植物硅酸体的分析方法

介绍了国外植物硅酸体的分析方法。主要内容：１． 野外工作方法,包括：植物标本、表土、地层、考古样品的采集;２． 实验室硅酸体分析方法,包括：现代植物、表土、地层、考古等样品硅酸体分析     

四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析

农业是文明产生的深厚基础.成都平原是长江上游地区文明起源的中心,探讨其史前农业的经济形态一直是学术界关心的热点问题.本文拟对新津宝墩遗址的文化层剖面及两处灰坑的样品进行植硅体分析,并结合浮选结果,以期探讨宝墩遗址农业经济状况.研究结果表明,宝墩文化层中,存在大量具有驯化特征的产于水稻叶秆的扇型和横排双裂片型(哑铃型)植硅体以及产于水稻稃壳的双峰型植硅体,同时还存在少量黍稃壳植硅体碎片.水稻扇型植硅体多呈典型的驯化形态,总体尺寸较大,其测量数据符合粳稻植硅体特征.这表明宝墩先民的经济结构是以稻作农业为主,兼有粟作农业.     

Phytolith and starch analysis of sediment samples from two archaeological sites on Dauar Island,Torres Strait,northeastern Australia

Current archaeological research suggests that first human occupation of the Torres Strait Islands occurred sometime between 2500 and 3000 cal b.p., and evidence indicates that the development of agricultural mound-and-ditch systems occurred there after 1200 cal b.p. Although archaeological remains testify to the existence of a marine based subsistence economy prior to 1200 cal b.p., the potential presence of earlier prehistoric horticultural signatures has yet to be adequately examined. This study investigates such evidence through a preliminary application of fossil phytolith and starch grain analysis using excavated sediments from two archaeological sites on Dauar Island, eastern Torres Strait. The results show the early presence of yam (Dioscorea sp.), and Musa species not endemic to the island. The occurrence of these edible plant types in association with carbonised phytoliths and anthropogenic shell and bone deposits may be indicative of a combined insular horticultural and marine subsistence system on Dauar Island. We suggest that with a larger and appropriate phytolith reference set for the research area, there is a potential to more clearly define human induced changes to vegetation and patterns of subsistence in the Torres Strait Islands.     

绿脓杆菌抗毒素精制方法与效价测定方法的研究

本文采用胃酶消化──硫酸铵盐析法对绿脓杆菌外毒素Ａ（ＰＥＡ）免疫马血浆进行了试制提纯,对该法酶处理及热变性中影响精制效果的几个主要因素进行了比较试验,同时对文中采用的４种效价测定方法进行了筛选。结果表明,胃酶消化法可用于ＰＥＡ免疫马血浆的精制;效价测定以生物学方法（细胞毒性中和试验、小鼠致死毒性中和试验）为佳。综合比较试验的结果,本文拟订了ＰＥＡ免疫马血浆精制的“修订法”并与“常规法”进行了精制比较。初步结果表明,修订法的精制效果优于常规法。     

Rank Covariance Methods for the Analysis of Survival Data

A procedure for comparing survival times between several groups of patients through rank analysis of covariance was introduced by WOOLSON and LACHENBRUCH (1983). It is a modification of Quade' rank analysis of covariance procedure (1967) and can be used for the analysis of right-censored data. In this paper, two additional modifications of Quade' original test statistic are proposed and compared to the original modification introduced by Woolson and Lachenbruch. These statistics are compared to one another and to the score test from Cox' proportional hazards model by way of a limited Monte Carlo study. One of the statistics, Q_R2, is recommended for general use for the rank analysis of covariance of right-censored survivorship data.     

距离分析方法与杂种优势

对于75个小麦品种两年的试验结果,采用不同方法进行距离比较分析。结果表明:用表型平均值相关阵经主成分转换,计算品种间欧氏距离,再用类平均法聚类,似乎是适宜的距离分析方法。D~2值在年份间较稳定,不同年份的D~2估值,可用于预测杂种优势。根据13个性状估算的品种间距离(D~2)与株粒重杂种优势(H)之间呈曲线关系,其理论方程是:Y=-3.65 6.665X--0.1288X~2。根据该方程推算:D~2=25.87时,H出现最大值。     

非参数连锁分析

非参数连锁分析是进行复杂疾病连锁分析的有效手段,本通过拟合的数据资料,对目前广泛使用的非参数连锁分析方法进行了探讨,为今后有针对性的选择性连锁分析方法提供依据。     

Pollen and phytolith evidence for rice cultivation during the Neolithic at Longqiuzhuang, eastern Jianghuai, China

Phytolith and pollen analyses were carried out at the archaeological site at Longqiuzhuang in Gaoyou, Jiangsu, southern China. The results indicate that the key morphological phytolith types associated with cultivated rice (Oryza) are common in the Neolithic cultural layers at this site. The evidence strongly suggests that cultivated rice (mainlyO. japonica) was grown locally during the Neolithic. The archaeopalynological record provides information about the impact of human activity and, in particular, farming on the natural vegetation. The evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest was substantially altered, and herbaceous taxa, including ruderals, expanded. Based on the results from the phytolith and pollen analyses, two distinct phases of human activity have been recognized, namely (1) phase A (7000-6300 B.P., i.e. early Neolithic) a warm and humid period when arable farming, including rice cultivation, was pursued but the variation in the size of the carbonized rice grains was low, and (2) phase B (6300-5500 B.P., late Neolithic age), a period of relatively cold and/or arid climate when cultivated rice was of major importance and was morphologically similar to present-day rice. Environment, and in particular climate change in the late Neolithic, were important factors affecting the development of rice as a cultivated crop. It was mainly during this period that artificial selection favoured the emergence of forms similar to those of today.     

靶向shRNA表达载体构建方式的比较研究

目的:探讨两种构建shRNA表达载体方法的不同,寻找更加稳定方便的靶向shRNA表达载体的构建方式。方法:比较构建shRNA表达载体传统方法双链退火法和新方法双链PCR法的设计原则、构建方法和鉴定结果的不同。结果:两种方法均能得到重组质粒,但是双链PCR法构建效率高且不易引起碱基的缺失和突变。结论:双链PCR法构建shRNA表达载体比传统双链退火法更加稳定,构建成功率较双链退火法高。     

分析基因表达图式的新方法

随着基因组研究的深入进行,基因的分子生物学除了要寻找在生物学上重要的个别基因并研究其结构与功能外,更重要的应是了解整个基因组的功能活动,即细胞全部基因的表达图式.要解决如此复杂的问题就必须在研究方法上有所创新,基因表达系列分析法、cDNA微阵列分析法、DNA微芯片分析法等正是近几年发展起来的分析基因表达图式的新方法.     

鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法及研究进展

遗传多样性是生物学研究中的一个重要领域,研究鸡的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护。同时对起源进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要的意义。本文对目前DNA水平鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法和研究进展进行了详细的阐述。重点介绍了DNA分子标记的特征;概括了在鸡遗传多样性分子标记的方法,包括微卫星分子标记(SSR)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、随机扩增多态性标记(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性标记(RFLP)和单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP)。本文综述了最近有关鸡DNA水平的遗传多样性的研究方法在系统学、遗传结构、生物地理等研究中的应用情况;提出在研究鸡遗传多样性时,可根据研究的目的,选择合适的方法。     

Methods for quantifying lysophosphatidic acid in body fluids: A review

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid involved in cellular signal transduction. LPA plays a role in both physiological and pathological processes. Elevated levels of LPA are observed in the plasma of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, indicating its potential as a diagnostic marker. Quantification of total LPA can be performed by radioenzymatic, fluorometric, colorimetric, or immunoezymatic assay. Determination of individual LPA molecular species requires the use of capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, or a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight method connected to an appropriate detection system.     

Morphological characteristics of phytoliths from representative conifers in China

Coniferous phytoliths in sediments are an effective tool for detecting the historical appearance of conifers. However, at the timberline in mountainous areas, such coniferous phytoliths are easily confused with grass phytoliths. This study analyses modern phytoliths from 17 conifer plants. Six common types and six rare types were identified. The conifers studied produce abundant blocky polyhedral and cubic (in the average 30–40 μm size range), blocky scrobiculate (average 30–40 μm), tabular elongate unsculpted (length 50–100 μm, width 10–20 μm), tabular elongate cavate (length 50–150 μm, width ∼10 μm), tabular elongate dendritic (50–100 μm × 10–20 μm), and irregular oblong (20–40 μm) phytoliths. This paper aims to show morphological characteristics of coniferous phytoliths in China, and to show how the common coniferous phytoliths differ from similar grass phytolith types, such as blocky polyhedral coniferous phytoliths from silicified parallelepipedal bulliform cells produced by grass. Blocky polyhedral and cubic phytoliths are the commonest coniferous phytoliths found in the sediments, but need to be carefully distinguished from grass parallelepipedal bulliform cells. This study indicates that clearly protruding ridges and irregular inward edges are essential features of cubic and polyhedral morphotypes produced by conifers. Results of this paper might provide important material for the study of paleovegetation and paleoecology of mountainous areas, especially at the timberline.     

Methods for Analysis of Protein Glutathionylation and their Application to Photosynthetic Organisms

Protein S-glutathionylation, the reversible formation of a mixed-disulfide between glutathione and protein thiols, is involved in protection of protein cysteines from irreversible oxidation, but also in protein redox regulation. Recent studies have implicated S-glutathionylation as a cellular response to oxidative/nitrosative stress, likely playing an important role in signaling. Considering the potential importance of glutathionylation, a number of methods have been developed for identifying proteins undergoing glutathionylation. These methods, ranging from analysis of purified proteins in vitro to large-scale proteomic analyses in vivo, allowed identification of nearly 200 targets in mammals. By contrast, the number of known glutathionylated proteins is more limited in photosynthetic organisms, although they are severely exposed to oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to detail the methods available for identification and analysis of glutathionylated proteins in vivo and in vitro. The advantages and drawbacks of each technique will be discussed as well as their application to photosynthetic organisms. Furthermore, an overview of known glutathionylated proteins in photosynthetic organisms is provided and the physiological importance of this post-translational modification is discussed.     

糖蛋白的结构、功能及分析方法

综述了糖蛋白研究的重要意义、糖肽键的主要类型、糖链的主要类型、糖蛋白结构研究的一般策略及结构分析的最新进展     

医学网络课程设计原则与评价方法

网络技术的发展,带动了医用教学领域中的网络课程的产生。作为一种新兴的教学模式,医学网络课程从设计制作技术到教学理念和实现方法都与传统医学教育模式有着很大的区别,此文从医学网络课程的特点出发,着重论述了其设计原则,并制定了评价标准,为我们今后从事医学网络教学设计提供指导并预测了医学网络课程的发展方向。     

Discovery of pyridine-based agrochemicals by using Intermediate Derivatization Methods

Pyridine-based compounds have been playing a crucial role as agrochemicals or pesticides including fungicides, insecticides/acaricides and herbicides, etc. Since most of the agrochemicals listed in the Pesticide Manual were discovered through screening programs that relied on trial-and-error testing and new agrochemical discovery is not benefiting as much from the in silico new chemical compound identification/discovery techniques used in pharmaceutical research, it has become more important to find new methods to enhance the efficiency of discovering novel lead compounds in the agrochemical field to shorten the time of research phases in order to meet changing market requirements. In this review, we selected 18 representative known agrochemicals containing a pyridine moiety and extrapolate their discovery from the perspective of Intermediate Derivatization Methods in the hope that this approach will have greater appeal to researchers engaged in the discovery of agrochemicals and/or pharmaceuticals.     

植物科学绘画中小钢笔的特性和使用方法

小钢笔是中国现代植物科学绘画过程中常用的重要工具,主要应用于植物墨线图的绘制,所描绘出的作品科学到位、真实自然、线条优美,所描绘的植物科学图版具有一定的特殊专业性。文中对小钢笔的特性和使用方法作了较详细的介绍。     

"植硅体"含义和禾本科植硅体的分类

针对国内文献中对英文“Phytolith”等词语的中文译名呈多样化现象,建议统一用“植硅体”来涵盖之,其含义包括“Opal phytolith”和“Silica bodies”等,代表一门新兴学科,即植硅体学,已有的禾本科植硅体分类中,不同学者采用了各自不同的分类规则和术语,本文通过分析,对比现有禾本科植硅体不同的分类方案,以期对其分类系统的研究现状和所存在问题提出看法,有利于今后深入研究。