早白垩世单缝孢真蕨植物新材料及其分类归属

在原位繁殖器官研究的基础上,描述了产于辽宁铁法盆地早白垩世地层中的单缝孢真蕨植物化石：Ａｔｈｙｒｉｕｍ ａｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃｕｍ ｍｅｎｇ、Ｄｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｔｅｓ ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．Ｄ．ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和Ａｓｐｌｎｉｕｍ ｐｏｐｏｖｉｉ Ｓａｍｙｌｉｎａ,并讨论了其分类归属.     

A new marsilealean fern species from the Early Cretaceous of Jordan

Leaflets of Marsileaceae are described from the Albian (Early Cretaceous) strata of Jordan. The fossils are from the Jarash Formation (Kurnub Group) and are found in fluvial sediments along with water lily leaves. The small wedge-shaped leaves have dichotomous veins that anastomose and form a marginal vein. Based on comparisons to living genera, Marsileaceaephyllum mahisensis Hu, Taylor, Brenner et Basha, n. sp., is most similar to Marsilea, in particular, with terrestrial leaflet forms; yet, it is distinct from living and fossil species by its small size and the few dichotomously branched middle veins that have a monopodial course. In addition, a single similar-veined smaller leaf with a retuse apex is thought to be a juvenile leaf of the same species. This is the first megafossil evidence of the family from Africa/Arabian Peninsula.     

Jasmonic acid promotes division of fern protoplasts, elongation of rhizoids and early development of gametophytes

The effects of jasmonic acid (JA) on spore germination, early gametophyte development and sporophytic protoplast culture of the fern Platycerium bifurcalum (Cav.) C. Chr. were investigated. JA and no influence on spore germination and primary rhizoid initiation, but significantly promoted early gametophyte development, which was evident from the longer primary rhizoids as well as the higher number of rhizoids and cells per gametophyte. Jasmonic acid (1 μ M ) also promoted the transition of gametophytes from a filamentous to a planar growth. Optimal primary rhizoid elongation and highest cell division activities in the gametophytes were observed at 0.01–1 μ M JA, while the highest number of rhizoids on gametophytes was obtained at 0.1–1 μ M JA. Jasmonic acid (0.01 μ M ) also stimulated initial protoplast divisions. Except for the experiment in which the effect of JA on germination was tested. JA concentrations exceeding 1 μ M did not promote cell elongation or cell division but were instead inhibitory. On the basis of these findings, we propose that JA may be involved in early stages of P. bifurcatum development.     

蕨类植物孢子与种子植物花粉萌发的比较

蕨类植物孢子与种子植物花粉在有性生殖过程中都具有重要的作用。花粉作为种子植物的雄配子体,通过萌发后极性生长的花粉管将精细胞送到胚囊完成受精作用。蕨类植物孢子作为配子体的原始细胞,通过不对称的有丝分裂产生一大一小两个细胞,小细胞萌发出极性生长的假根,大细胞继续分裂发育为原叶体（配子体）。成熟的花粉和蕨类植物孢子都是代谢高度静止的细胞,两者的萌发过程不仅都受到各种不同环境因子的影响,而且在信号转导、极性建立和能量代谢等方面可能有着相似的调控机制。本文综述了蕨类植物孢子和种子植物花粉萌发过程的差异和保守性特征。     

Fern spore fall in the ‘Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI)’, São Paulo,Brazil

Studies related to spore production and dispersal are scarce but extremely important, as they allow colonisation of new sites and gene flow among different populations. The aim of this study was to investigate fern spore fall in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), a natural reserve in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The analyses were performed every month for one year, using an Oldfield pollen trap, 30 cm above the ground, at four different sites. The method included introducing Lycopodium clavatum tablets, adding hydrofluoric acid and sulphuric acid, and finally adopting the acetolysis method. A total of 17 types of spores were identified. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) did not demonstrate regular patterns of dispersal for each site. Wind influences the spore dispersal process minimally, but there was no significant association between dispersal and the remaining environmental variables. Spores of species uncommon to the area were recorded, perhaps contributing to the colonisation of new areas and helping to understand studies on regeneration and recomposition of ferns and lycophytes in areas undergone anthropic impacts.     

日本蹄盖蕨配子体发育的研究

采用混和土培养日本蹄盖蕨(Athyrium niponicum)孢子,显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明:孢子黑褐色,赤道面豆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝。播种7 d左右孢子萌发,萌发类型为向心型,配子体发育为铁线蕨型。丝状体7~11细胞时开始发育为片状体。播种14 d后发育形成幼原叶体,成熟原叶体呈心脏形。原叶体边缘可产生单细胞毛状体。播种后20 d左右精子器出现,精子器近圆球形,由3细胞组成。7 d后颈卵器出现,成熟颈卵器3~5层细胞高。精卵受精后14 d左右即可观察到从原叶体上生成的幼胚。     

祖先性状重建法揭示铁线蕨属植物孢子表面纹饰的形态多样性及其演化

蕨类植物孢子表面的纹饰形态复杂多样, 在分类学和古生物学研究中具有重要意义, 目前探索祖先性状演化常用形态学与系统发育学结合的方法。本文选取一回羽叶铁线蕨类植物为材料, 用扫描电子显微镜观察其孢子形态, 用5个叶绿体基因序列构建系统树, 用最大似然法和最大简约法来分析孢子性状的演化。结果表明: 一回羽叶铁线蕨类的孢子纹饰有5种类型, 即光滑、粗糙、颗粒、疣状及瘤状; 这一类群的祖先孢子纹饰有很大的可能是瘤状纹饰; 疣状纹饰可能是由瘤状纹饰演化而来; 孢子纹饰由简单向复杂演化, 越进化的物种其孢子纹饰越复杂。     

Effects of CO2 on growth and photosynthesis of Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price gametophytes

The effects of CO2 concentration on spore germination, growth, and net photosynthetic rate (PN) of gametophytes of a tropical epiphytic fern, Pyrrosia piloselloides, were investigated over a 100-d period. Increasing CO2 concentration stimulated spore germination and enhanced gametophytic growth. The appearance of sexual organs and formation of sporophytes were accelerated with higher CO2 during growth. Radiant energy saturated PN and dark respiration rate also increased with increasing CO2 concentrations during growth.     

Photocontrol of spore germination in the fern Thelypteris kunthii

The light requirement for germination in spores of the fern Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton was fully satisfied by a long period of continuous red light or partially by intermittent, short periods of red light. Red light-potentiated spore germination was inhibited by brief far-red light irradiation, indicating phytochrome involvement. Repeated exposure of spores to prolonged red and short far-red irradiations, or exposure of red-potentiated spores to far-red light after an extended period in darkness, led to their escape from inhibition of germination by far-red light. Prolonged irradiation of spores with blue light before or after red light treatment partially antagonized the effect of red light.     

利用胚胎和幼孢子体进行蕨类细胞学研究

以蕨类植物胚胎和幼孢子体根为实验材料,以根尖和孢子母细胞为对照,进行细胞学观察方法的比较研究.结果显示:(1)野外材料的根尖仅在春季分裂期约1个月时间内存在分裂相,根尖个体数目较少(每植株根尖数目＜20条),根尖细胞内含有较坚硬的黏性物质,利用单株根尖进行压片,成功率低于40％;而从野外采回培养时根尖生长极为缓慢且较难成活,因而影响实验效果.(2)野外材料的孢子母细胞仅在孢子囊形成期约1周时间内存在分裂相,因此极大地限制了细胞学观察研究.(3)以胚胎和幼孢子体根为材料进行实验,单位面积(d=15cm培养皿)内幼孢子体根尖或胚胎的数量多于300个,分裂期细胞比例高,且细胞间基本不含黏性物质,进行细胞学研究时较少受到季节和实验时间的限制;利用单株根尖或胚胎进行压片,成功率高于80％.因此,利用蕨类植物的胚胎和幼孢子体根进行细胞学研究能有效地提高蕨类植物细胞学观察实验的成功率.     

Mesozoic birds of China-a synoptic review

A synoptic review of the discoveries and studies of Chinese Mesozoic birds is provided in this paper.40Ar/39Ar dating of several bird-bearing deposits in the Jehol Group has established a geochronological framework for the study of the early avian radiation.Chinese Mesozoic birds had lasted for at least 11 Ma during about 131 Ma and 120 Ma (Barremian to Aptian)of the middle and late Early Cretaceous,respectively.In order to further evaluate the change of the avian diversity in the Jehol Biota,six new orders and families are erected based on known genera and species,which brings the total number of orders of Chinese Mesozoic birds to 15 and highlights a remarkable radiation ever since the first appearante of birds in the Late Jurassic.Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had experienced a significant differentiation in morphology,flight,diet and habitat.Further examination of the foot of Jeholornis suggests this bird might not have possessed a fully reversed hallux.However,the attachment of metatarsal Ⅰ to the medial side of metatarsal Ⅱ does not preclude trunk climbing,a pre-adaptation for well developed perching life of early birds.Arboreality had proved to be a key adaptation in the origin and early evolution of bird flight,and the adaptation to lakeshore environment had played an equally important role in the origin of omithurine birds and their near-modern flight skill.Many Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had preserved the direct evidence of their diet,showing that the most primitive birds were probably mainly insectivorous and that specialized herbivorous or carnivorous (e.g.,piscivorous)dietary adaptation had appeared only in later advanced forms.The only known Early Cretaceous bird embryo fossil has shown that precocial birds had occurred prior to altricial birds in avian history,and the size of the embryo and other analysis indicate it probably had a short incubation period.Leg feathers probably have a wide range of distribution in early birds,further suggesting that leg feathers had played a key role in the beginning stage of the flight of birds.Finally,the Early Cretaceous avian radiation can be better understood against the background of their unique ecosystem.The advantage of birds in the competitions with other vertebrate groups such as pterosaurs had probably not only resulted in the rapid differentiation and radiation of birds but also the worldwide spreading of pterosaurs and other vertebrates from East Asia in the Early Cretaceous.     

中国中生代鸟类概述

对中国中生代鸟类的发现和研究进行了简要的介绍。近年来生物地层学和年代地层学的工作表明,这些鸟类主要属于早白垩世的中晚期(131～120Ma),延续了争少11Ma,但主要的辐射发生在125～120Ma 间。为便于分析早白垩世鸟类多样性的演变,本文依据已发表的化石,新建了6个目和科,从而将中国早白垩世鸟类目的总数提高到了15个,进一步揭示了鸟类出现以来第一次大规模的辐射事件。这一大的辐射还表现在鸟类在形态、飞行能力个体大小、食性和生态习性等均出现了显著的分异。早期鸟类进化过程中首先经历了个体减小过程,其后在今鸟类中率先开始了个体增大的趋势。早期鸟类个体大小的变化受其飞行能力的限制;同时还与食性、习性等的变化密切相关。对热河鸟的进一步分析表明,其脚趾可能不具备完全对握的功能,但这并不影响其攀援树干的能力。树栖的适应对鸟类飞行的起源及其早期演化具有重要的影响,同样,适应湖岸生活方式对今鸟类的起源演化具有重要的意义。中国早白垩世的鸟类保存了许多食性的直接证据。推测最早的鸟类以食昆虫为主,尔后才出现了特化的植食性和肉食性(如食鱼类)的种类。早白垩世发现的惟一一件鸟类的胚胎化石表明早成性鸟类在鸟类演化史上的出现先于晚成性的鸟类。此外,根据胚胎的大小等特征推测这一鸟类可能还具有较短的孵化周期。腿羽在早期鸟类中可能具有广泛的分布,这一观察进一步表明腿羽在鸟类祖先的飞行之初曾经发挥了重要的作用。最后,探讨鸟类的演化离不开它所生活的生态系统。鸟类与其他生物如翼龙竞争中的优势可能直接导致了鸟类的快速发展和分化;同时,这些类群相互间的竞争对翼龙等其他生物的地理扩散也具有重要的影响。     

Mesozoic birds of China—a synoptic review

A synoptic review of the discoveries and studies of Chinese Mesozoic birds is provided in this paper. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of several bird-bearing deposits in the Jehol Group has established a geochronological framework for the study of the early avian radiation. Chinese Mesozoic birds had lasted for at least 11 Ma during about 131 Ma and 120 Ma (Barremian to Aptian) of the middle and late Early Cretaceous, respectively. In order to further evaluate the change of the avian diversity in the Jehol Biota, six new orders and families are erected based on known genera and species, which brings the total number of orders of Chinese Mesozoic birds to 15 and highlights a remarkable radiation ever since the first appearance of birds in the Late Jurassic. Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had experienced a significant differentiation in morphology, flight, diet and habitat. Further examination of the foot of Jeholornis suggests this bird might not have possessed a fully reversed hallux. However, the attachment of metatarsal I to the medial side of metatarsal II does not preclude trunk climbing, a pre-adaptation for well developed perching life of early birds. Arboreality had proved to be a key adaptation in the origin and early evolution of bird flight, and the adaptation to lakeshore environment had played an equally important role in the origin of ornithurine birds and their near-modern flight skill. Many Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had preserved the direct evidence of their diet, showing that the most primitive birds were probably mainly insectivorous and that specialized herbivorous or carnivorous (e.g., piscivorous) dietary adaptation had appeared only in later advanced forms. The only known Early Cretaceous bird embryo fossil has shown that precocial birds had occurred prior to altricial birds in avian history, and the size of the embryo and other analysis indicate it probably had a short incubation period. Leg feathers probably have a wide range of distribution in early birds, further suggesting that leg feathers had played a key role in the beginning stage of the flight of birds. Finally, the Early Cretaceous avian radiation can be better understood against the background of their unique ecosystem. The advantage of birds in the competitions with other vertebrate groups such as pterosaurs had probably not only resulted in the rapid differentiation and radiation of birds but also the worldwide spreading of pterosaurs and other vertebrates from East Asia in the Early Cretaceous. Selected from Vertebrata PalAsiatica 2006, 44 (1): 74–98     

福建禾口盆地早白垩世禾口组的类三角蚌：兼论Trigonioididae的分类

讨论Trigonioididae的分类和记述产于福建宁化禾口盆地下白垩统禾口组的Trigonioides(s.s.)elegans sp.nov., Trigonioides(s.s.) quadratus Gu et Ma.这两种的主要区别在于Tri-gonioides (s.s.) elegans sp.nov. 的前部壳面放射脊精致且由壳顶延伸至前缘附近,但Trigoni-oides (s.s.) quadratus Gu et Ma的前部壳面放射脊多隐伏或消失.化石产出层位可能与朝鲜南部霞山洞组相当.     

昆都仑鱼(Kuntulunia)的新材料及其系统位置的讨论

本文根据对宁夏六盘山群马东山组的长鳍昆都仑鱼(Kuntulunia longipterus, Liu, Ma et Liu 1982)的新材料的研究,对其形态特征做了一些补充和订正。在此基础上,笔者支持刘宪亭等人将昆都仑鱼归入华夏鱼科(Huashiidae)及华夏鱼科归入骨舌鱼类的观点。并且认为华夏鱼类代表了一新的亚目——华夏鱼亚目(Huashioidei subordo. nov.)。