil lectin affinity chromatography but resolved into three distinct peaks in preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), with pI values of 3.5, 7.8, and 8.4. The latter two merged into a single peak with a pI value of 8.8 when the sample was further treated with neuraminidase before IEF. These three IEF fractions, each of which were enriched at least 1000-fold in specific activity relative to starting serum, were then characterized. Each was stable at pH 2 but sensitive to trypsin, 10 M urea, and heat treatment (56 degrees C for 1 hr). In nonreduced SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, their mobilities corresponded to m.w. of 17,000 for peak I (pI 3.5), 15,000 for peak II (pI 7.8), and 15,000 for peak III (pI 8.4). Interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 3, colony-stimulating factor for granulocyte and macrophage progenitors, antiviral, or B cell growth factor type I-like activities were not demonstrable. Peaks II and III, but not peak I, induced Ig secretion of anti-stimulated B cells. Peak I was also less effective than peaks II and III in induction of sIg on an established pre-B cell line. However, all fractions were equally effective in enhancing maturation of normal sIg- B lineage cells. Thus, serum from 4- to 5-wk-old NZB mice contains at least two distinct soluble factors that can enhance the maturation of sIg- B lineage cells in vitro. The biologic and biochemical characteristics of these factors appear to differ from those of previously well-defined cytokines.     

Stable inheritance and expression of the CMS traits introduced by asymmetric protoplast fusion

The donor-recipient protoplast fusion method was used to produce cybrid plants and to transfer cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) from two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines MTC-5A and MTC-9A into a fertile japonica cultivar, Sasanishiki. The CMS was expressed in the cybrid plants and was stably transmitted to their progenies. Only cytoplasmic traits of the male-sterile lines, especially the mitochondrial DNAs, were introduced into the cells of the fertile rice cultivar. More than 80% of the cybrid plants did not set any seeds upon selfing. Sterile cybrid plants set seeds only when they were fertilized with normal pollen by hand and yielded only sterile progenies. This maternally inherited sterility of the cybrid plants showed that they were characterized by CMS. The CMS of cybrid plants could be restored completely by crossing with MTC-10R which had the single dominant gene Rf-1 for restoring fertility. These results indicated that CMS was caused by the mitochondrial genome introduced through protoplast fusion. The introduced CMS was stably transmitted to their progenies during at least eight backcross generations. These results demonstrate that cybrids generated by the donor-recipient protoplast fusion technique can be used in hybrid rice breeding for the creation of new cytoplasmic male-sterile rice lines.     

Diversity among male-sterility-inducing and male-fertile cytoplasms of onion

Hybrid-onion (Allium cepa) seed is produced using systems of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Two different sources of CMS (S and T cytoplasms) have been genetically characterized. Testcrosses of N-cytoplasmic maintaining and restoring genotypes to S and T cytoplasmic lines demonstrated that different alleles, or loci, restore male fertility for these two male-sterile cytoplasms. Other sources of CMS have been used or reported in Europe, Japan and India, and their relationships to S and T cytoplasms are not clear. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified in the organellar genomes among commercially used male-sterile cytoplasms from Holland, Japan and India, and were compared to S and T cytoplasms. Mitochondrial DNA diversity among 58 non-S-cytoplasmic open-pollinated onion populations was also assessed. All five putative CMS lines selected from the Indian population Nasik White Globe were identical to S cytoplasm for all polymorphisms in the chloroplast genome, and always possessed the same-sized mitochondrial fragments as S cytoplasm. T cytoplasm, the male-sterile cytoplasm used to produce the Dutch hybrid Hygro F₁, and two sources of CMS from Japan, were similar and showed numbers of mitochondrial polymorphisms similar to those observed among the 58 non-S-cytoplasmic open-pollinated populations. This research demonstrates that the same, or very similar, male-sterile cytoplasms have been independently isolated and exploited for hybrid-seed production in onion. Received: 27 October 1999 / Accepted: 12 February 2000     

Variant mitochondrial protein and DNA patterns associated with cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of Nicotiana

Summary Variation in mitochondrial protein synthesis and genome organization was investigated. Three different alloplasmic cytoplasmic male-sterile Nicotiana tabacum cultivars, carrying N. repanda, N. suaveolens or N. debneyi cytoplasm, were analysed together with corresponding male-fertile parental and restored material. Although several differences were detected in the proteins synthesized by isolated mitochondria from the male-sterile and male-fertile plants, most of these were related to the origin of the mitochondria. However, a 23 kD protein was synthesized in the male-sterile cultivar carrying N. debneyi mitochondria, but not in other lines containing this cytoplasm. This protein was also present in the male-fertile parent containing N. tabacum mitochondria. Only the enhanced production of a 30 kD protein in the lines carrying mitochondria from N. repanda or N. debneyi was exclusively correlated with CMS. This protein was not present in any of the corresponding male-fertile parental and restored lines. Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed a difference in abundance of a 5.6 kb XhoI fragment between lines containing N. debneyi mitochondria. No rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA was found between male-fertile and male-sterile lines carrying N. repanda or N. suaveolens cytoplasm. These results might indicate that CMS in alloplasmic Nicotiana cultivars is caused by alterations in the expression of mitochondrial genes, rather than by induced changes in the genome.     

Pre-harvest germination in male-sterile wheats

F¹ hybrid grain borne on cytoplasmic male-sterile (A line) parents germinated (sprouted) before maturity but grain set on male-fertile analogues (B lines) of the A lines did not. Sprouting may involve varied with the pollinator and with the A lines although their ranking order varied between experiments. Unsprouted grain harvested from A lines subsequently germinated more rapidly than that from the B lines.